AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Ohm's Law: V=IR


2. S.I. unit of momentum
Convex
(mg)sin(angle)
kg•m/s
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time


3. What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates - or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?

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4. How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
E=kq/R^2
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
Impulse is (force)(time)


5. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
Initial velocity
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.


6. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
The bending of light
Ohm's Law: V=IR


7. What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Weight ...w=mg
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet


8. What does the term potential difference mean?
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
m=(rho)V
Newton


9. What makes an image 'real?'
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
F=kq1q2/R^2
The light travels through the image.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.


10. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Newton


11. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
F=kq1q2/R^2
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.


12. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Joule
The CHANGE in velocity.


13. What is the photoelectric effect?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
P=IV


14. What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?

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15. How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?

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16. How does thickness effect resistance?
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
m=(rho)V
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.


17. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?
Watt
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Sum of the torques equal zero.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2


18. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
kg•m/s
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)


19. S.I. unit of gravitational force
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Newton
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.


20. What is transmutation?
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
P=IV
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)


21. What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?
E=hf
No image.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Tesla


22. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Zero.
Work


23. What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Displacement
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)


24. S.I. unit of torque
No image.
N•m
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Initial velocity


25. What is acceleration?
A change in the gas' temperature.
How quickly you change velocity.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.


26. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Convex
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Diverging


27. What is the direction of the centripetal force?
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
(mg)sin(angle)
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE


28. When is sum of force (net force) zero?
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Joule


29. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
Convex
When a body's speed is changing.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)


30. What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
Moment arm
V - a Joule/Coulomb
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.


31. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.


32. What is heat?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Torque
The transfer of thermal energy
Ohm's Law: V=IR


33. What do batteries and generators produce?
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
The velocity is positive
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Newton


34. What is an isotope?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.


35. How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?
Watt
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.


36. What force is always present - and what is its equation?
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Weight ...w=mg
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.


37. When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.


38. What happens at the critical angle?
kg•m/s
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
V - a Joule/Coulomb


39. S.I. unit of flux
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Joule
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Weber


40. S.I. unit of frictional force
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Newton
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.


41. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.


42. What is the area under any PV curve?

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43. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
W=qV
Joule
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.


44. What shapes are converging lenses?
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
Weight ...w=mg
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.


45. State the significance of Young's Experiment.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Concave
KE=Work
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.


46. What is the strong force?
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
E=hf
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


47. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh


48. What is the relationship between voltage - current and resistance?

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49. What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Torque


50. What is an isothermal process - and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?
Newton
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Tesla