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Anthropology Basics - Praxis II

Subject : humanities
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members - shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations






2. A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.






3. Groups marked by impersonal - instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end). - groups that meet principally to solve problems






4. Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society.






5. Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons a






6. Specific ideas that people hold to be true






7. A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible for spoken language.






8. 1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations






9. Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true - by the very terms of the prophecy itself - due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.






10. The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a sense of self.






11. Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.






12. 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian - analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy - not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation






13. Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself






14. Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior - attitudes - and perceptions of the the members. 'Conformity and compliance are tw






15. 1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations






16. Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit






17. The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements.






18. Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact.






19. The spread of ideas - customs - and technologies from one people to another.






20. A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or standing - especially in society; prestige






21. Social approval for observing a norm - a reward or positive reaction for following norms - ranging from a smile to a prize.






22. An inclination for or against a person - place - idea or thing that inhibits impartial judgment. - a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.






23. A state or condition markedly different from the norm - behavior that departs from societal or group norms






24. The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group.






25. Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of - and reactions to - other people.






26. Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups - belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.






27. The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group - norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.






28. The spread of ideas - customs - and technologies from one people to another.






29. Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to increase the frequency of behavior.






30. The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior - thereby shaping politics - organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake.






31. Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture - norms for routine or casual interaction.






32. The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments - the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.






33. Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups - belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.






34. Becoming aware of something via the senses






35. Social groups - such as family or friends - composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved - groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection.






36. A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make predictions.






37. A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning.






38. One of two components - together with agricultural surplus - which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth - power - production - and prestige






39. Values - customs - and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society.






40. Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.






41. Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis - 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic - personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego - reality and pleasure principles - ego ide






42. Positive - constructive - helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior






43. The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments - the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.






44. The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.






45. Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior - attitudes - and perceptions of the the members. 'Conformity and compliance are tw






46. Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values - norms - language - and/or material culture.






47. A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions - particularly stimulus-response methods.






48. Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something) - a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard.






49. Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects - especially human evolution - development - and culture - Studying the orgins and development of people and their society.






50. It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful scientific concept.