ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. MADM
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


2. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Mean and variance
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


3. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


4. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


5. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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6. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


7. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


8. Ratio scale
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


9. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


10. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


11. What is the goal of robust design?

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12. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


13. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


14. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


15. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


16. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


17. MODM
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology space limits
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


18. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
#=2^n = 2^15
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Regions 1 to 3.


19. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


20. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
It can be continuous or discrete


21. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
#=2^n = 2^15
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


22. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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23. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


24. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Mean and variance
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


25. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


26. What are the different types of UTEs?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


27. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


28. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Mean and variance
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


29. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


30. TIF

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31. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Regions 1 to 3.
PE(i)=?Ft
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


32. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


33. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
#=2^n = 2^15
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


34. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


35. $/RPM Equation
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


36. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
X~N(0 -1)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


37. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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38. 4 Measures of Dispersion
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


39. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


40. 8 Steps in TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


41. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology space limits
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
#=2^n = 2^15


42. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


43. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
X~N(0 -1)


44. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


45. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


46. What does the CLT state - be specific!
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Cumulative Distribution Function
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


47. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
It can be continuous or discrete


48. TIES
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


49. What is probability density contour plot
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


50. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
X~N(0 -1)