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ADM

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What can be done about uncertainty in requirement?
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Look at multiple weight scenarios and find techs that are robust regardless of where the emphasis is put.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

2. What are the parameters for a standard normal distribution?
To analytically answer 'How much design margin is really necessary?'
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Chosen alternative should be closest to positive ideal soln - and farthest from neg ideal soln
Mean =0 Variance =1

3. In what regions of the graph is UTE applicable?
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
Regions 1 to 3.

4. Indirect Operating Cost
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Central limit theorem
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

5. 3 Measures of Central Tendency (& Defs)
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
X~N(0 -1)
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

6. TIES Step 2: Design Space Conception
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix

7. 4 Measures of Dispersion
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

8. What is TRL? Range? What does a high TRL mean?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

9. What is the definition of ROI?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
Technology space limits
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

10. What are the different types of UTEs?
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)
Active UTE (additive) - Product UTE (multiplicative)
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem

11. If you have two compatible mature technologies to infuse - or one not mature technology - which will have the most variance?
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) Problem def - (2) Design space conception (3) Model and Simulation (4) Investigate Design Space (5) Feasible? (6) Identify Technologies (7) Evaluate Technologies (8) Select Technology
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
CDF= ?_(-8)^8

12. Why do we use a sample?
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
(1) Expanding ranges on engineering metrics (2) Relaxing customer requirements (3) Select a different concept space
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

13. What is the difference between price and cost?
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Cost: investment required to produce and item - Price: amount required to purchase said item - Price = cost + profit/fee
Mean and variance
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

14. What are the four difference life cycle costs?
RDTE - Investment/Acquisition - Operations and Support - Disposal
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
Cumulative Distribution Function
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo

15. How is inflation measured?

16. What is the normal distribution that results from adding x+y and x[sub]y?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Mean and variance
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)

17. With 15 technologies - what is the number of possible combinations?
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.
#=2^n = 2^15
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
A pareto frontier represents points of a non - dominated solution based on preferences

18. What two variables are necessary to define a normal distribution?
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness
Mean and variance
Carry a diverse portfolio of technologies during conceptual design - Limit the number of technologies in the final design - Utilize only mature technologies (high TRL)
The interest i such that 0=PE(i^)

19. interval scale
Mean =0 Variance =1
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

20. What does CDF stand for?
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Cumulative Distribution Function
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

21. What does the CLT state - be specific!
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
Cost required to perform a function - without which the function cannot be performed. (e.g. fuel costs - pilot wages)
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs

22. TIES
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.

23. Strengths of TOPSis...
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.

24. TIES Step 5: Feasible?
A technique used to determine the best alternative with all interactions between the constraints. Used for product design.
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
Determining how feasible your design is / if your current baseline (or a variation in geometry) can meet your customer requirements. Method: Monte Carlo
It gives the probability that a value will be met or exceeded.

25. What are properties of a CDF?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Cumulative Distribution Function
Cost related to function - but not explicitly necessary. (e.g. attendant wages - advertising)
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing

26. What is the equation for present equivalent value? Define variables.
is bottom- up - you look at certain technologies and see what improvements they offer
PE(i)=?Ft
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the

27. Write down a formula for a normal distribution
#=2^n = 2^15
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
F(x)=1/(s(2p)^(.5) )exp?(-(x-

28. TIF

29. TIES Step 7: Assess Technology
Technology space limits
Identified techs are now applied to the vehicle concepts and evaluated. Evaluation provided data/info to the decision - maker. Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

30. If you have a two values on a CDF what is the probability of getting a value between them?
Convenient properties - Various physical - astronomic - and real life examples have roughly 'normal' behaviors - good approximation for measurements due to central limit theorem
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
P(between B and A)=F(B)-F(A)

31. What is the definition of inflation?
Range is always between zero and 1 monotonically increasing
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
Inflation is the decrease in the buying power/value of money. It is caused by the when amount of available money changes wrt amount of product/services available
PE(i)=?Ft

32. Name two uncertainties accounted for by UTE. What metric does UTE use to quantify this risk?
A probability density contour plot is a visualization method for Joint probability density function (a 2D representation). Their shapes (contour shapes) tell if the metric analyzed in each axis are correlated or not (Circular -> no correlation) (elli
Determine the design space - baseline Method: Morphological Matrix
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)

33. What is the equation for OEC if X is a benefit (maximize) and N is a cost (minimize)?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Required yield per revenue passenger TOC/(#OfSeats)(loadFactor)(distanceInMiles) loadFactor = % of seats filled w/ paying customers
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N

34. 3 Probabilistic Design Methods
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.
#=2^n = 2^15

