AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?
E=kq/R^2
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.


2. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
The CHANGE in velocity.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.


3. What two entities comprise a vector?
Magnitude and direction
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.


4. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Vertical direction
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.


5. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
The transfer of thermal energy
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.


6. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
A change in the gas' temperature.
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.


7. When is the image negative for mirrors?

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8. Under what conditions is heat positive?

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9. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.


10. What did Rutherford discover?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
The nucleus
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.


11. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Work
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
The light travels through the image.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2


12. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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13. What is Huygen's Principle?
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.


14. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
F=kq1q2/R^2
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.


15. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
The transfer of thermal energy
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Entropy always increases.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.


16. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
When a body's speed is changing.


17. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Force= Pressure/Area


18. Force in terms of pressure
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Force= Pressure/Area


19. How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?
Entropy always increases.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.


20. What stays the same for capacitors in series?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
The charge on each capacitor.


21. What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
No image.


22. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
W=qV
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


23. In electrostatics - what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?

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24. What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
kg•m/s
Moment arm


25. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
V=kq/R
Zero.
Impulse is the change in momentum
Convex


26. S.I. unit of frictional force
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Newton
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.


27. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
Torque
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)


28. What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.


29. What is the relationship between voltage - current and resistance?

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30. What is the formula relating emf and voltage?
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
When the body rests on a surface.


31. Continuity equation
E=hf
P=IV
A1v1=a2v2
V=kq/R


32. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
V=kq/R
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.


33. Define Snell's law.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.


34. Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image?
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
Convex
Newton


35. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
E=kq/R^2
Vertical direction
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.


36. What is mass energy equivalence?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
Joule


37. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
In front of the mirror - in the light.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Convex
When the body rests on a surface.


38. What is the energy of a photon?

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39. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.


40. S.I. unit of pressure
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Pascal
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
m^3/s


41. What is transmutation?
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
Force= Pressure/Area
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Displacement


42. What is an isothermal process - and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.


43. Energy of a SINGLE photon
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
The electric field forces charges to move.
Zero.
E=hf


44. What is meant by the terms system and environment?
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.


45. What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Vertical direction


46. What shapes are converging lenses?
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)


47. The 'V' is (rho)Vg
The volume under water
Vertical direction
Joule
velocity


48. What is the photoelectric effect?
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
The charge on each capacitor.
Zero.
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.


49. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period


50. What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
The transfer of thermal energy
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.