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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

2. Direct Operating Costs
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Regions 1 to 3.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

3. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Gaussian Distribution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

4. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

5. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

6. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Mean and variance
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

7. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Mean and variance
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

8. What is the equation for the learning curve?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

9. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

10. What are K- factors applied to?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology space limits
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

11. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Mean =0 Variance =1

12. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
It can be continuous or discrete
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

13. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

14. $/RPM Equation
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

15. MODM
Technology space limits
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

16. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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17. MADM
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

18. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology space limits

19. What is the definition of CDF?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

20. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

21. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

22. 8 Steps in TIES
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

23. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

24. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

25. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

26. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Gaussian Distribution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

27. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

28. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Central limit theorem
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

29. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
#=2^n = 2^15
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

30. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

31. What does CLT stand for?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Regions 1 to 3.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Central limit theorem

32. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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33. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Gaussian Distribution

34. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

35. How is inflation measured?

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36. What are properties of a CDF?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

37. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
PE(i)=?Ft
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

38. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

39. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Technology space limits
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

40. TIF

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41. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Mean =0 Variance =1

42. Why are scaling parameters important?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cumulative Distribution Function
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

43. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Gaussian Distribution
Cumulative Distribution Function
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

44. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Gaussian Distribution
X~N(0 -1)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

45. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology space limits
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

46. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

47. What is the definition of ROI?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

48. Name the advantages of UTE.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

49. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

50. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean =0 Variance =1
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer