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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
It can be continuous or discrete
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean and variance
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

2. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
PE(i)=?Ft
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

3. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Regions 1 to 3.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

4. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

5. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

6. MODM
Regions 1 to 3.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
PE(i)=?Ft
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

7. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
X~N(0 -1)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

8. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

9. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

10. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

11. What is probability density contour plot
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

12. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Mean =0 Variance =1
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

13. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
#=2^n = 2^15
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Mean and variance

14. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

15. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

16. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

17. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

18. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
X~N(0 -1)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

19. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

20. Indirect Operating Cost
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

21. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

22. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

23. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

24. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

25. $/RPM Equation
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

26. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

27. Why do we use a sample?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

28. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

29. TIF

30. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

31. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

32. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

33. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

34. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

35. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

36. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean =0 Variance =1
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

37. What is the definition of inflation?
Technology space limits
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

38. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

39. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

40. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
#=2^n = 2^15
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

41. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

42. TIES
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

43. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

44. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

45. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

46. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Mean =0 Variance =1
#=2^n = 2^15

47. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

48. 8 Steps in TIES
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

49. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

50. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.