ADM

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1. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


2. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


3. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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4. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


5. TIF

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6. What is the goal of robust design?

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7. Name the advantages of UTE.
Cumulative Distribution Function
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


8. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Mean =0 Variance =1
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


9. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean =0 Variance =1
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


10. Show and explain a pareto frontier
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


11. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Mean and variance
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


12. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology space limits
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


13. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


14. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
X~N(0 -1)
Technology space limits


15. Direct Operating Costs
X~N(0 -1)
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


16. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


17. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
It can be continuous or discrete


18. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
PE(i)=?Ft


19. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


20. How is inflation measured?

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21. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


22. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


23. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


24. What does TOPSIS stand for?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


25. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It can be continuous or discrete
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


26. What is the definition of inflation?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X~N(0 -1)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


27. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
X~N(0 -1)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


28. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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29. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


30. What does CLT stand for?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
#=2^n = 2^15
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Central limit theorem


31. TIES
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


32. What are properties of a CDF?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


33. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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34. Strengths of TOPSis...
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


35. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Mean and variance
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


36. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Regions 1 to 3.


37. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


38. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


39. interval scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


40. Ratio scale
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


41. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology space limits
Cumulative Distribution Function
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


42. What does CDF stand for?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cumulative Distribution Function


43. Why do we use a sample?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


44. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


45. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


46. What is the equation for the learning curve?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


47. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


48. Indirect Operating Cost
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
It can be continuous or discrete


49. Why are scaling parameters important?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Mean and variance


50. What is the definition of ROI?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
#=2^n = 2^15