ADM

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the definition of CDF?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Regions 1 to 3.


2. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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3. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean and variance
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


4. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


5. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Central limit theorem
#=2^n = 2^15
It can be continuous or discrete
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


6. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


7. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Mean and variance
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


8. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


9. What is the difference between price and cost?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


10. How is inflation measured?

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11. TIES
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


12. TIF

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13. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


14. Indirect Operating Cost
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


15. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


16. What are K- factors applied to?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology space limits
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


17. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Central limit theorem


18. MODM
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


19. What does CLT stand for?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Central limit theorem
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


20. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


21. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Mean =0 Variance =1
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


22. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Gaussian Distribution


23. $/RPM Equation
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


24. Why are scaling parameters important?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


25. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Central limit theorem
Cumulative Distribution Function


26. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


27. What is probability density contour plot
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology space limits


28. What are the different types of UTEs?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


29. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


30. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


31. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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32. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


33. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


34. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Mean =0 Variance =1


35. Direct Operating Costs
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


36. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


37. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


38. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


39. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


40. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean and variance
X~N(0 -1)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


41. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology space limits
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


42. What is the goal of robust design?

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43. Strengths of TOPSis...
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


44. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Gaussian Distribution


45. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


46. What does CDF stand for?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


47. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technology space limits


48. Ratio scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Mean =0 Variance =1


49. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
PE(i)=?Ft
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


50. What is the definition of inflation?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn