AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
(mg)sin(angle)


2. In uniform circular motion - how is tangential velocity calculated?
KE = (3/2)kT
P=IV
m^3/s
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period


3. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.


4. What is half life?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Force= Pressure/Area
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
Entropy always increases.


5. What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?

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6. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
(rho)gh
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Initial velocity


7. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Torque
Diverging


8. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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9. What shape is a diverging mirror?
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.


10. Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates
W=qV
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
PV=nRT and PV=kT


11. Under what conditions is heat positive?

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12. What is acceleration?
KE = (3/2)kT
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
The charge on each capacitor.
How quickly you change velocity.


13. Under what conditions is heat negative?

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14. What is the formula relating emf and voltage?
m^3/s
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
The volume under water
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.


15. Condition for no rotation
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Newton


16. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
W=qV
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.


17. S.I. unit of every kind of energy
E=V/d
Zero.
Joule
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.


18. What causes radioactivity?
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The electric field forces charges to move.
Gamma


19. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
m=(rho)V


20. When is the image negative for a lens?
When it is on the same side as the image?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Alpha
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf


21. What two entities comprise a vector?
Pascal
Magnitude and direction
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet


22. Unit of electric field
N/C
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Entropy always increases.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.


23. What is meant by the terms system and environment?
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.


24. Energy of a SINGLE photon
Impulse is (force)(time)
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
m=(rho)V
E=hf


25. When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
Zero.
E=hf
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
E=V/d


26. How does temperature effect resistance?
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4


27. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
E=kq/R^2
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Zero.


28. How does impulse relate to force?
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Tesla
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Impulse is (force)(time)


29. Continuity equation
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
A1v1=a2v2
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
KE = (3/2)kT


30. What comprises gamma decay?
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
m=(rho)V
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.


31. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
Torque
kg•m/s


32. What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates - or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?

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33. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
Entropy always increases.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Newton


34. What is the photoelectric effect?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
Newton


35. What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases?
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
The nucleus


36. Buoyancy
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Newton
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.


37. What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Work


38. What forces charges to move?
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
The electric field forces charges to move.
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


39. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2


40. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The bending of light
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.


41. Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Alpha
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf


42. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
Concave
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.


43. What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?
Sum of the torques equal zero.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
No image.


44. What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
P=IV


45. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
velocity
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
KE = (3/2)kT
(rho)gh


46. Define diffraction
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
Ohm's Law: V=IR


47. What is the area under the velocity time graph?
Displacement
(rho)gh
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.


48. When are f - p - q - ho - hi - and M positive for mirrors?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.


49. What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls 't' seconds after it started moving?

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50. What two things must be true for a positive magnification?
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.