ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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2. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


3. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Gaussian Distribution


4. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


5. Indirect Operating Cost
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


6. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


7. What are K- factors applied to?
Regions 1 to 3.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology space limits


8. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It can be continuous or discrete


9. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


10. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


11. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


12. 8 Steps in TIES
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


13. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Regions 1 to 3.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
#=2^n = 2^15


14. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


15. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


16. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
It can be continuous or discrete
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


17. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


18. Strengths of TOPSis...
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


19. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
#=2^n = 2^15
Cumulative Distribution Function
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


20. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
X~N(0 -1)
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


21. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


22. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Regions 1 to 3.
Gaussian Distribution


23. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Mean and variance
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


24. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
PE(i)=?Ft
Central limit theorem


25. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cumulative Distribution Function
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


26. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean and variance
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


27. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


28. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


29. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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30. What does the CLT state - be specific!
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


31. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


32. What is the definition of inflation?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


33. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Mean =0 Variance =1
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


34. TIF

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35. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.


36. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


37. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cumulative Distribution Function
It can be continuous or discrete


38. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


39. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


40. How is inflation measured?

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41. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


42. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Regions 1 to 3.


43. What is the goal of robust design?

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44. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Mean and variance


45. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


46. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
X~N(0 -1)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Central limit theorem


47. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Central limit theorem
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


48. What is the definition of ROI?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cumulative Distribution Function
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


49. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


50. What does CLT stand for?
#=2^n = 2^15
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Central limit theorem
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration