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1. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
#=2^n = 2^15

2. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

3. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

4. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

5. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

6. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15

7. What is the difference between price and cost?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

8. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
X~N(0 -1)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

9. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

10. What is probability density contour plot
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

11. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Mean and variance
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

12. What is another name for a normal distribution?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

13. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
It can be continuous or discrete
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

14. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
PE(i)=?Ft
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

15. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

16. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
It can be continuous or discrete
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

17. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

18. Indirect Operating Cost
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

19. Direct Operating Costs
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

20. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

21. What is the goal of robust design?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

22. How is inflation measured?
X~N(0 -1)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

23. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Mean and variance
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

24. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
PE(i)=?Ft
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

25. TIES
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean =0 Variance =1

26. What are K- factors applied to?
Regions 1 to 3.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology space limits

27. What is the equation for the learning curve?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

28. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Regions 1 to 3.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

29. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It can be continuous or discrete
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

30. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Mean and variance
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

31. What is the definition of inflation?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

32. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

33. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Mean =0 Variance =1

34. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

35. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

36. TIF
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
#=2^n = 2^15
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

37. Why are scaling parameters important?
Gaussian Distribution
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Mean =0 Variance =1

38. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

39. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
PE(i)=?Ft

40. Ratio scale
Central limit theorem
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

41. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

42. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

43. What are properties of a CDF?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology space limits
Gaussian Distribution

44. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

45. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

46. MADM
Gaussian Distribution
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

47. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

48. What does the CLT state - be specific!
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Regions 1 to 3.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

49. Name the advantages of UTE.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Gaussian Distribution
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

50. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

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