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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

2. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

3. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

4. What does CDF stand for?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology space limits
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Cumulative Distribution Function

5. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

6. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

7. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Gaussian Distribution
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

8. TIF

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9. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
It can be continuous or discrete

10. What are the different types of UTEs?
Mean and variance
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

11. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Technology space limits
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

12. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

13. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

14. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

15. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

16. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
#=2^n = 2^15
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

17. Strengths of TOPSis...
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Gaussian Distribution

18. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

19. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

20. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology space limits
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

21. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
It can be continuous or discrete
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

22. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

23. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Central limit theorem
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

24. What does CLT stand for?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Central limit theorem

25. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Mean and variance
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

26. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

27. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

28. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

29. What is the definition of inflation?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

30. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

31. Show and explain a pareto frontier
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

32. Direct Operating Costs
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

33. What is the definition of ROI?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

34. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

35. Name the advantages of UTE.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

36. What is the definition of CDF?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

37. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
X~N(0 -1)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

38. What does the CLT state - be specific!
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

39. How is inflation measured?

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40. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology space limits

41. $/RPM Equation
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
X~N(0 -1)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

42. What is the difference between price and cost?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

43. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

44. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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45. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean and variance
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

46. What are properties of a CDF?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

47. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

48. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean and variance
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

49. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Technology space limits
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Regions 1 to 3.
X~N(0 -1)

50. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.