ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
PE(i)=?Ft
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


2. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


3. TIF

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4. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


5. $/RPM Equation
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology space limits


6. TIES
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Mean and variance
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology space limits


7. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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8. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


9. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Central limit theorem
Regions 1 to 3.


10. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X~N(0 -1)


11. Ratio scale
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


12. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


13. MODM
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


14. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


15. What is the difference between price and cost?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


16. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


17. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


18. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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19. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It can be continuous or discrete
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
#=2^n = 2^15


20. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
#=2^n = 2^15
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


21. Indirect Operating Cost
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


22. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


23. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


24. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Central limit theorem


25. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Central limit theorem
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


26. How is inflation measured?

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27. What is the definition of CDF?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


28. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


29. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


30. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
PE(i)=?Ft
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


31. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


32. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


33. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


34. Why do we use a sample?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


35. What is the definition of ROI?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


36. What is the goal of robust design?

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37. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


38. What does CDF stand for?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cumulative Distribution Function


39. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


40. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


41. Direct Operating Costs
Mean =0 Variance =1
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


42. interval scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


43. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
#=2^n = 2^15


44. What are properties of a CDF?
Gaussian Distribution
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


45. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


46. Why are scaling parameters important?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


47. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
X~N(0 -1)


48. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


49. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


50. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for