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ADM

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

2. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

3. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

4. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

5. MODM
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Cumulative Distribution Function

6. What is the definition of inflation?
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Gaussian Distribution

7. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

8. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

9. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

10. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

11. How is inflation measured?

12. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Technology space limits
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
It can be continuous or discrete
X~N(0 -1)

13. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

14. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

15. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

16. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
#=2^n = 2^15

17. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Central limit theorem

18. What is the definition of ROI?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
#=2^n = 2^15
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

19. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cumulative Distribution Function
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
X~N(0 -1)

20. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Central limit theorem
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean and variance

21. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Mean and variance
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

22. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

23. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

24. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
It can be continuous or discrete
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

25. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

26. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

27. 4 Measures of Dispersion
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

28. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

29. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
PE(i)=?Ft

30. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
It can be continuous or discrete
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

31. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

32. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Mean =0 Variance =1
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

33. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
It can be continuous or discrete

34. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

35. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

36. TIF

37. What is the goal of robust design?

38. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
#=2^n = 2^15

39. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

40. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
#=2^n = 2^15
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

41. What does CLT stand for?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Central limit theorem
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

42. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

43. Show and explain a pareto frontier
#=2^n = 2^15
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

44. 8 Steps in TIES
Central limit theorem
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

45. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

46. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
#=2^n = 2^15
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

47. Ratio scale
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Mean =0 Variance =1
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

48. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

49. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
PE(i)=?Ft
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

50. What are the different types of UTEs?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)