ADM

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
PE(i)=?Ft
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


2. 8 Steps in TIES
Central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


3. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Central limit theorem
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


4. What are properties of a CDF?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


5. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


6. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


7. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


8. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology space limits
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


9. What does TOPSIS stand for?
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean =0 Variance =1
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


10. Why do we use a sample?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


11. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


12. What are K- factors applied to?
Mean and variance
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology space limits
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


13. Indirect Operating Cost
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


14. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


15. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Central limit theorem
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


16. Ratio scale
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


17. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Mean and variance
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


18. What does CLT stand for?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Central limit theorem


19. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Gaussian Distribution


20. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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21. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
X~N(0 -1)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


22. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


23. Name the advantages of UTE.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


24. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
#=2^n = 2^15
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


25. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


26. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Mean =0 Variance =1
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


27. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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28. What is another name for a normal distribution?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Gaussian Distribution
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


29. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


30. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Mean and variance
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


31. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


32. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Mean =0 Variance =1
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


33. How is inflation measured?

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34. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
It can be continuous or discrete
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


35. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean =0 Variance =1
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


36. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
It can be continuous or discrete
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


37. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


38. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
PE(i)=?Ft


39. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


40. What is the definition of CDF?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


41. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Regions 1 to 3.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


42. TIF

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43. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


44. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


45. Direct Operating Costs
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


46. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


47. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


48. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


49. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Mean =0 Variance =1


50. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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