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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
It can be continuous or discrete
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

2. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

3. Why do we use a sample?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

4. Why are scaling parameters important?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

5. What are K- factors applied to?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology space limits

6. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

7. Indirect Operating Cost
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Gaussian Distribution
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

8. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
#=2^n = 2^15
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

9. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology space limits
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

10. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

11. TIES
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

12. What is the definition of ROI?
Regions 1 to 3.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

13. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

14. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Mean =0 Variance =1
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

15. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

16. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Gaussian Distribution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

17. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

18. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It can be continuous or discrete
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

19. MADM
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X~N(0 -1)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

20. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
It can be continuous or discrete
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

21. How is inflation measured?

22. $/RPM Equation
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Gaussian Distribution
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

23. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

24. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

25. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
PE(i)=?Ft
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

26. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

27. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

28. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

29. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
X~N(0 -1)

30. What is the definition of CDF?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

31. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

32. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

33. MODM
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

34. What does the CLT state - be specific!
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean and variance
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

35. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

36. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

37. What does CLT stand for?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Central limit theorem

38. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

39. interval scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

40. What are the different types of UTEs?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

41. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

42. TIF

43. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

44. Ratio scale
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean and variance

45. What is the goal of robust design?

46. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

47. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

48. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

49. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology space limits

50. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology space limits
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.