Test your basic knowledge |

ADM

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

2. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

3. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

4. What are the different types of UTEs?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

5. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

6. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
X~N(0 -1)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cumulative Distribution Function

7. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

8. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

9. What is the definition of CDF?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology space limits
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

10. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

11. How is inflation measured?

12. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

13. Name the advantages of UTE.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

14. What does CLT stand for?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Central limit theorem

15. What are properties of a CDF?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

16. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
It can be continuous or discrete
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

17. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

18. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Mean =0 Variance =1

19. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

20. Why are scaling parameters important?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
X~N(0 -1)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

21. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

22. What is the goal of robust design?

23. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Gaussian Distribution
X~N(0 -1)

24. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

25. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean =0 Variance =1
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

26. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Gaussian Distribution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

27. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

28. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
It can be continuous or discrete
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

29. 8 Steps in TIES
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

30. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

31. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

32. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean =0 Variance =1

33. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

34. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

35. Indirect Operating Cost
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

36. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

37. TIF

38. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
PE(i)=?Ft
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

39. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
It can be continuous or discrete

40. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technology space limits

41. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

42. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Gaussian Distribution
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

43. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
#=2^n = 2^15
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

44. MADM
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

45. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

46. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
PE(i)=?Ft

47. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology space limits
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

48. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

49. What does CDF stand for?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Cumulative Distribution Function
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

50. Strengths of TOPSis...
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.