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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. TIF

2. What is the definition of CDF?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

3. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
X~N(0 -1)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

4. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

5. What is the definition of inflation?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

6. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

7. 8 Steps in TIES
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

8. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

9. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

10. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

11. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

12. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

13. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

14. How is inflation measured?

15. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology space limits
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

16. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
#=2^n = 2^15
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

17. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cumulative Distribution Function
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

18. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

19. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

20. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
X~N(0 -1)

21. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

22. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Regions 1 to 3.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

23. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

24. What does CDF stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Mean =0 Variance =1
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cumulative Distribution Function

25. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Mean and variance
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

26. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

27. What does TOPSIS stand for?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Regions 1 to 3.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

28. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
X~N(0 -1)
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

29. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

30. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Gaussian Distribution
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

31. What is the definition of ROI?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

32. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

33. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

34. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
X~N(0 -1)
Technology space limits

35. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

36. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It can be continuous or discrete
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

37. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

38. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

39. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

40. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

41. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
PE(i)=?Ft

42. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

43. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

44. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

45. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
It can be continuous or discrete
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Mean =0 Variance =1
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

46. MADM
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

47. What is another name for a normal distribution?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Gaussian Distribution
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

48. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

49. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

50. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean =0 Variance =1
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

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