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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

2. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
PE(i)=?Ft
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

3. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Central limit theorem
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

4. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

5. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

6. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

7. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Mean and variance
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

8. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
PE(i)=?Ft
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
It can be continuous or discrete
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

9. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

10. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

11. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

12. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
It can be continuous or discrete
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

13. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

14. What is the definition of inflation?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

15. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
#=2^n = 2^15
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

16. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Technology space limits
It can be continuous or discrete
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

17. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

18. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cumulative Distribution Function

19. What is the goal of robust design?

20. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

21. Ratio scale
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

22. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

23. TIES
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

24. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

25. What is the definition of ROI?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

26. How is inflation measured?

27. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

28. Why are scaling parameters important?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

29. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cumulative Distribution Function
It can be continuous or discrete
PE(i)=?Ft

30. MODM
Mean =0 Variance =1
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

31. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Mean and variance
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

32. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology space limits
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

33. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

34. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

35. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

36. What are the different types of UTEs?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean =0 Variance =1
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

37. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

38. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

39. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
#=2^n = 2^15
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean and variance

40. What does CDF stand for?
Mean and variance
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cumulative Distribution Function
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

41. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

42. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cumulative Distribution Function
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

43. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Central limit theorem
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

44. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

45. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Central limit theorem
Mean and variance

46. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

47. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

48. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Central limit theorem

49. Why do we use a sample?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

50. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Mean and variance