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USMLE Cardiovascular Physiology

Subjects : health-sciences, usmle
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pulls fluid into capillary






2. Blood viscosity (increased in polycythemia - hyperproteinemia - & hereditary spherocytosis)






3. Atria & ventricles beat independent of each other - no relation between P waves & QRS complexes






4. 2nd intercostal space along left sternal border






5. Late systolic crescendo murmur (loudest at S2) following a midsystolic click - enhanced by squatting (increased TPR)






6. Indicates recent MI






7. Continuous machine - like murmur that is loudest at S2






8. Radius to the 4th power






9. 3rd degree






10. Associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) - allowing a left to right shunt that increases flow through pulmonic valve and delays closure






11. Progressive lengthening of PR interval until dropped QRS complex






12. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left 5th intercostal space midclavicular line - & is enhanced by expiration (increased LA return) & squatting (increased TPR)






13. Resting potential due to high K permeability






14. Posterior descending artery (80% from RCA - 20% from CFX via LCA)






15. Initial repolarization due to inactivation of Na channels & opening of voltaged - gated K channels






16. Pull fluid out of capillary






17. Plateau due to Ca influx balancing K efflux Myocyte contraction






18. Ventricular pre - excitation caused by an accessory conduction pathway that bypasses the AV node. Delta wave on EKG. Can lead to SVT.






19. Delayed 'rumbling' late diastolic murmur following an opening snap






20. Prolonged PR interval






21. Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) - or 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure






22. 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line






23. Pushes fluid out of capillary






24. Repolarization due to inactivation of Ca channels & activation of K channels






25. CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous arterial O2 content)






26. Upstroke due to opening of Ca channels (Nodal tissues lack fast Na channels which allows for a prolonged AV node transmission from atria to ventricles)






27. 2nd intercostal space along right sternal border






28. Aortic valve closure slightly before pulmonic valve closure at end of systolic ejection






29. High pitched 'blowing' diastolic murmur - can decrease intensity of murmur with vasodilation






30. V Tach with shifting sinusoidal waveforms on EKG - can progess to V fib - Predisposed by QT prolongation






31. Late diastole 'atrial kick' sound against increased pressure from ventricular hypertrophy






32. Rapid upstroke due to voltage - gated Na channel opening






33. Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an ejection click. Associated with weak pulses & syncope.






34. Holosystolic 'blowing murmur' loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib - & is enhanced by inspiration (increased RA return)






35. Pushes fluid into capillary






36. Early diastole rapid filling sound heard with dilated ventricle (normal in children & pregnant women)






37. Dropped QRS complexes not preceded by change in PR interval (can be 2:1 - 3:1 - etc)






38. Pulmonic valve closure before aortic valve closure associated with aortic stenosis or LBBB (delayed left ventrical emptying)






39. Mitral & tripcuspid valve closure






40. 1) increased capillary pressure - CHF 2) decreased plasma proteins - nephrotic syndrome - liver failure 3) increased capillary permeability - toxins - burns - infections 4) increased interstital osmotic pressure - lymphatic obstruction






41. Caused by hypokalemia or bradycardia






42. Absent (no plateau in nodal tissue)






43. Rapid repolarization due to massive K efflux & closure of Ca channels






44. Rapid back - to - back atrial depolarization -> 'sawtooth' appearance






45. = (capillary pressure - interstital fluid pressure) - (plasma oncotic pressure - interstital fluid oncotic pressure)






46. Slow diastolic depolarization with Na conductance that accounts for automaticity of SA/AV nodes (slope determines HR)






47. Inspiration delays pulmonic valve closure - which increases S2 splitting






48. 4th rib at left sternal border






49. Holosystolic 'harsh' murmur that is loudest at left sternal border near 4th rib






50. 'Irregularly irregular' - No discrete P waves and irregularly spaced QRS complexes