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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. TIF

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2. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Central limit theorem
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

3. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

4. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Mean and variance
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

5. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

6. Ratio scale
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

7. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

8. Why are scaling parameters important?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

9. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cumulative Distribution Function

10. interval scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology space limits

11. Name the advantages of UTE.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

12. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

13. MODM
Mean and variance
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

14. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

15. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

16. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

17. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

18. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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19. What are the different types of UTEs?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

20. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
It can be continuous or discrete
Gaussian Distribution

21. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
It can be continuous or discrete

22. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

23. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

24. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

25. What are K- factors applied to?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology space limits

26. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

27. What is the definition of CDF?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

28. What is the difference between price and cost?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

29. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

30. What does CDF stand for?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

31. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
#=2^n = 2^15
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

32. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

33. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology space limits

34. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

35. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
PE(i)=?Ft
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

36. What are properties of a CDF?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology space limits
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

37. What is the goal of robust design?

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38. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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39. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
X~N(0 -1)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

40. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

41. What is the definition of inflation?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

42. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

43. Indirect Operating Cost
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

44. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

45. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

46. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

47. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Mean =0 Variance =1

48. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

49. MADM
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

50. 8 Steps in TIES
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
PE(i)=?Ft
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology