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AP Physics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.

2. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
Newton
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.

3. What comprises alpha radiation?
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
velocity
The transfer of thermal energy
Impulse is (force)(time)

4. What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
W = KE:final - KE:initial
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
N/C

5. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
N/C
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2

6. When is the image negative for a lens?
When it is on the same side as the image?
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Newton
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.

7. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
kg•m/s
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
m^3/s
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.

8. What is the area under the velocity time graph?
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Displacement
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.

9. What is mass energy equivalence?
Newton
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

10. What is temperature?
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.

11. Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
W=qV

12. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Vertical direction
Impulse is (force)(time)
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)

13. What stays the same for capacitors in series?
Impulse
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
The charge on each capacitor.
When the body rests on a surface.

14. What is heat?
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
The transfer of thermal energy
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.

15. Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.
Newton
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
E=V/d

16. S.I. unit of centripetal force
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Newton
Speed ups

17. What is the difference between a motor and a generator?
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.

18. S.I. unit of torque
Entropy always increases.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
N•m

19. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.

20. This is the gauge pressure when under water.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
(rho)gh
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
The electron

21. What kind of mirror has a positive focus?
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Gamma
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Concave

22. S.I. unit of Flow rate
Impulse
m^3/s
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.

23. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB

24. What shape is a converging mirrors?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh

25. S.I. unit of magnetism
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
How quickly you change velocity.
Tesla
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

26. What is force times time?
Impulse
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.

27. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Magnitude and direction

28. How does temperature effect resistance?
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2

29. What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
The volume under water
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.

30. Define Refraction
Entropy always increases.
The bending of light
Zero.
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.

31. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
E=kq/R^2
When the body rests on a surface.

32. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.

33. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
The graph of force vs displacement

34. S.I. unit of every kind of energy
Joule
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
E=hf
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings

35. What is the photoelectric effect?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
The bouncing of light
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)

36. Buoyancy
Diverging
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Moment arm
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.

37. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
In front of the mirror - in the light.
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Weight ...w=mg

38. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Gamma
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.

39. What is meant by the terms system and environment?
Magnitude and direction
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Weight ...w=mg

40. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Diverging
Joule

41. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.

42. What is the component of 'mg' parallel to a slope?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
(mg)sin(angle)
Newton

43. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
E=kq/R^2
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)

44. What is internal energy?
The motion of the molecules in gas.
The electric field forces charges to move.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
PV=nRT and PV=kT

45. What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
Watt
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.

46. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
F=kq1q2/R^2
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
V=kq/R

47. What forces charges to move?
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
W = KE:final - KE:initial
The electric field forces charges to move.

48. What shape is a diverging lenses?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.

49. S.I. unit of pressure
Pascal
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.

50. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
Entropy always increases.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
KE=Work

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