ADM

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Strengths of TOPSis...
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


2. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


3. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


4. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
X~N(0 -1)


5. What does TOPSIS stand for?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


6. What is another name for a normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Gaussian Distribution
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


7. TIES
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


8. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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9. What does CLT stand for?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Central limit theorem
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


10. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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11. What are the different types of UTEs?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


12. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
#=2^n = 2^15
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


13. Indirect Operating Cost
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


14. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
PE(i)=?Ft
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


15. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Regions 1 to 3.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


16. 8 Steps in TIES
Gaussian Distribution
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


17. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


18. What is the goal of robust design?

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19. What is the definition of inflation?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


20. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


21. TIF

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22. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


23. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Gaussian Distribution


24. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Central limit theorem


25. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


26. How is inflation measured?

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27. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
X~N(0 -1)


28. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


29. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


30. What is the definition of CDF?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cumulative Distribution Function
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


31. What is the definition of ROI?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


32. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


33. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
#=2^n = 2^15
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


34. What is probability density contour plot
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


35. Show and explain a pareto frontier
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


36. Name the advantages of UTE.
Regions 1 to 3.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


37. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


38. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


39. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
PE(i)=?Ft
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


40. MADM
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


41. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
PE(i)=?Ft
Central limit theorem


42. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Mean and variance
It can be continuous or discrete
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


43. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


44. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
X~N(0 -1)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean =0 Variance =1


45. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Mean =0 Variance =1
#=2^n = 2^15
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


46. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Mean =0 Variance =1
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


47. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
It can be continuous or discrete
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


48. Ratio scale
X~N(0 -1)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


49. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology space limits
It can be continuous or discrete


50. What are K- factors applied to?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology space limits
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)