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AP Physics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
When the body rests on a surface.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.

2. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.

3. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
Convex
Zero.
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.

4. How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Diverging
W=qV
Open right hand rule

5. Under what conditions is heat negative?

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6. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Atmospheric pressure

7. This is the gauge pressure when under water.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The transfer of thermal energy
(rho)gh
velocity

8. What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
Newton
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
Weight ...w=mg

9. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.

10. What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
E=kq/R^2
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.

11. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
Impulse is (force)(time)
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
KE=Work

12. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
The electric field forces charges to move.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.

13. What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.

14. What is acceleration?
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Newton
How quickly you change velocity.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

15. What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?
Impulse is (force)(time)
Convex
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.

16. What stays the same for capacitors in series?
(rho)gh
Torque
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
The charge on each capacitor.

17. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

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18. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
m=(rho)V
A change in the gas' temperature.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.

19. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
The graph of force vs displacement
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body

20. What did Rutherford discover?
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
The light travels through the image.
The nucleus

21. What shapes are converging lenses?
Force= Pressure/Area
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Tesla
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.

22. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Joule
V - a Joule/Coulomb

23. What shape is a diverging lenses?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.

24. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
Weight ...w=mg
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

25. State the significance of Young's Experiment.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
KE = (3/2)kT

26. What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls 't' seconds after it started moving?

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27. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Newton
KE = (3/2)kT
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time

28. S.I. unit of every kind of energy
Open right hand rule
Joule
Impulse is (force)(time)
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)

29. In uniform circular motion - how is tangential velocity calculated?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.

30. What is the binding energy?
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
P=IV
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.

31. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
V=kq/R
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.

32. What shape is a diverging mirror?
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
Ohm's Law: V=IR
Work done 'BY' the gas.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.

33. How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.

34. Continuity equation
A1v1=a2v2
Moment arm
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.

35. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Something other than zero.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.

36. What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?
How quickly you change velocity.
Newton
No image.
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.

37. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
KE=Work

38. Energy of a SINGLE photon
Newton
E=hf
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v

39. Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
E=kq/R^2
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.

40. The 'V' is (rho)Vg
kg•m/s
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Ohm's Law: V=IR
The volume under water

41. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
Weight ...w=mg
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2

42. What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
Joule
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Magnitude and direction

43. What is an isotope?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
m=(rho)V

44. S.I. unit of magnetism
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
Joule
Tesla
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.

45. What is the area under any PV curve?

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46. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
N•m
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Alpha

47. When are f - p - q - ho - hi - and M positive for mirrors?
(mg)sin(angle)
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
V - a Joule/Coulomb

48. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma

49. Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.
A1v1=a2v2
KE = (3/2)kT
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.

50. What is half life?
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
Newton
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.

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