Test your basic knowledge |

ADM

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

2. Why do we use a sample?
X~N(0 -1)
PE(i)=?Ft
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population

3. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

4. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Central limit theorem
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

5. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Technology space limits
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.

6. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

7. What does CDF stand for?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Cumulative Distribution Function

8. Show and explain a pareto frontier
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

9. Name the advantages of UTE.
PE(i)=?Ft
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

10. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Mean =0 Variance =1
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

11. What does the CLT state - be specific!
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

12. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Central limit theorem
X~N(0 -1)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

13. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

14. What are K- factors applied to?
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technology space limits
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

15. Ratio scale
Central limit theorem
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

16. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

17. 4 Measures of Dispersion
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

18. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

19. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

20. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

21. What is the equation for the learning curve?
X~N(0 -1)
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Cumulative Distribution Function

22. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
X~N(0 -1)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

23. What is the difference between price and cost?
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

24. How is inflation measured?

25. MODM
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

26. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
PE(i)=?Ft
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

27. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

28. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

29. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Mean and variance
#=2^n = 2^15

30. 8 Steps in TIES
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

31. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
PE(i)=?Ft
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

32. What is the definition of ROI?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

33. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

34. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Technology space limits
Gaussian Distribution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

35. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

36. What are the different types of UTEs?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
X~N(0 -1)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

37. TIF

38. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

39. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

40. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Technology space limits
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Regions 1 to 3.

41. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology space limits
Regions 1 to 3.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

42. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future

43. What does CLT stand for?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Central limit theorem

44. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
It can be continuous or discrete

45. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

46. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

47. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Mean =0 Variance =1

48. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

49. What is the goal of robust design?

50. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)