AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is an isotope?
Concave
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Watt
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.


2. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
Impulse is the change in momentum
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)


3. When is the image negative for mirrors?

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4. What two entities comprise a vector?
Vertical direction
Magnitude and direction
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
The bouncing of light


5. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
The body is moving at a constant velocity


6. S.I. unit of gravitational force
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Newton
The motion of the molecules in gas.


7. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
V=kq/R
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.


8. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.


9. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
The bending of light


10. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
KE=Work
The charge on each capacitor.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE


11. What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)


12. Define Refraction
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
The bending of light
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.


13. What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?
P=IV
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Weber
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


14. What is the area under any PV curve?

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15. What is the area under the velocity time graph?
Displacement
How quickly you change velocity.
Newton
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.


16. What is the difference between the variable 'q' and 'Q?'?

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17. Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
E=V/d
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.


18. Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.


19. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
It is the net force pointing towards the center.


20. What is the binding energy?
Gamma
Concave
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
kg•m/s


21. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
KE=Work
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh


22. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
V=kq/R
Displacement
E=kq/R^2
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.


23. Define reflection
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
The bouncing of light
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)


24. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)


25. When is sum of force (net force) zero?
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
KE=Work
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.


26. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
Concave
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
When the body rests on a surface.


27. How are velocity and speed different?
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
E=kq/R^2
Torque


28. Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.
The volume under water
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.


29. Work is the area under which curve?
The graph of force vs displacement
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)


30. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body


31. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
Work done 'BY' the gas.
Work
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.


32. S.I. unit of centripetal force
Newton
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Work done 'BY' the gas.


33. What did Rutherford discover?
The nucleus
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Impulse is (force)(time)
V - a Joule/Coulomb


34. Condition for no rotation
Work done 'BY' the gas.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Sum of the torques equal zero.


35. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)


36. What shape is a converging mirrors?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Weight ...w=mg


37. What shapes are converging lenses?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Newton
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.


38. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Something other than zero.
Alpha
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.


39. What shape is a diverging mirror?
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.


40. Buoyancy
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.


41. What kind of mirror has a positive focus?
Concave
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
F=qE
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.


42. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
The bending of light
V=kq/R
The electric field forces charges to move.


43. S.I. unit of momentum
kg•m/s
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
The electron


44. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
The velocity is positive
m^3/s
E=kq/R^2
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


45. Under what conditions is heat negative?

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46. Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.
The charge on each capacitor.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
KE = (3/2)kT
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.


47. If you have two charges - and you double one charge and triple the other - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?

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48. What is meant by the terms system and environment?
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
Force= Pressure/Area
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


49. How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?

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50. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Speed ups
E=V/d
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.