AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Huygen's Principle?
Joule
N•m
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.


2. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
The electric field forces charges to move.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
V=kq/R


3. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
E=hf
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
V=kq/R


4. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet


5. How length effect resistance?
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Joule
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.


6. Buoyancy
N/C
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.


7. What does light absorption involve?
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.


8. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
P=IV
The bouncing of light


9. What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls 't' seconds after it started moving?

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10. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


11. What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.
Impulse is the change in momentum
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
The velocity is positive
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.


12. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


13. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
V=kq/R
ZERO
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


14. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
The bending of light
Weber


15. How can total momentum be calculated?
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.


16. When is the image negative for a lens?
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
KE = (3/2)kT
Alpha
When it is on the same side as the image?


17. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
Initial velocity


18. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Work done 'BY' the gas.


19. How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?

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20. What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?

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21. This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.

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22. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
KE = (3/2)kT
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+


23. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
The graph of force vs displacement
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.


24. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
E=hf
Concave


25. What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
velocity


26. What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?
Entropy always increases.
The graph of force vs displacement
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
PV=nRT and PV=kT


27. Energy of a SINGLE photon
Displacement
E=hf
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
The electron


28. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.


29. Under what conditions is heat negative?

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30. Under what conditions is heat positive?

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31. Gauge Pressure

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32. Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
W=qV


33. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
(rho)gh
Diverging
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE


34. When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero?

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35. What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?

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36. What two entities comprise a vector?
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
The nucleus
Magnitude and direction
When it is on the same side as the image?


37. What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
The CHANGE in velocity.
Speed ups
Weber


38. What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates - or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?

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39. S.I. unit of torque
N•m
A change in the gas' temperature.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Something other than zero.


40. What is mass energy equivalence?
The nucleus
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
The velocity is positive


41. How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?

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42. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Convex


43. What is the direction of the centripetal force?
The charge on each capacitor.
How quickly you change velocity.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.


44. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.


45. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Diverging
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.


46. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period


47. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
KE=Work
The velocity is positive
PV=nRT and PV=kT
The CHANGE in velocity.


48. What shapes are converging lenses?
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
Torque
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14


49. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

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50. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
The graph of force vs displacement
N•m
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)