ADM

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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


2. What are the different types of UTEs?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Central limit theorem


3. What is the definition of inflation?
Mean and variance
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers


4. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

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5. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


6. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
It can be continuous or discrete
Cumulative Distribution Function


7. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


8. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'


9. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N


10. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cumulative Distribution Function


11. $/RPM Equation
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


12. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


13. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


14. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


15. TIF

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16. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Mean and variance
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


17. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Technology space limits
PE(i)=?Ft
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


18. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Gaussian Distribution
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
PE(i)=?Ft


19. What is the definition of ROI?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
#=2^n = 2^15
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)


20. TIES
Technology space limits
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Mean and variance
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer


21. What are properties of a CDF?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing


22. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X


23. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


24. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness


25. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


26. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Mean =0 Variance =1
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


27. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Mean =0 Variance =1


28. Name the advantages of UTE.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design


29. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


30. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
Regions 1 to 3.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline


31. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-


32. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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33. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Gaussian Distribution
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32


34. 8 Steps in TIES
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


35. Show and explain a pareto frontier
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


36. interval scale
Central limit theorem
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
PE(i)=?Ft
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


37. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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38. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


39. MADM
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


40. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Mean and variance


41. Ratio scale
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


42. MODM
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


43. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


44. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.


45. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


46. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


47. What does CLT stand for?
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Central limit theorem
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution


48. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


49. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
#=2^n = 2^15
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


50. What is the goal of robust design?

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