ADM

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1. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
#=2^n = 2^15
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


2. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem


3. What is the goal of robust design?

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4. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology space limits
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


5. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
X~N(0 -1)


6. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology space limits
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


7. What are properties of a CDF?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


8. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Central limit theorem
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


9. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean and variance


10. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


11. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Regions 1 to 3.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
It can be continuous or discrete
Central limit theorem


12. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Gaussian Distribution


13. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


14. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
X~N(0 -1)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


15. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


16. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


17. Indirect Operating Cost
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


18. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


19. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


20. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


21. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


22. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'


23. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
PE(i)=?Ft
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


24. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
#=2^n = 2^15
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


25. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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26. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


27. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


28. TIF

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29. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
It can be continuous or discrete


30. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


31. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
PE(i)=?Ft


32. What are the different types of UTEs?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


33. Why are scaling parameters important?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean =0 Variance =1
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


34. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


35. Show and explain a pareto frontier
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


36. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


37. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Mean and variance


38. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


39. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Regions 1 to 3.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


40. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


41. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Gaussian Distribution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


42. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
PE(i)=?Ft


43. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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44. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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45. MODM
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


46. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


47. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
It can be continuous or discrete
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


48. How is inflation measured?

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49. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology space limits
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


50. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-