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AP Physics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the formula relating emf and voltage?
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)

2. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
F=qE

3. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
m=(rho)V
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Vertical direction

4. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Gamma
(mg)sin(angle)
The refracted light ray is bent 90. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

5. What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?
Watt
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.

6. What comprises gamma decay?
F=kq1q2/R^2
The motion of the molecules in gas.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
Newton

7. What is electromagnetic induction?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Newton
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt

8. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
The bouncing of light
(rho)gh
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Diverging

9. What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?
Joule
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.

10. What is the difference between the variable 'q' and 'Q?'?
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
Sum of the torques equal zero.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...

11. S.I. unit of centripetal force
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Newton
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
No image.

12. How can total momentum be calculated?
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
No image.
When it is on the same side as the image?

13. Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.
Displacement
E=V/d
Speed ups
The nucleus

14. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
Torque
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.

15. What two things must be true for a positive magnification?
The bending of light
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.

16. What shape is a diverging lenses?
The nucleus
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Weber

17. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
m=(rho)V
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.

18. What is the relationship between voltage - current and resistance?
Impulse is the change in momentum
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Ohm's Law: V=IR

19. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
A1v1=a2v2

20. What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls 't' seconds after it started moving?
A1v1=a2v2
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
Pascal
How quickly you change velocity.

21. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.

22. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
Convex
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
The volume under water

23. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
The refracted light ray is bent 90. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

24. When is the image negative for mirrors?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Torque
Newton
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.

25. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
The electric field forces charges to move.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)

26. What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
Moment arm
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.

27. Unit that means the same thing as Nm
Joule
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma

28. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.

29. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
Newton
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.

30. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet

31. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Initial velocity

32. Define mass in terms of density.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Concave
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
m=(rho)V

33. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.

34. What is an isotope?
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Work done 'BY' the gas.

35. What comprises alpha radiation?
Joule
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
The graph of force vs displacement

36. This is the gauge pressure when under water.
P=IV
m=(rho)V
(rho)gh
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period

37. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
The electric field forces charges to move.
Impulse is the change in momentum
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Concave

38. What is the photoelectric effect?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
Work
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.

39. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
(mg)sin(angle)
Entropy always increases.
V=kq/R
A change in the gas' temperature.

40. What shape is a converging mirrors?
Magnitude and direction
Pascal
The transfer of thermal energy
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.

41. Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image?
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
Convex
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.

42. In electrostatics - what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Atmospheric pressure
Ohm's Law: V=IR

43. What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates - or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
The nucleus

44. Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
(mg)sin(angle)
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.

45. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
The graph of force vs displacement
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.

46. S.I. unit of momentum
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
kgm/s
Joule
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.

47. What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
The volume under water
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.

48. What makes an image 'real?'
The light travels through the image.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180 when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180 when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Magnitude and direction
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.

49. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
The refracted light ray is bent 90. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Sum of the torques equal zero.

50. S.I. unit of work
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
The velocity is positive
Joule
The volume under water

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