AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
N/C
A1v1=a2v2
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.


2. Define mass in terms of density.
m=(rho)V
KE=Work
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.


3. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
Weight ...w=mg
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.


4. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Atmospheric pressure


5. What causes radioactivity?
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Open right hand rule
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.


6. How does thickness effect resistance?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Joule
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Displacement


7. What is an isotope?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Impulse is the change in momentum
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.


8. When is the image negative for mirrors?

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9. What comprises gamma decay?
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.


10. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
N/C
F=kq1q2/R^2
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.


11. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...


12. What is transmutation?
Ohm's Law: V=IR
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
(mg)sin(angle)


13. How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?

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14. What is the law of reflection?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)


15. What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Moment arm
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)


16. This is the gauge pressure when under water.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
(rho)gh
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.


17. What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Work
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.


18. Work is the area under which curve?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
The graph of force vs displacement
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
E=hf


19. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
W=qV


20. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
V=kq/R
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.


21. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
W = KE:final - KE:initial
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.


22. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
W=qV
Tesla
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.


23. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
(rho)gh
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.


24. What is acceleration?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
P=IV
ZERO
How quickly you change velocity.


25. What did Rutherford discover?
W=qV
Joule
The nucleus
Newton


26. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
F=kq1q2/R^2


27. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


28. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Newton
Initial velocity


29. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.


30. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
When it is on the same side as the image?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.


31. If you have two charges - and you double one charge and triple the other - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?

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32. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.


33. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)


34. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
Joule
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Diverging


35. What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?

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36. What is the formula relating emf and voltage?
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
W = KE:final - KE:initial
The motion of the molecules in gas.


37. What is the binding energy?
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
Torque
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)


38. S.I. unit of power
Watt
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
E=kq/R^2
Concave


39. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
KE=Work
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.


40. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The transfer of thermal energy
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.


41. How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)


42. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

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43. Unit of energy for electricity.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Something other than zero.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.


44. What forces charges to move?
N•m
The electric field forces charges to move.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
The body is moving at a constant velocity


45. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
The transfer of thermal energy
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.


46. What are the three types of radiation?
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.


47. Define diffraction
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Moment arm
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.


48. How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?

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49. What is the relationship between energy - frequency - and wavelength in any wave?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


50. Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates
Vertical direction
W=qV
Joule
Ohm's Law: V=IR