AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
The electric field forces charges to move.
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
F=qE


2. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2


3. What forces charges to move?
Moment arm
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
The electric field forces charges to move.


4. Under what conditions is heat positive?

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5. Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.
Speed ups
E=kq/R^2
E=V/d
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


6. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
W=qV
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.


7. Energy of a SINGLE photon
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
Force= Pressure/Area
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
E=hf


8. This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.

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9. What comprises gamma decay?
Diverging
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.


10. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
Pascal
P=IV
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
F=kq1q2/R^2


11. What does light absorption involve?
Joule
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
The velocity is positive


12. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
kg•m/s
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.


13. Define diffraction
The electric field forces charges to move.
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Torque


14. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.


15. What is heat?
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
The nucleus
The transfer of thermal energy
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


16. Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
KE=Work
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
Impulse is the change in momentum


17. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)


18. What is the energy of a photon?

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19. What did Thompson discover?
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
The electron
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.


20. If you have two charges - and you double one charge and triple the other - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?

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21. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
E=kq/R^2


22. What do batteries and generators produce?
When it is on the same side as the image?
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
N/C


23. What is Huygen's Principle?
The bouncing of light
Joule
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Convex


24. How are velocity and speed different?
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
(mg)sin(angle)
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time


25. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
F=qE
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


26. What is electromagnetic induction?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
kg•m/s


27. What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
ZERO


28. What happens at the critical angle?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
PV=nRT and PV=kT
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.


29. What equation describes the speed of a dropped object 't' seconds after it started moving?

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30. What shape is a converging mirrors?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
m^3/s


31. S.I. unit of pressure
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Pascal
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


32. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.


33. Define Refraction
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
The bending of light
F=qE
Torque


34. What is the area under any PV curve?

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35. What is the area under the velocity time graph?
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Displacement
Tesla


36. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
No image.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


37. How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
kg•m/s
Speed ups


38. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
When the body rests on a surface.
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)


39. What is impulse?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Impulse is the change in momentum
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.


40. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Impulse is (force)(time)
E=hf
W=qV


41. Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Speed ups
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
F=qE


42. What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.


43. Define reflection
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
The bouncing of light
The CHANGE in velocity.
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.


44. Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
kg•m/s


45. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
It is the net force pointing towards the center.


46. What shapes are converging lenses?
Tesla
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
The light travels through the image.


47. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


48. In uniform circular motion - how is tangential velocity calculated?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Initial velocity
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period


49. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.


50. What is the strong force?
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.