ADM

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


2. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


3. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


4. How is inflation measured?

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5. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


6. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


7. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
It can be continuous or discrete


8. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Regions 1 to 3.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


9. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


10. Why are scaling parameters important?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Regions 1 to 3.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Gaussian Distribution


11. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
PE(i)=?Ft
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


12. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Mean =0 Variance =1
#=2^n = 2^15
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


13. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


14. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
X~N(0 -1)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
It can be continuous or discrete


15. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology space limits


16. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


17. What is probability density contour plot
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


18. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Mean and variance
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


19. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Mean and variance
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


20. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
It can be continuous or discrete


21. What are properties of a CDF?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


22. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
X~N(0 -1)


23. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
PE(i)=?Ft
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


24. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
It can be continuous or discrete


25. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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26. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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27. Direct Operating Costs
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
#=2^n = 2^15
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


28. interval scale
Regions 1 to 3.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cumulative Distribution Function
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


29. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Regions 1 to 3.


30. What are K- factors applied to?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technology space limits
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


31. $/RPM Equation
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


32. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
X~N(0 -1)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


33. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD


34. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


35. What does CDF stand for?
X~N(0 -1)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cumulative Distribution Function
It can be continuous or discrete


36. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


37. Ratio scale
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


38. Name the advantages of UTE.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


39. Why do we use a sample?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


40. What is the definition of CDF?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


41. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


42. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
#=2^n = 2^15
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


43. MODM
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Gaussian Distribution
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


44. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Gaussian Distribution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


45. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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46. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Gaussian Distribution
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


47. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


48. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Mean and variance
Regions 1 to 3.


49. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Central limit theorem
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


50. TIF

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