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AP Physics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Entropy always increases.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Open right hand rule

2. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

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3. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.

4. Define mass in terms of density.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Something other than zero.
m=(rho)V
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.

5. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Tesla
Open right hand rule

6. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Open right hand rule
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4

7. What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
The velocity is positive
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.

8. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.

9. What comprises alpha radiation?
Joule
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma

10. What is an adiabatic process?
The volume under water
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.

11. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
The velocity is positive
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Alpha

12. What is the area under any PV curve?

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13. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
The light travels through the image.
Entropy always increases.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

14. Force in terms of pressure
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
E=V/d
Force= Pressure/Area

15. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Newton
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)

16. What happens at the critical angle?
F=qE
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
The graph of force vs displacement
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

17. What is electromagnetic induction?
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.

18. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Impulse

19. What is the strong force?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.

20. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
Work
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
KE = (3/2)kT
kg•m/s

21. What comprises beta radiation?
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet

22. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
KE=Work
Impulse is (force)(time)
The electron

23. Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
E=V/d
V - a Joule/Coulomb
The CHANGE in velocity.

24. What causes radioactivity?
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Vertical direction

25. What kind of mirror has a positive focus?
KE = (3/2)kT
Concave
Joule
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2

26. Pressure of an open container at the opening.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Atmospheric pressure
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.

27. What is the binding energy?
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
Joule
In front of the mirror - in the light.

28. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Watt
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2

29. Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.

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30. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
In front of the mirror - in the light.

31. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)

32. S.I. unit of every kind of energy
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
m^3/s
Joule
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.

33. What is mass energy equivalence?
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
E=V/d
Work done 'BY' the gas.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

34. S.I. unit of magnetism
Tesla
The bending of light
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
P=IV

35. Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
m^3/s
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
E=kq/R^2

36. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
Something other than zero.

37. What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)

38. Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?
(rho)gh
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.

39. S.I. Unit of electric force
F=kq1q2/R^2
Impulse
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Newton

40. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.

41. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Entropy always increases.

42. What is temperature?
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.

43. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
No image.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.

44. Unit that means the same thing as Nm
Joule
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
W = KE:final - KE:initial

45. What is an isotope?
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.

46. Condition for no rotation
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
The nucleus
Sum of the torques equal zero.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.

47. What did Thompson discover?
The electron
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Something other than zero.
N•m

48. When are f - p - q - ho - hi - and M positive for mirrors?
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
KE=Work
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.

49. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Joule
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.

50. What is force times time?
Atmospheric pressure
Vertical direction
A1v1=a2v2
Impulse