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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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2. What is the definition of ROI?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
X~N(0 -1)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


3. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


4. Ratio scale
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It can be continuous or discrete
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


5. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


6. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


7. What does CDF stand for?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cumulative Distribution Function
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


8. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


9. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Mean and variance
X~N(0 -1)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


10. Strengths of TOPSis...
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


11. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


12. Why do we use a sample?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


13. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


14. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


15. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean =0 Variance =1
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


16. What are the different types of UTEs?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


17. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


18. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


19. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cumulative Distribution Function
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


20. What are properties of a CDF?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


21. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Central limit theorem
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


22. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
PE(i)=?Ft
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


23. Why are scaling parameters important?
Technology space limits
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


24. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology space limits
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


25. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


26. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
X~N(0 -1)


27. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


28. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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29. Indirect Operating Cost
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


30. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
PE(i)=?Ft


31. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Regions 1 to 3.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


32. MADM
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


33. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


34. 4 Measures of Dispersion
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


35. TIF

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36. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Central limit theorem
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Gaussian Distribution


37. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


38. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15


39. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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40. What is probability density contour plot
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
PE(i)=?Ft


41. How is inflation measured?

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42. What does the CLT state - be specific!
PE(i)=?Ft
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


43. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


44. MODM
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
PE(i)=?Ft
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


45. TIES
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology space limits
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


46. Name the advantages of UTE.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


47. interval scale
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Central limit theorem
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


48. Direct Operating Costs
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


49. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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50. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.