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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

2. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

3. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

4. What is probability density contour plot
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology space limits

5. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

6. What is the goal of robust design?

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7. What is the definition of inflation?
It can be continuous or discrete
Cumulative Distribution Function
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

8. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Central limit theorem

9. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Regions 1 to 3.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

10. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
PE(i)=?Ft
It can be continuous or discrete

11. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Regions 1 to 3.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

12. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

13. How is inflation measured?

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14. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Mean and variance

15. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Mean =0 Variance =1
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

16. TIES
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
#=2^n = 2^15
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

17. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

18. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

19. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

20. Strengths of TOPSis...
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

21. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Gaussian Distribution
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

22. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

23. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

24. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

25. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

26. 8 Steps in TIES
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

27. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

28. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
It can be continuous or discrete
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

29. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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30. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
It can be continuous or discrete
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

31. interval scale
PE(i)=?Ft
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

32. Indirect Operating Cost
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

33. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Mean and variance

34. MADM
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

35. What are properties of a CDF?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

36. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

37. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Technology space limits
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

38. MODM
Mean =0 Variance =1
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

39. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

40. What does CLT stand for?
PE(i)=?Ft
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Central limit theorem

41. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
It can be continuous or discrete
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

42. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

43. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

44. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

45. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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46. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

47. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Mean and variance
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

48. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
X~N(0 -1)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It can be continuous or discrete
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

49. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
#=2^n = 2^15
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

50. What is the equation for the learning curve?
X~N(0 -1)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor