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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
It can be continuous or discrete
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

2. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

3. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

4. TIF

5. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cumulative Distribution Function
Regions 1 to 3.

6. Name the advantages of UTE.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

7. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean and variance
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

8. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

9. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

10. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

11. What is probability density contour plot
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

12. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

13. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

14. Ratio scale
X~N(0 -1)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

15. What is the definition of ROI?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

16. What is the goal of robust design?

17. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

18. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

19. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

20. What is the definition of CDF?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

21. Why are scaling parameters important?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

22. What are K- factors applied to?
#=2^n = 2^15
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology space limits

23. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

24. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

25. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
#=2^n = 2^15
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

26. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It can be continuous or discrete
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

27. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

28. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

29. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

30. What does CLT stand for?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Central limit theorem

31. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Central limit theorem

32. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean and variance
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

33. What is the definition of inflation?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Gaussian Distribution
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

34. MODM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Central limit theorem

35. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

36. 8 Steps in TIES
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

37. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Regions 1 to 3.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

38. Indirect Operating Cost
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cumulative Distribution Function
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

39. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

40. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

41. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

42. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Mean and variance
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

43. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

44. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

45. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
X~N(0 -1)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

46. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

47. What is the equation for the learning curve?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

48. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X~N(0 -1)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

49. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
#=2^n = 2^15
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

50. What is the difference between price and cost?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
PE(i)=?Ft