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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Central limit theorem

2. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
X~N(0 -1)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

3. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Mean =0 Variance =1
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

4. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

5. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

6. What are properties of a CDF?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

7. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

8. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

9. $/RPM Equation
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

10. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

11. What does CDF stand for?
Cumulative Distribution Function
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

12. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Regions 1 to 3.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

13. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

14. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Central limit theorem
#=2^n = 2^15
It can be continuous or discrete

15. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Gaussian Distribution
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

16. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Mean =0 Variance =1
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

17. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

18. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

19. What is the difference between price and cost?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

20. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

21. What is the goal of robust design?

22. interval scale
Technology space limits
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

23. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

24. What does the CLT state - be specific!
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

25. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Mean and variance
Central limit theorem

26. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Gaussian Distribution
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

27. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Central limit theorem
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
X~N(0 -1)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

28. Why do we use a sample?
Central limit theorem
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

29. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

30. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

31. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Central limit theorem
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

32. What are K- factors applied to?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technology space limits
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

33. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Regions 1 to 3.

34. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

35. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

36. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Central limit theorem
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

37. How is inflation measured?

38. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

39. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

40. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

41. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

42. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
#=2^n = 2^15
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Regions 1 to 3.

43. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
It can be continuous or discrete
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

44. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

45. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

46. MADM
Cumulative Distribution Function
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

47. Ratio scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

48. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
It can be continuous or discrete
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

49. Name the advantages of UTE.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology space limits
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

50. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)