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1. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

2. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

3. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
It can be continuous or discrete
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

4. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

5. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Regions 1 to 3.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

6. What is the definition of inflation?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

7. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

8. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

9. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

10. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

11. What does CLT stand for?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Central limit theorem
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

12. What is the definition of ROI?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
#=2^n = 2^15
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

13. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Central limit theorem
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

14. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

15. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

16. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
X~N(0 -1)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

17. What does CDF stand for?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cumulative Distribution Function
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

18. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

19. TIF
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology space limits
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

20. interval scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

21. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

22. Direct Operating Costs
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

23. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

24. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

25. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

26. What is the difference between price and cost?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Central limit theorem
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

27. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

28. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

29. What are properties of a CDF?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
#=2^n = 2^15

30. Name the advantages of UTE.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

31. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology space limits
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

32. Strengths of TOPSis...
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Regions 1 to 3.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

33. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

34. Indirect Operating Cost
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

35. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

36. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

37. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

38. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

39. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
PE(i)=?Ft
#=2^n = 2^15
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

40. $/RPM Equation
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

41. MODM
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

42. MADM
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

43. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

44. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

45. What are the different types of UTEs?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

46. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

47. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean and variance
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

48. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Cumulative Distribution Function
PE(i)=?Ft
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

49. What does TOPSIS stand for?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

50. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

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