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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

2. Why are scaling parameters important?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

3. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It can be continuous or discrete
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

4. What is probability density contour plot
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

5. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

6. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

7. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

8. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

9. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

10. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

11. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

12. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

13. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

14. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
It can be continuous or discrete
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

15. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
X~N(0 -1)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

16. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

17. What is the definition of CDF?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

18. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

19. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

20. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Gaussian Distribution
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

21. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

22. How is inflation measured?

23. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

24. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Regions 1 to 3.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean =0 Variance =1

25. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
PE(i)=?Ft

26. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

27. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
#=2^n = 2^15

28. MODM
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

29. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cumulative Distribution Function
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

30. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
X~N(0 -1)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

31. Ratio scale
#=2^n = 2^15
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

32. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

33. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

34. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

35. MADM
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

36. What is the definition of inflation?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

37. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Gaussian Distribution
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

38. What are K- factors applied to?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology space limits
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

39. What is the goal of robust design?

40. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

41. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

42. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

43. Why do we use a sample?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
#=2^n = 2^15

44. What is the definition of ROI?
Mean =0 Variance =1
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

45. TIF

46. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

47. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

48. Indirect Operating Cost
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

49. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

50. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.