ADM

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1. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Technology space limits
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


2. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


3. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


4. What is the goal of robust design?

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5. How is inflation measured?

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6. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


7. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


8. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
It can be continuous or discrete
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


9. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
PE(i)=?Ft
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
#=2^n = 2^15


10. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Mean and variance
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


11. What are properties of a CDF?
PE(i)=?Ft
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


12. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


13. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


14. 8 Steps in TIES
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


15. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology space limits
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


16. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


17. Indirect Operating Cost
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


18. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


19. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


20. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean =0 Variance =1
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


21. MODM
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


22. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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23. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


24. What is the difference between price and cost?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


25. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


26. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


27. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
PE(i)=?Ft
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


28. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
#=2^n = 2^15
Regions 1 to 3.


29. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


30. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Central limit theorem
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


31. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


32. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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33. What does TOPSIS stand for?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


34. TIF

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35. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Mean and variance


36. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


37. What does CDF stand for?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cumulative Distribution Function


38. What are the different types of UTEs?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


39. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Central limit theorem


40. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


41. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
PE(i)=?Ft
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


42. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


43. Why do we use a sample?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


44. Name the advantages of UTE.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


45. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
#=2^n = 2^15
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


46. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


47. interval scale
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean and variance
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


48. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


49. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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50. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
X~N(0 -1)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8