ADM

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1. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cumulative Distribution Function


2. What does CLT stand for?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
It can be continuous or discrete
Central limit theorem


3. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Central limit theorem
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


4. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


5. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


6. What is probability density contour plot
X~N(0 -1)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


7. What does TOPSIS stand for?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


8. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Mean =0 Variance =1
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


9. What is the difference between price and cost?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


10. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


11. What is the definition of CDF?
Technology space limits
Mean =0 Variance =1
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
It can be continuous or discrete


12. Indirect Operating Cost
Central limit theorem
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


13. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


14. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


15. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


16. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cumulative Distribution Function
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


17. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
#=2^n = 2^15


18. What are K- factors applied to?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology space limits
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


19. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


20. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
X~N(0 -1)
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


21. Strengths of TOPSis...
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Regions 1 to 3.


22. Direct Operating Costs
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
#=2^n = 2^15
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


23. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


24. What is the goal of robust design?

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25. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


26. Why do we use a sample?
Central limit theorem
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
PE(i)=?Ft


27. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


28. What does CDF stand for?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Regions 1 to 3.
Central limit theorem
Cumulative Distribution Function


29. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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30. What is the definition of ROI?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
#=2^n = 2^15
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


31. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean and variance
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


32. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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33. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Gaussian Distribution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


34. How is inflation measured?

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35. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Mean =0 Variance =1
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


36. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It can be continuous or discrete
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


37. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


38. What is the definition of inflation?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


39. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


40. What is the equation for the learning curve?
It can be continuous or discrete
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
#=2^n = 2^15


41. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


42. Name the advantages of UTE.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


43. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Cumulative Distribution Function
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean =0 Variance =1


44. interval scale
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


45. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Gaussian Distribution
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


46. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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47. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


48. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


49. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


50. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value