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Test your basic knowledge |
Praxis Essentials Of Scientific Method
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
praxis
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 48 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure
only one group
test - retest - reliability
validity
control group
2. Is based on the consistency of measures when two parallel forms of the same tests are administered tot he same people.
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
theory
sample
split - half reliability
3. Is what scientists do as they practice science. It is the process of asking and answering questions ; it includes steps scientists take as they search for uniformity and order in nature. it is methodological. It is basically science in action!
deductive method
research
surveys
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
4. Events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events.
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
inductive method
determinism
experimental will consist of
5. Is the degree to which test scores are CONSISTENT with the theoretical constructs or concepts
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
test - retest - reliability
construct validity
quantitative data
6. A measure of internal consistency of a test. It is determined by showing that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. It generally overestimates reliability because it does not measur
The researcher's hopes
control group
split - half reliability
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
7. Refers to the extend to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. Ex. if the same clinician rate a child's intelligibility over several sessions - those ratings would be consistent if there is good intraobserver reliabi
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
multigroup pretest - posttest design
construct validity
dependent variable or effect
8. Validity and reliability they are critical aspects of scientific measurement
scientific data should meet these two criteria
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
theory
determinism
9. A) the treatment is offered B) and the progress is summarized is the case study
ex post facto research
pretest - posttest control group design
only one group
AB design
10. Explain - first - and - verify - later approach - A scientist will propose a theory first and then verify it.
inductive method
deductive method
Content validity
experiment
11. Refers to the consistency with which the same event is measure repeatedly. most are expressed in terms of correlational coefficient
reliability
ex post facto research
alternative hypothesis state
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
12. Are numerical description of attributes of events
The researcher's hopes
test - retest - reliability
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
quantitative data
13. Are playing an increasing role in establishing efficacy of treatment procedures used in speech. These designs help distinguish cause - effect relations based on individual performances under different conditions of experiment.
single subject designs
control group
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
14. Concerned with more specific prediction stemming from a theory. it is a proposed answer to a specific question. They are testable propositions derived from a theory.
Content validity
inductive method
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
hypothesis
15. 1.00 and -1.00
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
null hypothesis
multigroup pretest - posttest design
16. Refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. Ex. if 3 judges independently rate the fluency of a subject - there is high interjudge reliability if there is good agreement between he judges.
predictive validity/criterion validity
alternative hypothesis state
ex post facto research
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
17. States that 2 variables are not related
null hypothesis
mulitple baseline deisngs
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
pretest - posttest control group design
18. There is no relationship between two measures
empiricism
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
Science
scientific data should meet these two criteria
19. Refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. When the two sets of scores are positively correlated - the stability of the scores over time is assumed
pretest - posttest control group design
independent variable
test - retest - reliability
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
20. Non - experimental will consist of
data
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
single subject designs
only one group
21. Is directly manipulated by the experimenter. The manipulation causes changes in the dependent variable. All treatments are independent variables
only one group
independent variable
the highest and lowest possible positive value of r
qualitative data
22. A philosophy of events and nature that values evidence more than opinions. It is conceptual and philosophical
multigroup pretest - posttest design
Science
scientific data should meet these two criteria
experimental will consist of
23. Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis because the research often believes in the alternative hypothesis
24. A small number of participants needed for the study form the population
sample
alternative hypothesis state
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
reliability
25. Contains participants who do not receive treatment. The goal of having these tow groups is to demonstrate that the experimental participants improved and the control participants did not - thus showing the efficacy of the treatment
The researcher's hopes
concurrent validity
control group
test - retest - reliability
26. A single subject design that aids the disadvantage of treatment withdrawal. the effects of treatment are demonstrated by showing that untreated skills did not change and only the treated skills did. . it is across subjects - setting - and across beha
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
mulitple baseline deisngs
inductive method
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
27. Are the result of systematic observation and in many cases experimentation
determinism
mulitple baseline deisngs
predictive validity/criterion validity
data
28. Are verbal description of attributes of events
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
scientific data should meet these two criteria
qualitative data
The ABAB design
29. They may not allow extension of the study's results t the individual clients.
Content validity
alternative hypothesis state
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
concurrent validity
30. It is not always possible to randomly draw participants from specific clinical populations.
hypothesis
quantitative data
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
experiment
31. A measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample the full range of the skill being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure.
reliability
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
pretest - posttest control group design
Content validity
32. Is the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. In treatment research - all disorders are dependent variables (disorder or particular skill) they must be defined good so that they are measurable
qualitative data
quantitative data
correlational coefficient
dependent variable or effect
33. Assess some characteristics of group of people or a particular society. they attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes - opinion - or certain social practices are distributed in a population
surveys
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
reliability
correlational coefficient
34. Two or more groups. It contains participants who receive treatment and thus show changes in behaviors treated
alternate from reliability/parallel from reliability
sample
experimental will consist of
theory
35. Means of establishing cause - effect relationships. test if - then relationships
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
data
The ABAB design
experiment
36. Is a number or index that indicates the relationship between two or more independent measures. usually expressed through Pearson Product moment r
reliability
determinism
The researcher's hopes
correlational coefficient
37. Is the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. ex. a graduate student's score on a comprehensive exam might predict whether or not he or she will be a competent clinician
predictive validity/criterion validity
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
empiricism
38. Observations and measurement
a major limitation of group experimental designs is that
data
events must be experienced in such a way to permit
null hypothesis
39. 1. describe natural events or phenomena 2. understand and explain natural phenomena; especially in terms of cause - effect relationships 3. predict occurrences of events; and 4. control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and pred
hypothesis
The goals of science (Hedge - 2003; Maxwell & Satake - 1997)
Content validity
theory
40. It evaluates the relative effects of two or more treatments. A question of relative effects asks: Which treatment is more effective? An investigator randomly selects a sample from a population and randomly assigns them to one of the three groups. the
multigroup pretest - posttest design
The ABAB design
only one group
construct validity
41. There are two groups; an experimental group and a control group. This design is to evaluate the effects of a single treatment
null hypothesis
single subject designs
pretest - posttest control group design
independent variable
42. That the 2 variables are indeed related; perhaps one is the cause of the other
test - retest - reliability
ex post facto research
alternative hypothesis state
inductive method
43. Is after the fact research. the investigator begins with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. Thus the investigator is making a retrospective search for causes of events (Hegde - 2003)
independent variable
scientific data should meet these two criteria
ex post facto research
alternative hypothesis state
44. Considered a form of criterion - related validity - ist he degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity
concurrent validity
a major limitation of true group experimental designs is that
alternative hypothesis state
validity
45. An experiment first - and - explain later approach - A scientist would experiment first and then propose a theory based upon the results of the experiment
inductive method
intraobserver or intrajudge reliability
The researcher's hopes
single subject designs
46. A systematic body of information concerning a phenomenon - describing an event - explaining why the event occurs - and specifying how the theory can be verified causable variables; a theory states that X causes Y
only one group
theory
construct validity
alternative hypothesis state
47. A) condition refers to baseline B) treatment A) condition refers to treatment withdrawal B) reinstatement of the treatment
scientific data should meet these two criteria
what a r value of 0.00 indicates
inductive method
The ABAB design
48. The philosophical position that statements must be supported by experimental or observational evidence
interobserver or inerjudge reliability
empiricism
validity
hypothesis