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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

2. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

3. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

4. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

5. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean =0 Variance =1
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

6. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

7. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

8. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

9. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cumulative Distribution Function
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

10. TIF

11. What are K- factors applied to?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology space limits

12. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

13. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

14. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

15. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

16. Direct Operating Costs
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
#=2^n = 2^15

17. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

18. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
X~N(0 -1)
Mean and variance
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

19. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

20. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

21. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

22. What does the CLT state - be specific!
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

23. What are properties of a CDF?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

24. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

25. How is inflation measured?

26. Ratio scale
Mean =0 Variance =1
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

27. Why do we use a sample?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
It can be continuous or discrete
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

28. Strengths of TOPSis...
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean =0 Variance =1
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

29. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

30. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

31. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

32. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It can be continuous or discrete

33. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
#=2^n = 2^15
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

34. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology space limits

35. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

36. What is the difference between price and cost?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

37. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

38. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

39. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cumulative Distribution Function
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

40. MODM
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

41. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

42. Indirect Operating Cost
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

43. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

44. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

45. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Central limit theorem
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

46. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
#=2^n = 2^15
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

47. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

48. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Mean =0 Variance =1
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

49. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

50. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale