AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When is sum of force (net force) zero?
Initial velocity
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)


2. What is the strong force?
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Weber
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
N•m


3. Gauge Pressure

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4. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
V=kq/R
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.


5. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
The transfer of thermal energy
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
The volume under water


6. S.I. unit of work
The electric field forces charges to move.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
Joule
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.


7. What did Thompson discover?
Ohm's Law: V=IR
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
When the body rests on a surface.
The electron


8. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Convex
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4


9. What is an adiabatic process?
Impulse is the change in momentum
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.


10. What is Huygen's Principle?
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet


11. What causes radioactivity?
KE = (3/2)kT
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Magnitude and direction
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.


12. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
Gamma
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.


13. Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image?
Gamma
Convex
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.


14. What is an isotope?
The volume under water
Impulse is (force)(time)
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14


15. Unit of electric field
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
N/C
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
How quickly you change velocity.


16. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.


17. When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero?

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18. What is the relationship between energy - frequency - and wavelength in any wave?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
E=V/d
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.


19. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf


20. How can total momentum be calculated?
P=IV
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Alpha
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.


21. What happens at the critical angle?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.


22. What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


23. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
velocity
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
KE = (3/2)kT


24. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Watt
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


25. What shape is a diverging lenses?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
m^3/s


26. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
Concave
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.


27. What equation describes the speed of a dropped object 't' seconds after it started moving?

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28. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.


29. What doesn't change (speed - frequency - or wavelength) - when light moves from one medium to another?
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)


30. How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?

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31. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
KE = (3/2)kT
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.


32. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.


33. How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?
Newton
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.


34. What is the energy of a photon?

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35. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
P=IV
KE=Work
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
The charge on each capacitor.


36. Flow Rate
Something other than zero.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.


37. What stays the same for capacitors in series?
The charge on each capacitor.
Diverging
Impulse
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.


38. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
N•m
Atmospheric pressure


39. Which kind of mirror can show a real image?
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Concave
m^3/s
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma


40. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Work done 'BY' the gas.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.


41. What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?

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42. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Gamma
KE = (3/2)kT
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v


43. Pressure of an open container at the opening.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
Atmospheric pressure


44. When are f - p - q - ho - hi - and M positive for mirrors?
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
KE = (3/2)kT


45. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
P=IV
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...


46. What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?

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47. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Weight ...w=mg
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant


48. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Newton
The transfer of thermal energy
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.


49. What is the photoelectric effect?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
When the body rests on a surface.
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma


50. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
The graph of force vs displacement
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.