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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

2. interval scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Central limit theorem

3. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Mean =0 Variance =1
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Central limit theorem

4. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

5. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Gaussian Distribution
#=2^n = 2^15

6. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology space limits
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

7. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

8. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

9. What are K- factors applied to?
Mean =0 Variance =1
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology space limits

10. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

11. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

12. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean and variance
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

13. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

14. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

15. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

16. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Regions 1 to 3.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

17. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

18. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

19. What are the different types of UTEs?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Gaussian Distribution
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

20. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

21. What is the difference between price and cost?
X~N(0 -1)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology space limits

22. What are properties of a CDF?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Mean =0 Variance =1
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

23. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

24. Name the advantages of UTE.
Technology space limits
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

25. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

26. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology space limits
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

27. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

28. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Mean =0 Variance =1
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

29. MODM
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

30. Strengths of TOPSis...
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
It can be continuous or discrete

31. Direct Operating Costs
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

32. TIF

33. Why are scaling parameters important?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

34. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
#=2^n = 2^15
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

35. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

36. What does TOPSIS stand for?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
PE(i)=?Ft

37. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

38. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Mean =0 Variance =1

39. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

40. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

41. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Gaussian Distribution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

42. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Central limit theorem
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

43. How is inflation measured?

44. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cumulative Distribution Function
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

45. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

46. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cumulative Distribution Function
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

47. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
X~N(0 -1)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

48. What is the definition of inflation?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

49. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

50. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
X~N(0 -1)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing