ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


2. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


3. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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4. What are the different types of UTEs?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


5. Why are scaling parameters important?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


6. What is the goal of robust design?

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7. What are properties of a CDF?
Cumulative Distribution Function
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


8. What does the CLT state - be specific!
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


9. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Central limit theorem


10. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


11. Direct Operating Costs
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee


12. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


13. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


14. TIF

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15. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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16. What are K- factors applied to?
Technology space limits
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


17. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
PE(i)=?Ft
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


18. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


19. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)


20. What is the equation for the learning curve?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


21. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


22. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


23. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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24. What is the definition of CDF?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.


25. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


26. $/RPM Equation
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


27. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


28. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Mean =0 Variance =1


29. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Regions 1 to 3.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


30. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor


31. Why do we use a sample?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Regions 1 to 3.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


32. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


33. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
X~N(0 -1)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)


34. Indirect Operating Cost
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
#=2^n = 2^15
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


35. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs


36. MODM
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Technology space limits
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


37. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


38. What does CLT stand for?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
X~N(0 -1)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Central limit theorem


39. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


40. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
PE(i)=?Ft


41. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.


42. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


43. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


44. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln


45. MADM
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


46. How is inflation measured?

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47. What is the definition of ROI?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Cumulative Distribution Function
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


48. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Regions 1 to 3.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


49. What does CDF stand for?
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


50. 8 Steps in TIES
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)