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AP Physics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.

2. What is force times time?
Impulse
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
The CHANGE in velocity.
Impulse is (force)(time)

3. In uniform circular motion - how is tangential velocity calculated?
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
When it is on the same side as the image?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment

4. What is the area under any PV curve?
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Work done 'BY' the gas.
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.

5. What does the term potential difference mean?
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Newton
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.

6. How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?
KE=Work
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Speed ups

7. Force in terms of pressure
E=V/d
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Force= Pressure/Area
KE=Work

8. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v

9. When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
P=IV
Tesla
Diverging
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.

10. What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
The CHANGE in velocity.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE

11. What does light emission involve?
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
ZERO
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180 when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180 when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.

12. What is the strong force?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)

13. What is impulse?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Newton
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Impulse is the change in momentum

14. Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.
Vertical direction
Entropy always increases.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.

15. What is the photoelectric effect?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Joule
The motion of the molecules in gas.

16. When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero?
Watt
When a body's speed is changing.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
(rho)gh

17. When is the image negative for mirrors?
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Atmospheric pressure
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)

18. What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
velocity
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.

19. This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Joule
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB

20. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
KE=Work
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Convex

21. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Zero.

22. Define reflection
Sum of the torques equal zero.
The bouncing of light
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)

23. What did Thompson discover?
The electron
W = KE:final - KE:initial
PV=nRT and PV=kT
The motion of the molecules in gas.

24. S.I. unit of gravitational force
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Displacement
Newton
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.

25. Continuity equation
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
Concave
A1v1=a2v2

26. Buoyancy
Alpha
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Vertical direction
The nucleus

27. Under what conditions is heat positive?
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Torque
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.

28. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Entropy always increases.

29. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Convex
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt

30. In electrostatics - what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
E=kq/R^2
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.

31. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
Newton
When it is on the same side as the image?
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.

32. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)

33. How does impulse relate to force?
The transfer of thermal energy
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Impulse is (force)(time)
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet

34. What is the difference between a motor and a generator?
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90 to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.

35. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Something other than zero.

36. What is electromagnetic induction?
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
The body is moving at a constant velocity

37. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)

38. Unit of energy for electricity.
(rho)gh
V - a Joule/Coulomb
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
F=kq1q2/R^2

39. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
Atmospheric pressure
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
No image.
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.

40. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
When the body rests on a surface.
The bending of light
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
The refracted light ray is bent 90. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

41. What comprises alpha radiation?
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.

42. What is mass energy equivalence?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Alpha
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
The nucleus

43. What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
No image.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.

44. How does thickness effect resistance?
E=V/d
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.

45. What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
(mg)sin(angle)
F=kq1q2/R^2
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.

46. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE

47. What is the binding energy?
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Impulse is (force)(time)
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.

48. S.I. unit of torque
Nm
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
The volume under water
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.

49. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
F=qE
Atmospheric pressure
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
When the body rests on a surface.

50. When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)

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