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American Indian History

Subject : history
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Name means Red Sleeves. A huge man - led mimbreno apache. had been ambushed and flogged in a miner camp in 1851 - scarred for life - this ends a temporary truce between Mimbrenos and miners & leads to Apache attacking throughout the SW. He was also c






2. Indians of East Texas/SE OK/SW AR/NW LA - closely related to eastern mound building culture. Anadarco is the Center of their tribal government. The name Texas came from them. Highly successful farmers. Had a class structured society. Very concerned w






3. Head of half the band of the Modocs - He shot and killed the men at the negotiation - including Camby - There was a public execution of him afterwards.






4. 8 -000 bc to ? In the Americas - name for hunter gatherer societies of that time - nomadic groups follow what can be found seasonally






5. Religious practice of the Caddo Indians. Highly organized. Used burial mounds. Villages were centered around temples






6. Not as flexible as Jesuits - dominant religious order in NM very dedicated - active in spreading gospel but try to make Indians work missions and stamp out Native Americanism as paganism






7. No hero to the navajos bc they see him as someone who cut down their peach orchards and hurt their homes






8. Indian Agent appointed to SE Arizona Apache res called Apache Pass was a friend of the Apache. Res lasts 5 years but is too close to the Mexico border and the Apache raid across border stealing livestock and returning to sell in US so Govt moves the






9. Reservation close to Carswell NM - Navajo removed here on The Long Walk in 1864. Have no houses or supplies so many die or slip away back to Arizona. Finally after two years - gov't appoints A.B. Norton who sees the conditions - writes Washington - g






10. Dark complected Wichita Indian - Coronado thinks is a Moor who can lead him to the 7 cities of Cibola - takes expedition all the way to Wichita KS - finds only grass houses & kills Pawnee Noir - exposes Pueblos to Spaniards - Pueblos start acquiring






11. (apache means stranger/enemy but they called themselves 'Dene' for 'the people') Geronimo and his followers become known as this after leaving Florida & being sent to Ft. Sill - OK/ Geronimo dies in early 1900s and after that part of his band stays i






12. After Texas became a state - Wichitas were moved west near the Brazos and Neighbors was an Indian Agent who tried to help them. The Comanche continued their attacks and this was blamed on the Wichitas. Neighbors was shot dead in the street - shot in






13. Sport - played on ball courts. Very similar to basketball Played by hohokam culture.






14. The dating of wooden artifacts through tree ring growth






15. In Arizona - sedentary - near Tucson - very peaceful - farmed. Citizens of Tucson attack their village & kill 85 Tontos (only 8 were men- rest women and children) some of the children were literally torn apart. Called The Camp Grant Massacre. Royal W






16. Major language group (of caddos - pawnees - wichitas). A central plain language






17. Between 1850 & 1851 govt agents signed 18 treaties established a big hunk of land to be set aside in the state of CA for Indians.. they were sent to the US for ratification. The senate refuses to ratify them saying that it's way too much land. Finall






18. Small forts associated with missions. Used by Spanish in the SW to protect these missions and were Spains defensive frontier






19. New apache reservation in Northern Arizona. Indian Agent John Clum sets up Apache police force/most apache move here but not Geronimo and his band. He goes to Mexico & is joined by Victorio and his sister Lozen (healer - warrior - seer of enemies - h






20. Chief spokesman of the Chiricahua Apache - had been at peace until 1860 accused of raiding a ranch in SE Arizona - really raided by mimbrenos - military pursues Cochise and tries to arrest him but fails - hostilities spread






21. Joined by Kit Carson - campaigns against Apaches and Navajos - Civil War era- he pushes the confederates out of Arizona? and doesn't have anything else to do






22. In Anasazi culture sunken chambers in their plazas for religious activity - for males only






23. Descendents of the Anasazis - mostly in New Mexico - most conservative - group oriented - communal - religious Indian community in North America. spatial relationship to their homeland & a supernatural purpose for being there. Farming a holy act.






