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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Indirect Operating Cost
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

2. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

3. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Regions 1 to 3.

4. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

5. MADM
Cumulative Distribution Function
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

6. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Mean and variance

7. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Central limit theorem
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

8. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

9. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
#=2^n = 2^15
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

10. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
It can be continuous or discrete
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

11. What are K- factors applied to?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Technology space limits
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

12. Direct Operating Costs
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

13. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

14. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Central limit theorem
Mean =0 Variance =1
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

15. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

16. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

17. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

18. TIES
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

19. What are properties of a CDF?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
X~N(0 -1)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

20. What is the definition of CDF?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

21. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

22. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Gaussian Distribution
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

23. How is inflation measured?

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24. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

25. Strengths of TOPSis...
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

26. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
X~N(0 -1)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

27. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

28. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Central limit theorem
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

29. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology space limits
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

30. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

31. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

32. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

33. Show and explain a pareto frontier
PE(i)=?Ft
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

34. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
#=2^n = 2^15
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

35. What does TOPSIS stand for?
X~N(0 -1)
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

36. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Technology space limits

37. What is the definition of inflation?
X~N(0 -1)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

38. What does CLT stand for?
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean and variance
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Central limit theorem

39. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
#=2^n = 2^15

40. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
It can be continuous or discrete
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

41. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

42. What is the definition of ROI?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

43. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

44. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
#=2^n = 2^15
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

45. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

46. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

47. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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48. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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49. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
X~N(0 -1)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Mean =0 Variance =1

50. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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