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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
PE(i)=?Ft

2. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

3. What is the definition of CDF?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

4. Name the advantages of UTE.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
PE(i)=?Ft

5. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

6. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

7. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

8. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
PE(i)=?Ft

9. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

10. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

11. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Gaussian Distribution
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

12. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

13. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Cumulative Distribution Function
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

14. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

15. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

16. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

17. Ratio scale
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

18. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Mean and variance
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

19. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

20. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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21. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

22. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

23. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

24. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

25. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

26. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

27. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology space limits
It can be continuous or discrete

28. 8 Steps in TIES
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
PE(i)=?Ft
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

29. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
#=2^n = 2^15
Cumulative Distribution Function

30. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Central limit theorem
X~N(0 -1)

31. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cumulative Distribution Function
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

32. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

33. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

34. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean =0 Variance =1

35. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
X~N(0 -1)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

36. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

37. Strengths of TOPSis...
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

38. What does CDF stand for?
Technology space limits
Cumulative Distribution Function
Regions 1 to 3.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

39. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology space limits
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

40. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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41. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

42. MADM
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

43. What are the different types of UTEs?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

44. $/RPM Equation
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

45. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

46. How is inflation measured?

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47. What is the definition of ROI?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It can be continuous or discrete
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

48. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

49. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cumulative Distribution Function
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

50. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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