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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology space limits
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

2. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

3. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

4. Why do we use a sample?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

5. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Cumulative Distribution Function
#=2^n = 2^15
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

6. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Gaussian Distribution
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

7. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

8. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
X~N(0 -1)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

9. Strengths of TOPSis...
X~N(0 -1)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

10. What are K- factors applied to?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology space limits
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

11. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cumulative Distribution Function
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

12. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Mean =0 Variance =1

13. Direct Operating Costs
Central limit theorem
Gaussian Distribution
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

14. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
X~N(0 -1)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

15. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

16. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
PE(i)=?Ft

17. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Regions 1 to 3.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

18. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

19. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
PE(i)=?Ft
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

20. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
It can be continuous or discrete
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

21. TIF

22. Indirect Operating Cost
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

23. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean and variance
Mean =0 Variance =1

24. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

25. How is inflation measured?

26. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Gaussian Distribution
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

27. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

28. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Regions 1 to 3.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

29. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

30. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

31. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

32. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

33. What does CDF stand for?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
PE(i)=?Ft
Cumulative Distribution Function

34. 4 Measures of Dispersion
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Mean and variance
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

35. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
X~N(0 -1)

36. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

37. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

38. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
#=2^n = 2^15
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cumulative Distribution Function

39. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

40. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Mean and variance
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

41. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

42. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

43. What is the goal of robust design?

44. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Central limit theorem
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

45. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

46. What is the definition of inflation?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

47. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

48. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Central limit theorem

49. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

50. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution