AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
In front of the mirror - in the light.
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.


2. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Convex
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.


3. Define Refraction
W=qV
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
The bending of light


4. Under what conditions is heat positive?

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5. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?
Zero.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)


6. What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?

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7. S.I. unit of magnetism
Newton
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
KE = (3/2)kT
Tesla


8. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
KE=Work
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)


9. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
Impulse is the change in momentum
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Newton
Entropy always increases.


10. Pressure of an open container at the opening.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Atmospheric pressure
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.


11. What does the term potential difference mean?
Vertical direction
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Watt


12. What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?
Concave
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.


13. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Work
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.


14. S.I. unit of pressure
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Convex
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Pascal


15. What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
The transfer of thermal energy
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)


16. When is a normal force present - what is its direction?
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
When the body rests on a surface.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt


17. What is the difference between the variable 'q' and 'Q?'?

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18. Work is the area under which curve?
The graph of force vs displacement
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
(mg)sin(angle)
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment


19. If you double the mass of one planet - triple the mass of another - and move them twice as far apart - what happens to the force of attraction between them?
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.


20. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
KE=Work
E=hf
Pascal
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.


21. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
Force= Pressure/Area
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)


22. Continuity equation
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
A1v1=a2v2
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.


23. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.


24. S.I. Unit of electric force
Newton
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
PV=nRT and PV=kT


25. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
A change in the gas' temperature.
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.


26. What did Thompson discover?
The electron
Convex
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.


27. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Newton
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
g=zero so h=(Vyo)t


28. S.I. unit of frictional force
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
Newton


29. What is the direction of the centripetal force?
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
The transfer of thermal energy


30. What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.


31. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
PV=nRT and PV=kT


32. How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?

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33. Define reflection
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
The bouncing of light


34. The 'V' is (rho)Vg
The volume under water
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Newton
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)


35. What does light emission involve?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Newton


36. What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
When a body's speed is changing.


37. Buoyancy
P=IV
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)


38. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
In front of the mirror - in the light.
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
N•m


39. What is an isothermal process - and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
Watt
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.


40. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
Moment arm
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.


41. Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Diverging
m^3/s
(rho)gh


42. Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates
Speed ups
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
W=qV


43. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.
The CHANGE in velocity.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Vertical direction


44. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
P=IV
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)


45. What force is always present - and what is its equation?
Weight ...w=mg
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Convex
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.


46. What comprises gamma decay?
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)


47. What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?
E=V/d
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.


48. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Newton
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.


49. What equation describes the speed of a dropped object 't' seconds after it started moving?

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50. What is the relationship between energy - frequency - and wavelength in any wave?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Concave
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)