ADM

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1. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


2. 8 Steps in TIES
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


3. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


4. What is another name for a normal distribution?
It can be continuous or discrete
Gaussian Distribution
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Central limit theorem


5. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


6. TIES
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It can be continuous or discrete
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


7. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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8. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Mean =0 Variance =1
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


9. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


10. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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11. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


12. What is the definition of inflation?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


13. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


14. What does CLT stand for?
Technology space limits
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Central limit theorem


15. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


16. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean and variance
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


17. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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18. What does CDF stand for?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cumulative Distribution Function
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology space limits


19. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
PE(i)=?Ft
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


20. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


21. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Central limit theorem


22. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


23. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
X~N(0 -1)


24. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Technology space limits
Cumulative Distribution Function


25. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
#=2^n = 2^15
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


26. Ratio scale
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


27. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


28. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


29. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology space limits
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


30. What is the goal of robust design?

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31. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


32. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


33. interval scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


34. TIF

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35. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean and variance
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


36. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


37. Direct Operating Costs
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


38. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


39. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


40. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


41. Why do we use a sample?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


42. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


43. How is inflation measured?

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44. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


45. What is the definition of ROI?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


46. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


47. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


48. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


49. Name the advantages of UTE.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


50. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1