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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. MODM
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

2. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
#=2^n = 2^15
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

3. Direct Operating Costs
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

4. What is the equation for the learning curve?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

5. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

6. What is the definition of CDF?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

7. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
#=2^n = 2^15
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

8. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

9. What does CLT stand for?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Central limit theorem

10. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

11. Ratio scale
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Gaussian Distribution

12. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

13. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

14. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

15. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

16. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

17. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

18. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

19. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

20. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

21. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

22. What are the different types of UTEs?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

23. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

24. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

25. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

26. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

27. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

28. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

29. What are K- factors applied to?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology space limits
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

30. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology space limits
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
It can be continuous or discrete

31. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Regions 1 to 3.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

32. $/RPM Equation
Technology space limits
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

33. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

34. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

35. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

36. Name the advantages of UTE.
Mean =0 Variance =1
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

37. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

38. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Cumulative Distribution Function
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
#=2^n = 2^15

39. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

40. Why do we use a sample?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean and variance
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

41. TIF

42. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

43. What is the difference between price and cost?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

44. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

45. What is the goal of robust design?

46. interval scale
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

47. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

48. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

49. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Mean and variance
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

50. 8 Steps in TIES
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology