ADM

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


2. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cumulative Distribution Function


3. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean and variance


4. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


5. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
#=2^n = 2^15
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


6. What is the difference between price and cost?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


7. What does CLT stand for?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Central limit theorem
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


8. 8 Steps in TIES
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X~N(0 -1)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


9. TIF

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10. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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11. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Central limit theorem
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


12. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


13. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Gaussian Distribution


14. Strengths of TOPSis...
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


15. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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16. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


17. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


18. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


19. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Mean and variance
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


20. What does the CLT state - be specific!
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


21. Name the advantages of UTE.
Gaussian Distribution
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


22. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
#=2^n = 2^15
Gaussian Distribution
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


23. TIES
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


24. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
X~N(0 -1)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


25. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


26. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


27. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
#=2^n = 2^15


28. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


29. What is the definition of CDF?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


30. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Regions 1 to 3.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


31. What does CDF stand for?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


32. What is the goal of robust design?

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33. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
#=2^n = 2^15
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


34. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


35. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


36. Direct Operating Costs
PE(i)=?Ft
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


37. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean and variance
X~N(0 -1)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


38. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


39. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
#=2^n = 2^15


40. MODM
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


41. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


42. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


43. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
#=2^n = 2^15


44. What is another name for a normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Gaussian Distribution
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology space limits


45. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


46. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


47. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


48. How is inflation measured?

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49. Why are scaling parameters important?
Technology space limits
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


50. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean and variance
Gaussian Distribution
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future