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AP Physics

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
W=qV
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh

2. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
Newton
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Newton
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.

3. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...

4. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
Watt
The bouncing of light
V=kq/R
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB

5. What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)

6. What comprises alpha radiation?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
ZERO
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+

7. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.

8. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
Something other than zero.
Joule
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.

9. What is an isotope?
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
velocity
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.

10. Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.
When a body's speed is changing.
E=V/d
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
Work

11. Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.
velocity
KE = (3/2)kT
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
Weight ...w=mg

12. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
Magnitude and direction
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
F=kq1q2/R^2
Something other than zero.

13. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.

14. What is force times time?
Impulse
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Newton

15. This is the gauge pressure when under water.
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
(rho)gh
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)

16. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
The charge on each capacitor.

17. S.I. unit of gravitational force
Newton
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
E=V/d
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)

18. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Torque
Initial velocity

19. Which kind of mirror can show a real image?
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Concave
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
No image.

20. Force in terms of pressure
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
Force= Pressure/Area
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v

21. Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?
Torque
A1v1=a2v2
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.

22. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
The motion of the molecules in gas.
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.

23. What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates - or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?

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24. S.I. unit of Flow rate
Work done 'BY' the gas.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
m^3/s

25. When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
F=qE
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t

26. What shape is a diverging mirror?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Something other than zero.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.

27. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PES - and K at maximum displacement?
W = KE:final - KE:initial
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Convex
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.

28. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
The transfer of thermal energy
Ohm's Law: V=IR
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)

29. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
m=(rho)V
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh

30. How does a wires composition effect resistance?

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31. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
When the body rests on a surface.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Convex

32. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.

33. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Gamma
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Weight ...w=mg

34. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
Initial velocity
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
E=kq/R^2
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.

35. When is sum of force (net force) zero?
Joule
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.

36. What comprises beta radiation?
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
Work done 'BY' the gas.
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.

37. What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.

38. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
W=qV
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.

39. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
KE = (3/2)kT
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Joule

40. What kind of mirror has a positive focus?
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Torque
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Concave

41. What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
The electron

42. What is an adiabatic process?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Speed ups
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
The electric field forces charges to move.

43. What two entities comprise a vector?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Magnitude and direction
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.

44. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
When the body rests on a surface.
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
The light travels through the image.
The transfer of thermal energy

45. What does light emission involve?
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Something other than zero.

46. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2

47. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
Diverging
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.

48. S.I. unit of flux
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Weber
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.

49. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
W=qV
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.

50. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.