ADM

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1. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


2. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


3. Indirect Operating Cost
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Mean and variance
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


4. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Mean =0 Variance =1


5. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


6. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology space limits


7. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


8. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean =0 Variance =1


9. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Central limit theorem


10. What is probability density contour plot
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


11. What is the goal of robust design?

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12. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Central limit theorem
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Gaussian Distribution


13. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


14. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Mean and variance


15. MADM
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


16. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


17. Ratio scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


18. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
It can be continuous or discrete
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


19. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.


20. How is inflation measured?

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21. What are the different types of UTEs?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


22. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


23. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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24. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
PE(i)=?Ft


25. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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26. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Gaussian Distribution
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


27. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


28. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


29. What does CDF stand for?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean and variance


30. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


31. $/RPM Equation
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Central limit theorem


32. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Regions 1 to 3.


33. TIF

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34. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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35. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology space limits
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


36. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean =0 Variance =1
Mean and variance


37. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


38. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
X~N(0 -1)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


39. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


40. What is the definition of inflation?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


41. 4 Measures of Dispersion
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


42. What is the definition of CDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
PE(i)=?Ft


43. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


44. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Central limit theorem


45. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


46. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Technology space limits


47. Name the advantages of UTE.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


48. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
It can be continuous or discrete
Central limit theorem
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


49. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology space limits
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


50. What is another name for a normal distribution?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Gaussian Distribution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean =0 Variance =1