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ADM

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does TOPSIS stand for?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

2. How is inflation measured?

3. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
PE(i)=?Ft
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

4. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Regions 1 to 3.

5. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

6. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

7. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

8. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean =0 Variance =1

9. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
#=2^n = 2^15
X~N(0 -1)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

10. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
#=2^n = 2^15
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

11. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

12. 4 Measures of Dispersion
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Gaussian Distribution

13. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

14. MODM
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

15. Name the advantages of UTE.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

16. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Technology space limits
Mean =0 Variance =1
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

17. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

18. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Mean =0 Variance =1
Mean and variance
Gaussian Distribution

19. Why do we use a sample?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

20. What is the definition of inflation?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

21. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

22. What is the definition of ROI?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

23. 8 Steps in TIES
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

24. What are properties of a CDF?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

25. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

26. interval scale
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

27. What does CLT stand for?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Central limit theorem
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

28. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology space limits

29. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

30. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

31. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Mean =0 Variance =1

32. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
It can be continuous or discrete
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

33. What is the goal of robust design?

34. TIF

35. What is the equation for the learning curve?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

36. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

37. What does CDF stand for?
Technology space limits
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cumulative Distribution Function
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

38. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

39. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Mean and variance
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

40. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

41. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology space limits
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

42. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

43. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

44. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

45. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

46. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

47. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

48. TIES
#=2^n = 2^15
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cumulative Distribution Function
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

49. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

50. What are K- factors applied to?
X~N(0 -1)
Technology space limits
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness