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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the different types of UTEs?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

2. MODM
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

3. Direct Operating Costs
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

4. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

5. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
PE(i)=?Ft

6. Name the advantages of UTE.
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean and variance
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

7. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

8. How is inflation measured?

9. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

10. What is the definition of ROI?
Regions 1 to 3.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

11. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

12. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
#=2^n = 2^15
Mean and variance
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

13. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

14. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

15. What is the goal of robust design?

16. TIF

17. What are K- factors applied to?
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Technology space limits
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

18. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
It can be continuous or discrete
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.

19. What is the goal of probabilistic design?

20. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Technology space limits
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

21. 8 Steps in TIES
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology

22. What is TIM? What is the size and what value can it take?

23. 4 Measures of Dispersion
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

24. Ratio scale
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Central limit theorem
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

25. What does the CLT state - be specific!
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

26. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

27. Assumptions Used in TOPSis...
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Regions 1 to 3.

28. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.

29. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

30. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

31. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?

32. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

33. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

34. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

35. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
It can be continuous or discrete

36. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Regions 1 to 3.
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

37. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

38. What are properties of a CDF?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

39. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

40. $/RPM Equation
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

41. What is the equation for the learning curve?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

42. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.

43. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

44. What does CLT stand for?
Central limit theorem
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

45. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
CDF= ?_(-8)^8
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

46. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Mean =0 Variance =1

47. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
Mean and variance
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
X~N(0 -1)
It can be continuous or discrete

48. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
X~N(0 -1)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

49. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met

50. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
PE(i)=?Ft
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)