ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


2. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
PE(i)=?Ft
It can be continuous or discrete
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


3. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
It can be continuous or discrete
Gaussian Distribution


4. Ratio scale
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


5. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


6. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Central limit theorem
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


7. Indirect Operating Cost
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)


8. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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9. What is the definition of CDF?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


10. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Gaussian Distribution
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE


11. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


12. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


13. Direct Operating Costs
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)


14. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


15. interval scale
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


16. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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17. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


18. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


19. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Cumulative Distribution Function


20. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cumulative Distribution Function
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Gaussian Distribution


21. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Mean and variance
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Technology space limits
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


22. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


23. MADM
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology


24. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


25. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


26. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean and variance
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


27. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


28. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Technology space limits
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


29. What are the different types of UTEs?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
X~N(0 -1)


30. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
PE(i)=?Ft
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


31. What does CLT stand for?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Central limit theorem


32. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology space limits
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


33. Why are scaling parameters important?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


34. What are properties of a CDF?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


35. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Cumulative Distribution Function


36. What is another name for a normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Gaussian Distribution


37. How is inflation measured?

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38. TIF

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39. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Mean and variance
#=2^n = 2^15


40. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.


41. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


42. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
It can be continuous or discrete
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


43. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective


44. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


45. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


46. What is the goal of robust design?

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47. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo


48. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


49. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


50. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
PE(i)=?Ft
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.