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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Ratio scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

2. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Mean and variance
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
X~N(0 -1)

3. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

4. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Regions 1 to 3.

5. What is the goal of robust design?

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6. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Gaussian Distribution
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Mean and variance

7. What is the definition of CDF?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

8. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

9. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Gaussian Distribution

10. What is the definition of inflation?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
PE(i)=?Ft
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

11. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cumulative Distribution Function
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

12. What is probability density contour plot
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

13. What is the definition of ROI?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

14. Name the advantages of UTE.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cumulative Distribution Function
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

15. Direct Operating Costs
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

16. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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17. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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18. What is another name for a normal distribution?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Gaussian Distribution
Cumulative Distribution Function

19. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

20. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

21. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

22. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

23. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

24. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

25. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

26. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

27. TIES
X~N(0 -1)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

28. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1

29. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Regions 1 to 3.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

30. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

31. Indirect Operating Cost
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

32. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

33. What are properties of a CDF?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

34. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

35. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

36. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Mean =0 Variance =1

37. What does CDF stand for?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

38. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

39. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
It can be continuous or discrete
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

40. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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41. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Gaussian Distribution
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

42. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Technology space limits
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
X~N(0 -1)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

43. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

44. What are K- factors applied to?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology space limits

45. MODM
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Mean =0 Variance =1

46. $/RPM Equation
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

47. interval scale
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It can be continuous or discrete
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

48. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

49. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Mean and variance
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

50. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln