ADM

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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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2. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
X~N(0 -1)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


3. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


4. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


5. Strengths of TOPSis...
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
PE(i)=?Ft


6. What is the definition of ROI?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Gaussian Distribution
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


7. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


8. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


9. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


10. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


11. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


12. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


13. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Gaussian Distribution
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


14. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X~N(0 -1)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


15. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
PE(i)=?Ft


16. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Central limit theorem
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


17. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


18. What does the CLT state - be specific!
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


19. Direct Operating Costs
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


20. What is the equation for the learning curve?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


21. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


22. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


23. Name the advantages of UTE.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


24. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
#=2^n = 2^15
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


25. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn


26. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Central limit theorem
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


27. Ratio scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


28. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


29. $/RPM Equation
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


30. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


31. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


32. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Mean and variance
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


33. What is the goal of robust design?

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34. MODM
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


35. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean =0 Variance =1
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


36. What is the definition of CDF?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


37. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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38. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


39. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


40. TIF

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41. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


42. 8 Steps in TIES
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


43. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


44. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
PE(i)=?Ft
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


45. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Gaussian Distribution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


46. How is inflation measured?

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47. What does TOPSIS stand for?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


48. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Regions 1 to 3.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


49. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology space limits


50. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.