AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
Torque
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
The light travels through the image.
W=qV


2. What is mass energy equivalence?
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
When the body rests on a surface.
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2


3. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
E=V/d
Moment arm
In front of the mirror - in the light.


4. What shape is a diverging lenses?
Initial velocity
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf


5. What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?

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6. How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
How quickly you change velocity.
Convex


7. What stays the same for capacitors in series?
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Impulse
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
The charge on each capacitor.


8. Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?
The body is moving at a constant velocity
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


9. What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
No image.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
The nucleus


10. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
Pascal
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf


11. What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The bouncing of light
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
No image.


12. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.


13. Unit that means the same thing as Nm
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
N•m
Joule
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.


14. When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero?

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15. What is an isothermal process - and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Zero.


16. When is the image negative for a lens?
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
When it is on the same side as the image?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


17. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?
N•m
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)


18. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
The CHANGE in velocity.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+


19. In electrostatics - what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?

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20. How can total momentum be calculated?
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
Joule
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Displacement


21. What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?
Newton
Pascal
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)


22. S.I. unit of pressure
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Pascal
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...


23. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
A1v1=a2v2
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.


24. What shape is a diverging mirror?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Moment arm


25. What is the difference between a motor and a generator?
Torque
F=qE
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.


26. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.


27. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
Gamma
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.


28. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Initial velocity


29. S.I. unit of frictional force
Newton
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
How quickly you change velocity.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.


30. What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf


31. Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
E=V/d


32. What causes resistance?
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
A change in the gas' temperature.
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
W = KE:final - KE:initial


33. Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2


34. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
V=kq/R
Initial velocity


35. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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36. Flow Rate
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)


37. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
V=kq/R
PV=nRT and PV=kT
Newton
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.


38. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
P=IV
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.


39. Energy of a SINGLE photon
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
E=hf
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.


40. Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
Magnitude and direction
Joule
W = KE:final - KE:initial


41. S.I. Unit of electric force
Weight ...w=mg
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Newton
KE = (3/2)kT


42. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Impulse is the change in momentum
Work


43. What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?
ZERO
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.


44. Unit of energy for electricity.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Displacement
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
V - a Joule/Coulomb


45. What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?

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46. How does a wires composition effect resistance?

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47. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Convex


48. S.I. unit of flux
Weber
Vertical direction
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Concave


49. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
The transfer of thermal energy
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.


50. What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?

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