ADM

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1. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.


2. What is the goal of robust design?

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3. $/RPM Equation
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Mean and variance


4. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


5. What does the CLT state - be specific!
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


6. MODM
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Gaussian Distribution


7. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal


8. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Regions 1 to 3.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P


9. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


10. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

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11. What are the different types of UTEs?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
PE(i)=?Ft


12. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Technology space limits
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value


13. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
PE(i)=?Ft
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population


14. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Regions 1 to 3.


15. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


16. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

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17. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Cumulative Distribution Function
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each


18. TIES
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Mean =0 Variance =1


19. What are K- factors applied to?
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Technology space limits
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)


20. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X~N(0 -1)
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix


21. TIF

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22. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.


23. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
#=2^n = 2^15


24. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.


25. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.


26. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Mean and variance


27. Indirect Operating Cost
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


28. How is inflation measured?

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29. What is probability density contour plot
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


30. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
It can be continuous or discrete


31. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)


32. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.


33. Name the advantages of UTE.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


34. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
CDF= ?_(-8)^8


35. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.


36. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
X~N(0 -1)


37. interval scale
Cumulative Distribution Function
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale


38. What does CDF stand for?
Gaussian Distribution
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Cumulative Distribution Function


39. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met


40. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Central limit theorem
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space


41. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli


42. What is the definition of ROI?
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
It can be continuous or discrete


43. What is the definition of inflation?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available


44. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for


45. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Cumulative Distribution Function
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.


46. What is the definition of CDF?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration


47. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the


48. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
X~N(0 -1)
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future


49. 4 Measures of Dispersion
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
X~N(0 -1)


50. Ratio scale
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
#=2^n = 2^15
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
PE(i)=?Ft