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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Direct Operating Costs
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

2. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

3. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

4. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

5. Strengths of TOPSis...
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
#=2^n = 2^15

6. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

7. 8 Steps in TIES
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

8. What is the definition of CDF?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

9. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

10. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

11. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

12. MODM
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

13. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Regions 1 to 3.

14. interval scale
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

15. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

16. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD

17. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

18. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

19. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

20. What does CDF stand for?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

21. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology space limits
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

22. What is the goal of robust design?

23. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

24. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

25. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
PE(i)=?Ft

26. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

27. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

28. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
X~N(0 -1)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

29. What does the CLT state - be specific!
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

30. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

31. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
Mean =0 Variance =1
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

32. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
It can be continuous or discrete
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
#=2^n = 2^15
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

33. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

34. Why are scaling parameters important?
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

35. TIF

36. How is inflation measured?

37. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

38. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
It can be continuous or discrete
Mean =0 Variance =1
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

39. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Technology space limits
X~N(0 -1)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

40. Ratio scale
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

41. What is the definition of ROI?
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

42. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

43. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

44. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'

45. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

46. $/RPM Equation
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean =0 Variance =1
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

47. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

48. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

49. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
It can be continuous or discrete
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

50. What is the difference between price and cost?
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design