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ADM

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Direct Operating Costs
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

2. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

3. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology space limits
Mean and variance
Gaussian Distribution

4. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Gaussian Distribution
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Cumulative Distribution Function

5. Why do we use a sample?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

6. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

7. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
#=2^n = 2^15
Gaussian Distribution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

8. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

9. Indirect Operating Cost
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

10. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Technology space limits
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Gaussian Distribution
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

11. What is the definition of inflation?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

12. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Mean and variance
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

13. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

14. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

15. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
It can be continuous or discrete
PE(i)=?Ft
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

16. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

17. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

18. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

19. What are properties of a CDF?
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

20. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

21. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

22. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

23. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

24. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

25. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Central limit theorem
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

26. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

27. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Gaussian Distribution
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

28. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

29. What is the goal of robust design?

30. MADM
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

31. Strengths of TOPSis...
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

32. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

33. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Central limit theorem

34. What are the different types of UTEs?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

35. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Central limit theorem
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

36. What is the definition of CDF?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

37. What is probability density contour plot
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Regions 1 to 3.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

38. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

39. $/RPM Equation
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

40. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

41. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Technology space limits
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

42. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

43. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X~N(0 -1)
Mean and variance
#=2^n = 2^15

44. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

45. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

46. TIF

47. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

48. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

49. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

50. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn