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AP Physics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?
Vertical direction
Newton
The CHANGE in velocity.
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.

2. What shape is a diverging mirror?
When it is on the same side as the image?
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.

3. What did Rutherford discover?
kg•m/s
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The nucleus
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4

4. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
A1v1=a2v2
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.

5. S.I. unit of gravitational force
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Gamma
F=kq1q2/R^2
Newton

6. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
Vertical direction
Torque
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)

7. Under what conditions is heat negative?

8. What causes radioactivity?
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.

9. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Newton
Displacement
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.

10. What is Huygen's Principle?
Convex
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
When the body rests on a surface.

11. Buoyancy
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
E=V/d
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.

12. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.

13. What is internal energy?
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
ZERO
The motion of the molecules in gas.
KE=Work

14. What does light emission involve?
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
The electric field forces charges to move.

15. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
Convex
Entropy always increases.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.

16. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+

17. S.I. unit of work
Joule
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
The graph of force vs displacement

18. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
ZERO
Impulse
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
The transfer of thermal energy

19. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
Concave
In front of the mirror - in the light.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.

20. What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
E=V/d
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.

21. Condition for no rotation
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Sum of the torques equal zero.

22. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
V=kq/R

23. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
Work done 'BY' the gas.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.

24. What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls 't' seconds after it started moving?

25. What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?

26. What forces charges to move?
The electric field forces charges to move.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Atmospheric pressure
KE=Work

27. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
When a body's speed is changing.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Work

28. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant

29. S.I. Unit of electric force
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
Newton
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
Watt

30. What is the area under the velocity time graph?
E=kq/R^2
Displacement
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)

31. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
P=IV
The charge on each capacitor.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.

32. S.I. unit of pressure
Pascal
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Impulse
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.

33. S.I. unit of every kind of energy
The light travels through the image.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
Joule
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.

34. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
Vertical direction
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
Initial velocity

35. Unit of energy for electricity.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
m^3/s
Concave

36. What are the three types of radiation?
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.

37. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
kg•m/s
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Vertical direction

38. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
V=kq/R
Magnitude and direction
Joule
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)

39. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

40. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
The nucleus
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.

41. S.I. unit of torque
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
N•m
N/C
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)

42. When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14

43. What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
velocity
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.

44. What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

45. What is temperature?
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.

46. What does the term potential difference mean?
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Zero.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.

47. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Torque
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Pascal

48. What is the relationship between voltage - current and resistance?

49. What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
When it is on the same side as the image?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.

50. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Diverging
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
The CHANGE in velocity.