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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
X~N(0 -1)

2. What is the definition of ROI?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

3. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

4. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

5. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

6. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

7. What is the goal of robust design?

8. 8 Steps in TIES
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

9. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

10. MADM
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Gaussian Distribution
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

11. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
X~N(0 -1)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

12. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

13. What is the definition of inflation?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Gaussian Distribution
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

14. What does CLT stand for?
Mean and variance
Central limit theorem
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

15. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Mean and variance
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

16. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Central limit theorem

17. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Regions 1 to 3.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
PE(i)=?Ft

18. What is the definition of CDF?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

19. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
X~N(0 -1)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

20. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

21. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

22. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Central limit theorem
PE(i)=?Ft
Cumulative Distribution Function

23. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

24. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Gaussian Distribution
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

25. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

26. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

27. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Central limit theorem
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology space limits

28. $/RPM Equation
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

29. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

30. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

31. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

32. TIF

33. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

34. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
X~N(0 -1)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

35. Name the advantages of UTE.
Gaussian Distribution
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

36. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

37. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

38. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

39. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

40. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Central limit theorem
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for

41. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

42. interval scale
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

43. MODM
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

44. What are K- factors applied to?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology space limits
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

45. Ratio scale
Cumulative Distribution Function
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

46. TIES
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

47. How is inflation measured?

48. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

49. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

50. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
It can be continuous or discrete
#=2^n = 2^15
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology space limits