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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Ratio scale
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

2. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

3. What does CLT stand for?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Central limit theorem
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

4. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
#=2^n = 2^15
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

5. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Central limit theorem
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

6. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

7. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X~N(0 -1)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

8. How is inflation measured?

9. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

10. Show and explain a pareto frontier
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Gaussian Distribution
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

11. Strengths of TOPSis...
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

12. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

13. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

14. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Central limit theorem
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

15. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

16. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

17. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

18. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
PE(i)=?Ft
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

19. What is the definition of inflation?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

20. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

21. What is the equation for the learning curve?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

22. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Central limit theorem

23. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
PE(i)=?Ft
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

24. TIES
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
X~N(0 -1)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

25. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It can be continuous or discrete
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Mean and variance

26. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X~N(0 -1)

27. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Regions 1 to 3.
Gaussian Distribution

28. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
X~N(0 -1)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

29. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

30. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

31. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

32. MADM
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Gaussian Distribution

33. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
X~N(0 -1)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Cumulative Distribution Function
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

34. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

35. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

36. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

37. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
PE(i)=?Ft

38. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

39. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

40. What does CDF stand for?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

41. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

42. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

43. TIF

44. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

45. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

46. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
X~N(0 -1)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

47. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Mean and variance
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

48. Name the advantages of UTE.
It can be continuous or discrete
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X~N(0 -1)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

49. interval scale
Technology space limits
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
X~N(0 -1)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

50. Direct Operating Costs
Mean and variance
Technology space limits
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Regions 1 to 3.