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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. interval scale
Gaussian Distribution
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cumulative Distribution Function
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

2. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

3. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Gaussian Distribution

4. What is probability density contour plot
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

5. What are the different types of UTEs?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

6. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

7. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

8. TIES
Mean =0 Variance =1
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Central limit theorem

9. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

10. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

11. What does CLT stand for?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Central limit theorem
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology space limits

12. 8 Steps in TIES
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
PE(i)=?Ft
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

13. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean and variance
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

14. What is the definition of CDF?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

15. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

16. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

17. Why are scaling parameters important?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

18. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

19. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Regions 1 to 3.

20. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

21. Direct Operating Costs
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

22. MODM
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

23. What is the difference between price and cost?
Technology space limits
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

24. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

25. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
#=2^n = 2^15

26. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

27. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Regions 1 to 3.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

28. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

29. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X~N(0 -1)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

30. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It can be continuous or discrete
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
PE(i)=?Ft

31. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

32. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

33. What are properties of a CDF?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

34. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

35. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

36. 4 Measures of Dispersion
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

37. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

38. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
PE(i)=?Ft
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

39. Why do we use a sample?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

40. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

41. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

42. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

43. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

44. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Gaussian Distribution
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X~N(0 -1)

45. How is inflation measured?

46. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

47. What are K- factors applied to?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology space limits
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

48. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Regions 1 to 3.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

49. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.
#=2^n = 2^15
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

50. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.