ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Mean and variance
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


2. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


3. What are K- factors applied to?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology space limits


4. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


5. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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6. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


7. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


8. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
#=2^n = 2^15
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


9. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
PE(i)=?Ft
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


10. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean and variance


11. What is the goal of robust design?

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12. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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13. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean =0 Variance =1
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


14. What are properties of a CDF?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


15. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences


16. $/RPM Equation
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Central limit theorem


17. What is another name for a normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Gaussian Distribution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


18. 8 Steps in TIES
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


19. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


20. Why do we use a sample?
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


21. Indirect Operating Cost
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


22. What is the definition of CDF?
X~N(0 -1)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


23. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It can be continuous or discrete
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order


24. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Regions 1 to 3.


25. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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26. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


27. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


28. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
X~N(0 -1)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Mean and variance


29. What is the definition of inflation?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


30. TIES
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


31. Why are scaling parameters important?
Technology space limits
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Mean and variance


32. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Mean =0 Variance =1
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


33. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


34. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


35. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


36. MODM
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology space limits


37. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


38. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
X~N(0 -1)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


39. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.


40. What is the difference between price and cost?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


41. Direct Operating Costs
#=2^n = 2^15
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Central limit theorem
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


42. TIF

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43. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
#=2^n = 2^15


44. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
X~N(0 -1)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean =0 Variance =1


45. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Mean =0 Variance =1
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


46. What is probability density contour plot
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


47. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


48. What does CDF stand for?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Mean and variance
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cumulative Distribution Function


49. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


50. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Mean =0 Variance =1
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD