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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

2. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
PE(i)=?Ft
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

3. Direct Operating Costs
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

4. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Mean and variance
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

5. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
#=2^n = 2^15
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

6. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

7. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
PE(i)=?Ft
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

8. What is the goal of robust design?

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9. What is another name for a normal distribution?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Gaussian Distribution

10. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

11. $/RPM Equation
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

12. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Central limit theorem
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Mean =0 Variance =1

13. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
It can be continuous or discrete
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

14. Strengths of TOPSis...
Technology space limits
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

15. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

16. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

17. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

18. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

19. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

20. What does CDF stand for?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cumulative Distribution Function

21. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

22. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

23. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

24. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

25. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Technology space limits
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
X~N(0 -1)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

26. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

27. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean and variance
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

28. TIF

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29. How is inflation measured?

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30. What are K- factors applied to?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
#=2^n = 2^15
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology space limits

31. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
#=2^n = 2^15
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

32. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

33. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
#=2^n = 2^15
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

34. What is probability density contour plot
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

35. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

36. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

37. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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38. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

39. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Mean and variance
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

40. What does TOPSIS stand for?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

41. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

42. What are properties of a CDF?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Regions 1 to 3.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

43. MODM
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

44. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
X~N(0 -1)

45. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

46. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

47. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

48. interval scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cumulative Distribution Function
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

49. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

50. What is the definition of CDF?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.