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ADM

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1. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Mean and variance
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

2. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

3. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

4. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

5. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

6. MADM
PE(i)=?Ft
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

7. What is the difference between price and cost?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

8. How is inflation measured?

9. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

10. interval scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology space limits

11. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean and variance

12. What are K- factors applied to?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology space limits

13. What does CDF stand for?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cumulative Distribution Function

14. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology space limits
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

15. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X~N(0 -1)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

16. What is the equation for the learning curve?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

17. What does the CLT state - be specific!
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

18. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

19. 8 Steps in TIES
#=2^n = 2^15
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

20. What is the definition of inflation?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

21. Indirect Operating Cost
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

22. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

23. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Central limit theorem
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

24. What does CLT stand for?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X~N(0 -1)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Central limit theorem

25. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

26. Why are scaling parameters important?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

27. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It can be continuous or discrete
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

28. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

29. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
It can be continuous or discrete

30. What is the definition of ROI?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
It can be continuous or discrete

31. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

32. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

33. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

34. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

35. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Central limit theorem
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

36. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

37. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
It can be continuous or discrete
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Regions 1 to 3.

38. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

39. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Cumulative Distribution Function

40. What is the goal of robust design?

41. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

42. Ratio scale
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

43. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

44. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

45. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It can be continuous or discrete

46. Name the advantages of UTE.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
PE(i)=?Ft

47. TIES
Gaussian Distribution
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

48. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

49. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

50. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology space limits