ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Gaussian Distribution
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


2. Indirect Operating Cost
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


3. MODM
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
#=2^n = 2^15


4. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Gaussian Distribution
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


5. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Technology space limits
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
#=2^n = 2^15
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


6. What is the definition of ROI?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


7. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


8. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


9. What is the definition of inflation?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


10. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Gaussian Distribution
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean and variance


11. What is probability density contour plot
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
#=2^n = 2^15


12. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


13. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


14. What is the goal of robust design?

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15. What does CLT stand for?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Central limit theorem
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


16. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
X~N(0 -1)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


17. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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18. interval scale
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


19. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cumulative Distribution Function
Regions 1 to 3.


20. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


21. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


22. What is the difference between price and cost?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


23. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cumulative Distribution Function


24. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
#=2^n = 2^15
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


25. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


26. $/RPM Equation
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


27. What does CDF stand for?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


28. TIF

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29. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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30. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean =0 Variance =1
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


31. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
PE(i)=?Ft
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


32. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean =0 Variance =1
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


33. Why do we use a sample?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
X~N(0 -1)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


34. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


35. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
It can be continuous or discrete
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


36. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


37. How is inflation measured?

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38. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


39. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


40. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


41. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


42. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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43. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


44. TIES
#=2^n = 2^15
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


45. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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46. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


47. Ratio scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


48. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


49. What is the definition of CDF?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology space limits
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


50. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor