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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

2. $/RPM Equation
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

3. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
X~N(0 -1)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

4. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

5. Why do we use a sample?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

6. TIES
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

7. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
#=2^n = 2^15

8. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
PE(i)=?Ft
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Regions 1 to 3.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

9. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

10. What is another name for a normal distribution?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology space limits

11. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

12. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Regions 1 to 3.
It can be continuous or discrete
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

13. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

14. What does CLT stand for?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Central limit theorem
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
It can be continuous or discrete

15. Strengths of TOPSis...
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

16. What are the different types of UTEs?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

17. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

18. How is inflation measured?

19. What is the difference between price and cost?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

20. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

21. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

22. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
X~N(0 -1)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

23. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

24. What are K- factors applied to?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology space limits

25. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

26. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

27. 8 Steps in TIES
Technology space limits
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

28. What is the goal of robust design?

29. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

30. What does CDF stand for?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cumulative Distribution Function

31. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

32. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Central limit theorem
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

33. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

34. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

35. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

36. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

37. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

38. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

39. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

40. What is the definition of CDF?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

41. What is the definition of inflation?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Regions 1 to 3.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

42. MODM
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

43. What is probability density contour plot
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

44. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

45. TIF

46. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

47. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

48. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
#=2^n = 2^15

49. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

50. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.