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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the difference between price and cost?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

2. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

3. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cumulative Distribution Function

4. What are the different types of UTEs?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

5. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Mean and variance

6. What is the goal of robust design?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

7. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
#=2^n = 2^15
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

8. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

9. MADM
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

10. Direct Operating Costs
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

11. Why do we use a sample?
Cumulative Distribution Function
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

12. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?
It can be continuous or discrete
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

13. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
PE(i)=?Ft

14. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

15. TIES
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

16. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

17. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

18. How is inflation measured?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology space limits

19. What is another name for a normal distribution?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Gaussian Distribution
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

20. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Cumulative Distribution Function
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Mean =0 Variance =1

21. $/RPM Equation
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

22. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Cumulative Distribution Function
X~N(0 -1)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

23. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

24. What are properties of a CDF?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

25. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
X~N(0 -1)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

26. TIF
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean =0 Variance =1
Mean and variance

27. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Central limit theorem
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

28. What does CDF stand for?
Mean and variance
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cumulative Distribution Function
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

29. Ratio scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

30. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology space limits

31. 8 Steps in TIES
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

32. MODM
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

33. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

34. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Gaussian Distribution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

35. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

36. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

37. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
It can be continuous or discrete
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

38. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

39. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

40. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

41. Name the advantages of UTE.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
PE(i)=?Ft
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

42. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

43. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Mean and variance

44. 4 Measures of Dispersion
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

45. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean and variance
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

46. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

47. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technology space limits
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

48. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

49. interval scale
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

50. What is probability density contour plot
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
PE(i)=?Ft
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

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