AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How can total momentum be calculated?
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.


2. What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?

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3. What is the area under any PV curve?

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4. What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?

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5. What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
velocity


6. The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.
Initial velocity
Pascal
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
A change in the gas' temperature.


7. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.


8. What is internal energy?
The CHANGE in velocity.
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
The motion of the molecules in gas.
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.


9. When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Weber


10. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
When a body's speed is changing.
Open right hand rule


11. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Tesla
Convex
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.


12. What is the energy of a photon?

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13. How does temperature effect resistance?
Moment arm
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
N•m


14. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
Speed ups
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.


15. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


16. What is mass energy equivalence?
V=kq/R
Joule
(rho)gh
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.


17. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Speed ups


18. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
Moment arm
The light travels through the image.
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)


19. What comprises beta radiation?
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
The transfer of thermal energy
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
m^3/s


20. Gauge Pressure

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21. What is meant by the terms system and environment?
The nucleus
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
m=(rho)V
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.


22. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
Sum of the torques equal zero.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
V=kq/R
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.


23. What is an isothermal process - and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?
W=qV
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
The body is moving at a constant velocity
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.


24. When is the image negative for a lens?
Concave
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
When it is on the same side as the image?


25. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
N/C
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.


26. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
Something other than zero.
Moment arm
F=qE
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)


27. Define Refraction
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Tesla
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
The bending of light


28. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.


29. What happens at the critical angle?
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.


30. What force is always present - and what is its equation?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Weight ...w=mg
Convex


31. What kind of mirror has a positive focus?
P=IV
Concave
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.


32. What is an isotope?
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Ohm's Law: V=IR


33. What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?

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34. Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
The electron


35. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
Pascal
Weber
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.


36. What is impulse?
Newton
Impulse is the change in momentum
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.


37. This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.

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38. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)


39. What does light absorption involve?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.


40. What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?

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41. How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?
Moment arm
Initial velocity
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.


42. S.I. unit of momentum
Atmospheric pressure
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
kg•m/s
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2


43. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
E=hf
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)


44. What shape is a converging mirrors?
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
m^3/s
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.


45. S.I. unit of torque
KE=Work
N•m
Moment arm
velocity


46. When is the image negative for mirrors?

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47. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
KE=Work
Vertical direction
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.


48. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
The body is moving at a constant velocity


49. Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
Pascal
KE = (3/2)kT
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.


50. What is the law of reflection?
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.