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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

2. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

3. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology space limits

4. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Central limit theorem

5. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

6. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

7. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

8. MADM
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Gaussian Distribution

9. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Mean =0 Variance =1
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

10. Why are scaling parameters important?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

11. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

12. 8 Steps in TIES
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

13. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

14. What is the difference between price and cost?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Central limit theorem

15. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

16. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Mean and variance
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

17. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
X~N(0 -1)

18. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

19. What are properties of a CDF?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

20. How is inflation measured?

21. What is another name for a normal distribution?
#=2^n = 2^15
Central limit theorem
Gaussian Distribution
Mean and variance

22. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

23. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

24. interval scale
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean and variance
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

25. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

26. Ratio scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

27. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean =0 Variance =1

28. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

29. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

30. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
X~N(0 -1)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

31. What does CLT stand for?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Central limit theorem
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

32. TIF

33. Name the advantages of UTE.
Central limit theorem
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

34. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

35. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

36. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
PE(i)=?Ft
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

37. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technology space limits
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

38. What is the goal of robust design?

39. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
#=2^n = 2^15
It can be continuous or discrete

40. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
#=2^n = 2^15
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

41. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Gaussian Distribution
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

42. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
#=2^n = 2^15
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean =0 Variance =1

43. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
X~N(0 -1)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

44. MODM
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

45. What does CDF stand for?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cumulative Distribution Function
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

46. $/RPM Equation
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

47. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

48. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
PE(i)=?Ft
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

49. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

50. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Mean and variance
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order