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AP Physics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Initial velocity
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Speed ups

2. What does the term potential difference mean?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Nm

3. Pressure of an open container at the opening.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Atmospheric pressure
The volume under water
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.

4. S.I. unit of pressure
Pascal
Convex
Speed ups
Impulse

5. If you have two charges - and you double one charge and triple the other - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?
The refracted light ray is bent 90. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
W=qV

6. What is electromagnetic induction?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2

7. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
F=qE
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
m^3/s

8. What comprises gamma decay?
The nucleus
m^3/s
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
The refracted light ray is bent 90. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

9. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90 to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.

10. What do batteries and generators produce?
Impulse is (force)(time)
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE

11. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
m^3/s
kgm/s

12. What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?
ZERO
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Joule

13. What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?
Convex
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.

14. What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates - or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.

15. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Impulse

16. Buoyancy
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Newton
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.

17. When are f - p - q - ho - hi - and M positive for mirrors?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
When the body rests on a surface.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.

18. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Tesla
m^3/s
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.

19. How does temperature effect resistance?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
E=V/d
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.

20. When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
velocity
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.

21. What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Initial velocity
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.

22. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings

23. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
velocity

24. What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?
N/C
Alpha
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)

25. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Concave
N/C
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant

26. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
Diverging
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Newton

27. S.I. unit of Flow rate
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
The nucleus
m^3/s

28. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Entropy always increases.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)

29. What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Nm
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.

30. What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Diverging
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
Work

31. What did Rutherford discover?
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
The nucleus
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v

32. What is acceleration?
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
Newton
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
How quickly you change velocity.

33. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v

34. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Initial velocity

35. How does a wires composition effect resistance?
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Torque
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14

36. What is the area under any PV curve?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
Work done 'BY' the gas.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)

37. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)

38. How does thickness effect resistance?
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180 when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180 when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.

39. Define Snell's law.
The bouncing of light
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)

40. State the significance of Young's Experiment.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Impulse is the change in momentum
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.

41. What comprises beta radiation?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma

42. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)

43. What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
V=kq/R
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
The light travels through the image.

44. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Speed ups
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
The body is moving at a constant velocity

45. What is the binding energy?
The graph of force vs displacement
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.

46. Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?
Concave
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.

47. What is impulse?
Concave
The bending of light
m=(rho)V
Impulse is the change in momentum

48. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
The electron
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.

49. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
The body is moving at a constant velocity
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
The electric field forces charges to move.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.

50. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
The bouncing of light
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Something other than zero.

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