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1. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


2. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


3. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean =0 Variance =1
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


4. Name the advantages of UTE.
Technology space limits
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


5. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
PE(i)=?Ft
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


6. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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7. What is the definition of CDF?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


8. MODM
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


9. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Regions 1 to 3.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


10. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
PE(i)=?Ft


11. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
It can be continuous or discrete
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


12. What are K- factors applied to?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Gaussian Distribution
Technology space limits
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


13. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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14. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


15. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


16. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


17. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
PE(i)=?Ft
#=2^n = 2^15


18. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


19. Direct Operating Costs
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


20. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X~N(0 -1)


21. 8 Steps in TIES
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


22. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


23. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


24. Indirect Operating Cost
#=2^n = 2^15
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


25. MADM
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


26. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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27. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean and variance
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


28. What is the goal of robust design?

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29. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


30. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean =0 Variance =1


31. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cumulative Distribution Function


32. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


33. What is the definition of ROI?
Central limit theorem
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


34. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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35. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
#=2^n = 2^15
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


36. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
It can be continuous or discrete
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


37. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
It can be continuous or discrete
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


38. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


39. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
#=2^n = 2^15
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


40. Strengths of TOPSis...
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


41. What does the CLT state - be specific!
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


42. What does CDF stand for?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Regions 1 to 3.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Cumulative Distribution Function


43. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Mean and variance
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean =0 Variance =1


44. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


45. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Regions 1 to 3.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


46. How is inflation measured?

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47. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
X~N(0 -1)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


48. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology space limits
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


49. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
It can be continuous or discrete


50. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
It can be continuous or discrete
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.