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1. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

2. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

3. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

4. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

5. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

6. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
PE(i)=?Ft
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

7. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

8. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
PE(i)=?Ft

9. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

10. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

11. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cumulative Distribution Function

12. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
It can be continuous or discrete

13. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

14. Strengths of TOPSis...
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

15. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology space limits
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

16. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

17. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

18. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean and variance

19. Indirect Operating Cost
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

20. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

21. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

22. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

23. $/RPM Equation
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

24. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

25. 8 Steps in TIES
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

26. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology space limits
Mean and variance
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

27. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Cumulative Distribution Function
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

28. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It can be continuous or discrete
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

29. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X~N(0 -1)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

30. MODM
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

31. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Regions 1 to 3.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology space limits

32. Name the advantages of UTE.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

33. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

34. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Central limit theorem

35. What is the definition of inflation?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

36. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

37. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1

38. What is the goal of probabilistic design?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
It can be continuous or discrete

39. What does the CLT state - be specific!
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

40. interval scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

41. Ratio scale
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

42. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

43. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

44. Why are scaling parameters important?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

45. What is the definition of ROI?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

46. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Mean =0 Variance =1
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

47. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
PE(i)=?Ft
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

48. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

49. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

50. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

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