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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. TIES
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

2. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Regions 1 to 3.
#=2^n = 2^15
It can be continuous or discrete

3. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Central limit theorem
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

4. How is inflation measured?

5. What does CDF stand for?
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Cumulative Distribution Function

6. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

7. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

8. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

9. What is the definition of inflation?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

10. Direct Operating Costs
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X

11. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

12. What are properties of a CDF?
It can be continuous or discrete
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline

13. MODM
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)

14. Show and explain a pareto frontier
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean =0 Variance =1

15. TIF

16. Why are scaling parameters important?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

17. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

18. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

19. What is the definition of CDF?
It can be continuous or discrete
Regions 1 to 3.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

20. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

21. Indirect Operating Cost
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

22. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

23. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

24. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Technology space limits
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
PE(i)=?Ft

25. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Regions 1 to 3.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

26. What is the equation for the learning curve?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Gaussian Distribution
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

27. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Technology space limits
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

28. Ratio scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

29. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

30. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

31. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Central limit theorem
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
It can be continuous or discrete

32. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

33. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
PE(i)=?Ft
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

34. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Mean and variance
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

35. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Central limit theorem
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

36. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

37. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

38. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
It can be continuous or discrete
X~N(0 -1)
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

39. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

40. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

41. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

42. What is the difference between price and cost?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

43. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln

44. interval scale
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

45. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Regions 1 to 3.

46. Strengths of TOPSis...
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

47. What are K- factors applied to?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Central limit theorem
Technology space limits

48. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

49. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Cumulative Distribution Function

50. $/RPM Equation
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
It can be continuous or discrete
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers