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Test your basic knowledge |
ADM
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
2. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
3. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
4. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It can be continuous or discrete
5. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
#=2^n = 2^15
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
6. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?
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7. Why do we use a sample?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
8. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
9. What does CLT stand for?
Technology space limits
Central limit theorem
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
10. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
11. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
12. MODM
Mean and variance
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Central limit theorem
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
13. What is the definition of CDF?
Gaussian Distribution
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
14. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
15. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
16. What is the goal of robust design?
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17. Why are scaling parameters important?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Gaussian Distribution
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
18. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
PE(i)=?Ft
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean and variance
19. What is the definition of inflation?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
20. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Gaussian Distribution
21. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology space limits
Regions 1 to 3.
22. Name the advantages of UTE.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
#=2^n = 2^15
23. What is the goal of probabilistic design?
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24. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean =0 Variance =1
25. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
26. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Central limit theorem
It can be continuous or discrete
Cumulative Distribution Function
27. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
28. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
29. 8 Steps in TIES
Regions 1 to 3.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
30. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology space limits
31. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
32. What is the difference between price and cost?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
33. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
34. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
35. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
36. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
37. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Gaussian Distribution
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
38. What is probability density contour plot
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
X~N(0 -1)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
39. 4 Measures of Dispersion
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean and variance
40. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
#=2^n = 2^15
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
41. TIES
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
42. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Gaussian Distribution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
43. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
44. What are K- factors applied to?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Technology space limits
45. How is inflation measured?
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46. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Central limit theorem
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
47. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
48. Direct Operating Costs
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
49. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
X~N(0 -1)
50. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.