35. What does TOPSIS stand for?
Central limit theorem
Optimizing - finds the set of criteria that maximizes or minimizes a design criteria or several design criteria - Satisficing - finds the conditions where the constraints or requires are met but no optimization occurs.
Technology Readiness Level Ranges 1-9 - where 1 means that the basic principle have been observed and reported and 9 means the technology has had successful missions A high tech means the technology is pretty developed and should be (or is) ready for
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

36. TIES Step 8: Selecting Technology

37. TIES Step 4: Investigate Design Space
As you add n number of identical & independent distributions (IIDs) together - as n --> inf - the resulting distribution will be normal - regardless of the shape of the IIDs
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
Central limit theorem

38. Ratio scale
Trying to determine the metric values for any combination of design variables/ what the metrics are as a function of design variables Method: RSE: Response Surface Eqn.
Cumulative Distribution Function
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
Has a natural zero - is a cardinal scale

39. TIES Step 6: Identify Technology
No way to tell without more information. It depends on the relation between s12+s22 and s32
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
(1) Identify potential technologies that may improve technical & economical feasibility (2) Establish physical compatibility rules for diff techs (3) Determine expected impact (improvements and degradations) to systems of interest Method: TRL - Techn
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

40. Why use uniform dist for input variables (Gap Analysis)
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Allows designer to assess feasibility of design
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.
Range: Gives the magnitude of the spread - min and max - Variance: Indicates how spread out the data is - Skewness: Indicates if the distribution is biased - Kurtosis: Peakness

41. Define fixed cost and variable cost.
Gaussian Distribution
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.
Provide for rapid trade- off capability between the three elements and search for feasible solutions - Allow graphical visualization of the combined space - Address mission requirements ambiguity and technology uncertainty.

42. What is the equation for the learning curve?
Mean and variance
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective
y = kx^n - y: production effort k: effort for first unit x: # of units n: learning factor

43. What are K- factors applied to?
To analytically answer 'What can be done to reduce the impact of sensitivities of objective to sources of uncertainty?'
Technology space limits
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
M&S environment is needed to facilitate rapid assessments with minimal time and monetary expenditures of the alternative concepts identified in the Morphological Matrix Method: DoE

44. You have a group of 5 dice. You roll the groups and sum the results of the 5 dice 4 times. What is the sample size? What are you sampling?
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.
Mean: the average - Median: The midpoint in the data - equal # of higher and lower values - Mode: Most common value
X+Y and X-Y are normally distributed. - (X
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration

45. What is TCM? What is the size and what value can it take?
OEC = W1X/Xbsl + W2Nbsl/N
Technology Compatability Matrix - For n techs - is nxn matrix - Tells whether the intersecting technologies are compatible - It only has 0s and 1s - 0 means the technologies are not compatible with each other - 1 means techs are compatible with each
Does not have a natural zero - is a cardinal scale
Sample size is 4 - the sample is the sum of the five dice.

46. Weaknesses of TOPSis...
#=2^n = 2^15
Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of an average 'basket of goods' a typical consumer would purchase.
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
(1) End result not intuitive (2) Heavily reliant on weights - which are subjective

47. Why are scaling parameters important?
Scaling parameters photographically scale the size of the vehicle to take full advantage of technology -(e.g. increase CL -> Can decrease S -> Decreases D -> Decreases Fuel Consumed -> etc...) This assumes that the physics of the problem remains the
(1) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Monte Carlo (2) Metamodel/Response Surface + Monte Carlo (3) Sophisticated Analysis Code + Fast Probability Integration
#=2^n = 2^15
Fixed cost does not depend on production rate and/or size - Variable cost changes with production rate and/or size.

48. Does TIES use MADM or MODM? Why?
Mean and variance
Is top- down - you aren't looking at specific technologies - you're just looking at what you need in the future
Efficiency improves as better techniques are learned. As more efficient techniques are found - the learning curve begins to level off as incremental improvements decrease.
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.

49. What is another name for a normal distribution?
Gaussian Distribution
MADM - since we are selecting from existing alternatives for technology infusion. Also - TOPSIS is a MADM technique.
A sample is a subset of a population. We use samples because we very rarely have the resources to test/examine an entire population
It can be continuous or discrete

50. MADM
Select final tech comb. For any multi attribute - constraint - or criteria problem - the selection of the 'best' family of alternatives is inherently subjective. Various selection techniques are used to provide decision maker with extensive info. Met
(1) Easy to compute order of large # of alternatives (2) Gives specific ranking order
Technology Impacts Requirements uncertainty (creep/change) - Quantified by probability of success/satisfaction: P(success)
A technique that determines the best alternative based on a multi- attribute utlity function which is closest to hypothetical best solution. Used for product selection.