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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Gaussian Distribution
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

2. Ratio scale
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

3. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

4. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Mean and variance

5. What is the definition of inflation?
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

6. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

7. What is the definition of CDF?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

8. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

9. Why are scaling parameters important?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

10. $/RPM Equation
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
PE(i)=?Ft
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

11. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

12. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
#=2^n = 2^15
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

13. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

14. What are the different types of UTEs?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

15. TIF

16. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

17. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

18. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Regions 1 to 3.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
X~N(0 -1)

19. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

20. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Mean =0 Variance =1
PE(i)=?Ft
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

21. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

22. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

23. Indirect Operating Cost
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
X~N(0 -1)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

24. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

25. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

26. What are properties of a CDF?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

27. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

28. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
It can be continuous or discrete

29. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Mean and variance
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

30. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

31. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

32. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

33. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

34. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

35. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

36. interval scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

37. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cumulative Distribution Function

38. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
PE(i)=?Ft
Regions 1 to 3.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

39. Name the advantages of UTE.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

40. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology space limits
Central limit theorem

41. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

42. What is the definition of ROI?
#=2^n = 2^15
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

43. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

44. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

45. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
PE(i)=?Ft
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

46. What are K- factors applied to?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology space limits
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

47. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Gaussian Distribution
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

48. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

49. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

50. What is the goal of robust design?