AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Speed ups


2. Continuity equation
A1v1=a2v2
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
The electron


3. What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Work
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings


4. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)


5. What is mass energy equivalence?
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


6. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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7. What is the difference between a motor and a generator?
When a body's speed is changing.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.


8. S.I. unit of flux
Entropy always increases.
Joule
Joule
Weber


9. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
The velocity is positive
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
When a body's speed is changing.


10. Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates
The volume under water
W=qV
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
Work


11. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Newton


12. What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)


13. What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?

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14. What is force times time?
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
Impulse


15. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Newton
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.


16. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Impulse
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Current stays the same for resistors in series.


17. When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.


18. The 'V' is (rho)Vg
Impulse is the change in momentum
The volume under water
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.


19. What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?
Alpha
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant


20. What comprises gamma decay?
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.


21. S.I. unit of gravitational force
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
E=V/d
Newton
Ohm's Law: V=IR


22. What is the area under any PV curve?

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23. What is the energy of a photon?

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24. How can total momentum be calculated?
(mg)sin(angle)
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.


25. S.I. unit of torque
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Vertical direction
N•m


26. Which kind of mirror can show a real image?
Concave
No image.
(mg)sin(angle)
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.


27. S.I. unit of momentum
When a body's speed is changing.
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
kg•m/s
m^3/s


28. What equation describes the speed of a dropped object 't' seconds after it started moving?

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29. Energy of a SINGLE photon
E=V/d
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
E=hf
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


30. Gauge Pressure

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31. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
Convex
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.


32. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Magnitude and direction
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
Zero.


33. What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
The CHANGE in velocity.
Newton
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.


34. What happens at the critical angle?
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)


35. Define Refraction
The bending of light
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)


36. This is the gauge pressure when under water.
(rho)gh
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
N/C
Impulse is the change in momentum


37. Define Snell's law.
Vertical direction
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
A1v1=a2v2
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.


38. What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Impulse is (force)(time)
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.


39. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
Concave
(rho)gh
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.


40. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
How quickly you change velocity.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.


41. What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


42. What is the strong force?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.


43. What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
The nucleus
The body is moving at a constant velocity
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.


44. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Concave
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.


45. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Newton
When the body rests on a surface.
The velocity is positive


46. In uniform circular motion - how is tangential velocity calculated?
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.


47. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
P=IV
Initial velocity
Pascal


48. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Convex
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)


49. Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.

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50. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Entropy always increases.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)