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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

2. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

3. Why do we use a sample?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

4. Direct Operating Costs
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

5. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

6. MADM
It can be continuous or discrete
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

7. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Gaussian Distribution

8. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

9. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
PE(i)=?Ft
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

10. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

11. How is inflation measured?

12. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
PE(i)=?Ft
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Regions 1 to 3.

13. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

14. TIF

15. What is probability density contour plot
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

16. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

17. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
PE(i)=?Ft
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology space limits

18. What are the different types of UTEs?
Technology space limits
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

19. Indirect Operating Cost
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

20. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
X~N(0 -1)
Mean and variance
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

21. What is the definition of inflation?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cumulative Distribution Function
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

22. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

23. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Mean =0 Variance =1

24. What does CLT stand for?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
PE(i)=?Ft
Central limit theorem
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

25. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Regions 1 to 3.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

26. TIES
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean =0 Variance =1

27. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

28. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

29. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

30. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

31. What is the definition of CDF?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

32. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

33. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

34. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Technology space limits
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

35. MODM
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

36. What is the goal of robust design?

37. interval scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
It can be continuous or discrete
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

38. Name the advantages of UTE.
Central limit theorem
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cumulative Distribution Function
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

39. What is another name for a normal distribution?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Gaussian Distribution
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

40. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
X~N(0 -1)

41. $/RPM Equation
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

42. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

43. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

44. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

45. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

46. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

47. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Central limit theorem
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

48. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

49. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It can be continuous or discrete
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

50. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
#=2^n = 2^15
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal