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1. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
Technology space limits
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn

2. What is the definition of ROI?
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

3. What are the three snapshots of UTE?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Central limit theorem
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P

4. What is the goal of robust design?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

5. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
Regions 1 to 3.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

6. TIF
It can be continuous or discrete
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

7. What is the equation for the learning curve?
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value

8. What are the different types of UTEs?
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
It can be continuous or discrete
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design

9. Why is learning curve used (or what is it?)
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
X~N(0 -1)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)

10. TIES Step 3: Model and Simulation
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

11. What does CDF stand for?
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Cumulative Distribution Function

12. interval scale
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
Central limit theorem
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

13. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
PE(i)=?Ft
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli

14. What is the goal of probabilistic design?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers

15. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

16. What does CLT stand for?
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
X~N(0 -1)
PE(i)=?Ft
Central limit theorem

17. TIES
Regions 1 to 3.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer

18. What are K- factors applied to?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Technology space limits
Gaussian Distribution
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

19. $/RPM Equation
Mean and variance
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
X~N(0 -1)

20. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

21. Other than infusing technologies - how can you create design space?
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

22. Is CDF discrete or continuous - if it is discrete give the continuous equivalent - if it continuous give the discrete equivalent.
It can be continuous or discrete
Regions 1 to 3.
Technology space limits
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each

23. What is the notation for a standard normal distribution?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
X~N(0 -1)
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

24. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
Regions 1 to 3.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

25. Name the advantages of UTE.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

26. What is satisficing - what is optimizing?
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

27. Why do we use a sample?
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Mean =0 Variance =1

28. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

29. 4 Measures of Dispersion
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

30. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
Cumulative Distribution Function
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

31. Direct Operating Costs
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
X~N(0 -1)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

32. What is the definition of inflation?
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available

33. MODM
Regions 1 to 3.
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

34. What can management do to mitigate the risk associated with infusing new technologies?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)

35. Ratio scale
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Technology space limits
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

36. TIES Step 1: Problem Definition
The first step is defining the problem - mapping customer requirements to engineering metrics. Method: QFD
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
Cumulative Distribution Function

37. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal

38. What is probability density contour plot
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

39. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Gaussian Distribution
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

40. Strengths of TOPSis...
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-
X~N(0 -1)
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order

41. MADM
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Central limit theorem
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

42. Why is the normal distribution useful or important?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

43. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Mean =0 Variance =1
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

44. How do you get the CDF from the PDF?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

45. What is the difference between price and cost?
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee

46. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

47. What does TOPSIS stand for?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

48. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
Technology Impact Matrix - for n tech & m metrics of interest - nxm matrix - has 'k' factor with degradation/improvement from baseline
Technology space limits
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32

49. How is inflation measured?
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.

50. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
(1) Mission Requirements - Input: Mission metrics and requirements Output: Delta response for requirements (2) Design Variables - Input: Geometric and economic design variables Output: Delta response for design variable - (3) Technologies Input: P
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space

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