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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

2. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

3. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

4. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Cumulative Distribution Function
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
X~N(0 -1)

5. MODM
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

6. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

7. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

8. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

9. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

10. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean and variance
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean =0 Variance =1
Gaussian Distribution

11. Ratio scale
Cumulative Distribution Function
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

12. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

13. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

14. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technology space limits
Regions 1 to 3.

15. interval scale
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It can be continuous or discrete
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

16. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

17. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

18. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Regions 1 to 3.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

19. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

20. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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21. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

22. Name the advantages of UTE.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

23. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

24. What is the definition of inflation?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

25. What is the definition of CDF?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

26. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

27. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

28. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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29. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

30. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

31. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

32. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

33. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Mean =0 Variance =1

34. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

35. What is the definition of ROI?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
PE(i)=?Ft
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

36. TIF

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37. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology space limits
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

38. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
It can be continuous or discrete
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

39. What are K- factors applied to?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology space limits

40. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

41. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

42. TIES
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

43. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Regions 1 to 3.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
#=2^n = 2^15
Gaussian Distribution

44. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

45. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
#=2^n = 2^15
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

46. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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47. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
X~N(0 -1)
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

48. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
X~N(0 -1)
Regions 1 to 3.

49. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
PE(i)=?Ft
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

50. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each