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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

2. $/RPM Equation
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

3. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Regions 1 to 3.
Gaussian Distribution
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

4. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

5. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

6. MADM
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

7. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

8. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

9. 8 Steps in TIES
Technology space limits
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

10. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

11. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

12. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

13. What is the goal of robust design?

14. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
#=2^n = 2^15

15. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

16. What is the definition of CDF?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
PE(i)=?Ft
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

17. What is the equation for the learning curve?
It can be continuous or discrete
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

18. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

19. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

20. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
PE(i)=?Ft
Technology space limits
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

21. What are properties of a CDF?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

22. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Central limit theorem
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

23. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

24. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

25. 4 Measures of Dispersion
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

26. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

27. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

28. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
It can be continuous or discrete
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Regions 1 to 3.

29. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
#=2^n = 2^15
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Mean =0 Variance =1

30. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

31. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

32. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

33. What is the difference between price and cost?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

34. What does CLT stand for?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Central limit theorem

35. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
X~N(0 -1)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Central limit theorem

36. What is the definition of ROI?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

37. Why are scaling parameters important?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
#=2^n = 2^15
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

38. What is the definition of inflation?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cumulative Distribution Function
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

39. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

40. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

41. What are the different types of UTEs?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Mean and variance
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

42. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cumulative Distribution Function

43. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

44. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

45. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

46. interval scale
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
It can be continuous or discrete

47. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology space limits

48. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

49. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

50. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
It can be continuous or discrete
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X~N(0 -1)