AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Torque
The graph of force vs displacement
A1v1=a2v2


2. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
Newton
A1v1=a2v2
When a body's speed is changing.
Vertical direction


3. What is internal energy?
The motion of the molecules in gas.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Concave
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v


4. What is Huygen's Principle?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.


5. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
Concave
Joule
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)


6. What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


7. Flow Rate
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.


8. What causes resistance?
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


9. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)


10. S.I. unit of work
Something other than zero.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Concave
Joule


11. What is heat?
KE = (3/2)kT
Weber
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
The transfer of thermal energy


12. This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.

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13. What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
KE = (3/2)kT
Force= Pressure/Area


14. How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?
Open right hand rule
When a body's speed is changing.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
Watt


15. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.


16. Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?
Alpha
The motion of the molecules in gas.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.


17. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?
E=kq/R^2
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)


18. What is temperature?
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.


19. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Newton
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.


20. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Something other than zero.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Force= Pressure/Area


21. Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.
F=qE
(rho)gh
Pascal
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.


22. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Newton


23. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)


24. How does thickness effect resistance?
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.


25. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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26. What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?
E=hf
Moment arm
No image.
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)


27. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
Newton
P=IV
The CHANGE in velocity.
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.


28. What shape is a diverging mirror?
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.


29. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
V=kq/R
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.


30. What is the photoelectric effect?
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
The bending of light
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


31. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.


32. Gauge Pressure

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33. What is impulse?
Impulse is the change in momentum
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
A1v1=a2v2
W = KE:final - KE:initial


34. When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Joule
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.


35. Unit that means the same thing as Nm
No image.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Joule


36. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


37. What is the binding energy?
Newton
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
The light travels through the image.


38. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Impulse is the change in momentum
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...


39. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.


40. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.


41. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Joule


42. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
The velocity is positive


43. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
Force= Pressure/Area
Impulse is the change in momentum
Work
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period


44. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
V=kq/R
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Joule
When the body rests on a surface.


45. What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
ZERO
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.


46. When is the image negative for mirrors?

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47. What is the relationship between energy - frequency - and wavelength in any wave?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)


48. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Gamma
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.


49. Work is the area under which curve?
E=kq/R^2
The graph of force vs displacement
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.


50. How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?

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