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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
PE(i)=?Ft
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
#=2^n = 2^15
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

2. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

3. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

4. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Technology space limits
#=2^n = 2^15
PE(i)=?Ft

5. What does the CLT state - be specific!
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
It can be continuous or discrete
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

6. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Cumulative Distribution Function
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

7. Ratio scale
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

8. MODM
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

9. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
X~N(0 -1)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

10. MADM
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Gaussian Distribution
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

11. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'

12. Name the advantages of UTE.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

13. What is the equation for the learning curve?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

14. What is the definition of inflation?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

15. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

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16. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

17. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
PE(i)=?Ft
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

18. What are the different types of UTEs?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

19. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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20. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

21. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

22. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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23. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

24. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

25. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

26. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

27. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

28. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Central limit theorem
Cumulative Distribution Function
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

29. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

30. How is inflation measured?

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31. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
#=2^n = 2^15

32. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

33. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Regions 1 to 3.
It can be continuous or discrete

34. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

35. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Gaussian Distribution

36. TIES
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

37. 8 Steps in TIES
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

38. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

39. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

40. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

41. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

42. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

43. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

44. What are properties of a CDF?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

45. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean =0 Variance =1
It can be continuous or discrete
Cumulative Distribution Function

46. What are K- factors applied to?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology space limits
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X~N(0 -1)

47. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
#=2^n = 2^15
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

48. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Mean and variance
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

49. Why are scaling parameters important?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology space limits
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
It can be continuous or discrete

50. Direct Operating Costs
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)