AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What makes an image 'real?'
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Moment arm
The light travels through the image.
Entropy always increases.


2. If you have two charges - and you double one charge and triple the other - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?

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3. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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4. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Convex
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Tesla


5. Pressure of an open container at the opening.
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Atmospheric pressure
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.


6. Energy of a SINGLE photon
The electric field forces charges to move.
E=hf
Impulse is the change in momentum
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.


7. How length effect resistance?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
kg•m/s
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
P=IV


8. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body


9. What is the energy of a photon?

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10. What shape is a diverging mirror?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
E=V/d
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.


11. What is the difference between a motor and a generator?
Joule
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.


12. The 'V' is (rho)Vg
Displacement
Joule
The volume under water
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.


13. In electrostatics - what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?

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14. What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?

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15. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Pascal
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
Convex


16. What does light emission involve?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
The electric field forces charges to move.
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.


17. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
Ohm's Law: V=IR
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
N•m


18. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
Gamma
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment


19. What comprises gamma decay?
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.


20. What force is always present - and what is its equation?
Newton
Weight ...w=mg
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE


21. What comprises alpha radiation?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.


22. Under what conditions is heat negative?

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23. What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
velocity
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)


24. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
The light travels through the image.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
E=V/d
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.


25. What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?

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26. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
F=kq1q2/R^2
The bending of light


27. What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
The velocity is positive
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
It is the net force pointing towards the center.


28. How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Open right hand rule


29. Define mass in terms of density.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
m=(rho)V
Newton


30. S.I. unit of centripetal force
The transfer of thermal energy
(rho)gh
Newton
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.


31. Unit of electric field
The velocity is positive
N/C
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...


32. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
When it is on the same side as the image?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.


33. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14


34. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
Weight ...w=mg
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)


35. How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
velocity
Open right hand rule


36. How does temperature effect resistance?
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+


37. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Tesla
V=kq/R


38. What does light absorption involve?
Something other than zero.
Impulse is (force)(time)
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.


39. Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.
E=kq/R^2
Joule
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.


40. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
The electric field forces charges to move.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


41. What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
W=qV
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


42. What shape is a diverging lenses?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
N/C


43. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
Diverging
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
kg•m/s


44. Flow Rate
The charge on each capacitor.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.


45. What did Rutherford discover?
The nucleus
Concave
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.


46. What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
The motion of the molecules in gas.


47. What is transmutation?
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
(rho)gh
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.


48. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Newton
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.


49. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Concave
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...


50. What is the relationship between voltage - current and resistance?

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