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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

2. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

3. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

4. TIES
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

5. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

6. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It can be continuous or discrete
Regions 1 to 3.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

7. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Regions 1 to 3.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

8. What does CLT stand for?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Central limit theorem
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
X~N(0 -1)

9. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

10. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

11. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Mean and variance
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

12. What is the difference between price and cost?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

13. Why are scaling parameters important?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

14. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

15. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

16. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

17. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

18. What is the goal of robust design?

19. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Mean and variance
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

20. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

21. TIF

22. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

23. Strengths of TOPSis...
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

24. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

25. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

26. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

27. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

28. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Mean and variance

29. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

30. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

31. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Regions 1 to 3.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

32. Name the advantages of UTE.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

33. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

34. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

35. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

36. What is probability density contour plot
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
It can be continuous or discrete
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

37. Ratio scale
X~N(0 -1)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

38. Indirect Operating Cost
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X~N(0 -1)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

39. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean and variance
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

40. MADM
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

41. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Gaussian Distribution
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

42. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

43. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

44. What are K- factors applied to?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology space limits
Cumulative Distribution Function

45. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

46. $/RPM Equation
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

47. What are properties of a CDF?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

48. MODM
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

49. How is inflation measured?

50. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
#=2^n = 2^15
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)