24. Conducts campaigns against the Navajo - attacks homes in Canyon de Chelley and cuts down their orchards Forces Navajo to remove east - known by Navajo as 'The Long Walk'






25. ...Culture of the desert tradition. 300 bc to 1100 ad. Centered in the Phoenix/Tucson area. Influenced by Mogollon culture. Engineers create network of canals. More complex society. Heavily influenced by Mexico






26. Traders arrive in navajo homeland last 2 decades of the 19th century. they set up this trading post. Traders help navajo prosper in selling their goods. Traders marry into Navajo families

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27. Eastern Arizona headquarters of Navajo - live in Hogans - garden and hunt game - melons and peach orchards






28. Head of the half of the band of Modocs - his side was the side which started trouble by stealing cattle but nothing too bad until they were all forced out of the res - CHD - some of his people and Hooker Jim went and raided some barns and killed some






29. Campaign against the Navajos destroying sheep herds and homes. Many Navajos surrendered and thousands relocated to Bosque reservation in NM at Fort Sumner to protect NM ppl from raids. Confined to barren land encountered malnutrition - disease - bad






30. Replaces General Crook/ very ambitious - wages full blown military campaign that included the Mexican govt - troops - Apache scouts - militia against Geronimo and his 24 men. 1886 Geronimo lays down his arms in Skeleton Canyon. Miles promises him a r






31. Supernatural beings who shape the navajo universe - they can help you or hurt you - have to keep on their good side. Leading Holy person-Changing Woman: impregnated by the sun and bears twin boys: The Hero Twins






32. Legendary 7 cities said to hold great treasure of 7 bishops who fled spain to North America (from the Moors) Fable inspired Coronado to go to the US southwest out of Mexico in search of these lost cities in 1540






33. Jan - May 1864: about 5 -000 removedNavajo Trail of Tears when Carleton forces Navajo to remove east from NE Arizona to East Central NM to a reservation called Bosque Redondo. Many die in route. were told they could farm but couldn't. Many die and sl






34. Example of traders that arrive in navajo homeland last 2 decades of the 19th century. White men who trade - many marry into navajo families. market navajo materials and create interest in their goods. Most live on reservations in their communities.






35. Part of Spanish/Indian policy - a system of labor put upon Indians already living on land made into encomiendas. Work a day or two a week for the landowner & he was obligated to protect you - developed a feudal system






36. The sky city - poses fiercest resistance to 1598 Don Juan Onate expedition - brutal invasion by Spanish into Mexico-City sat on hard to reach mesa - they throw boulders down on Spanish - hold out for a long time- finally conquered - severe retributio






37. Indian people living in 'the golden triangle' area of Texas which was very swampy and not desired by the Spanish so they were left alone. Anglos described them as dirty and greasy. They consumed fish - turtles - seafood - did not farm. Faded away






38. Part of Spanish/Indian policy - large land grants are made to leading military figures - divides territories on Northern borders into land grants to encourage frontier expansion & reward those faithful to the crown






39. Apaches who originally lived in northern NM but moved to NE Arizona to protect their herds. Occupy desert SW - farm and are sedentary






40. ...Culture of the desert tradition. 300 bc to 1350 ad. Centered in western NM and eastern Arizona. Lived in semi-subterranean houses scattered on ridges. Zunis come out of this culture






41. Large cliff dwelling adobe houses in Colorado -dwellings were easy to defend -offered protection-provided a safe place for Anasazi - reached by ladders






42. Indian fighter with respect for Indians 'Humanitarian General'-travels to Mexico & asks Geronimo to come in to San Carlos res and he does. (1884). Then Spring 1885 Geronimo gets drunk & takes followers to Mexico- Crook follows & tries to get him to c






43. Spectacular place for defense - used by the modocs for defense and works very well






44. When settlers moved west across Nevada - Southern Utah - Eastern Colorado - California they encounter the archaic and call them 'diggers' because their culture would dig roots - eat bugs & this did not appeal to the settlers






45. When Carlton gained control over the Navajos he forced them to remove from their home land.. to a reservation called Bosque Redondo - it was the forced march of many Navajo to Fort Sumner - New Mexico - where they were imprisoned in 1864.






46. 16th Century Spanish system attempted to settle Indians & uses their Indian villages as their center. Uses Catholic priest in role similar to Indian Chief. makes community church cnetered and a self sufficient economy






47. Any object transformed in anyway by humans - stone - wood - bone - arrowheads - campfires






48. Used by Apache - is made from cactus root. similar to a grits type substance used as a base for stews and cooking






49. Role models for Navajo children. Mother was Changing Woman: Hero Twins are Monster Slayer and Child of the Waters. have adventures that shaped the Navajo land and slayed many monsters but they missed old age - poverty - dirt






50. A man never speaks to his mother-in-law and avoids contacts as much as can. communicates thru his wife