ADM

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1. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Technology space limits
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


2. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


3. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Gaussian Distribution


4. Name the advantages of UTE.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Regions 1 to 3.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


5. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Central limit theorem
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


6. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean =0 Variance =1
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


7. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


8. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


9. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


10. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


11. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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12. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
X~N(0 -1)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


13. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
It can be continuous or discrete
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


14. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


15. Strengths of TOPSis...
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


16. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


17. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Mean and variance
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Gaussian Distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


18. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


19. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


20. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Regions 1 to 3.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


21. What are the different types of UTEs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


22. What are K- factors applied to?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology space limits
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


23. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean and variance


24. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Gaussian Distribution


25. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


26. TIF

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27. Why are scaling parameters important?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


28. What does CLT stand for?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Central limit theorem


29. What are properties of a CDF?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
X~N(0 -1)


30. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
#=2^n = 2^15
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


31. MODM
Mean and variance
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


32. interval scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Regions 1 to 3.


33. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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34. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


35. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


36. TIES
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Regions 1 to 3.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


37. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


38. What is probability density contour plot
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cumulative Distribution Function


39. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Gaussian Distribution
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


40. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


41. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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42. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Regions 1 to 3.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


43. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


44. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


45. How is inflation measured?

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46. Ratio scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology space limits


47. What is the definition of CDF?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


48. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


49. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


50. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
#=2^n = 2^15
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn