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ADM

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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

2. What are properties of a CDF?
Mean and variance
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

3. What does TOPSIS stand for?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

4. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

5. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

6. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Technology space limits
X~N(0 -1)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

7. Ratio scale
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

8. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

9. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Mean and variance

10. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

11. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
PE(i)=?Ft
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

12. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

13. Why are scaling parameters important?
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
#=2^n = 2^15
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

14. Why do we use a sample?
Regions 1 to 3.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

15. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Mean =0 Variance =1
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cumulative Distribution Function

16. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

17. Show and explain a pareto frontier
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

18. $/RPM Equation
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
It can be continuous or discrete

19. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It can be continuous or discrete
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

20. What is the definition of ROI?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

21. Direct Operating Costs
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Mean and variance
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

22. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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23. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
X~N(0 -1)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

24. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

25. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

26. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
PE(i)=?Ft
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

27. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean =0 Variance =1

28. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

29. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

30. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

31. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
PE(i)=?Ft
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean =0 Variance =1

32. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

33. TIES
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

34. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Mean and variance
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

35. Name the advantages of UTE.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

36. What is probability density contour plot
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

37. What is the goal of robust design?

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38. 8 Steps in TIES
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Central limit theorem

39. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

40. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

41. What does CDF stand for?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cumulative Distribution Function
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

42. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

43. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

44. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

45. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

46. MODM
PE(i)=?Ft
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology space limits
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

47. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
Mean and variance
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

48. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

49. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

50. How is inflation measured?

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