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AP Physics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?
V=kq/R
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
ZERO
KE = (3/2)kT

2. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
Moment arm
V=kq/R

3. What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?
Convex
Alpha
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Newton

4. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
V=kq/R
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
Speed ups
E=kq/R^2

5. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Newton
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Concave

6. What equation describes the speed of a dropped object 't' seconds after it started moving?

7. When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero?

8. Which type of radiation has the highest energy?
Gamma
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
PV=nRT and PV=kT
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

9. What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.
Newton
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
The transfer of thermal energy
The velocity is positive

10. What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Something other than zero.
ZERO
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.

11. S.I. unit of torque
N•m
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.

12. What is the energy of a photon?

13. What is the difference between emf and voltage?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
The bending of light
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.

14. What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done - or that energy is used?
Impulse
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.

15. Force in terms of pressure
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.
Force= Pressure/Area
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.

16. What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases?
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt

17. What is the relationship between voltage - current and resistance?

18. What is an isotope?
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
The nucleus
Concave

19. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
The bending of light
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)

20. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
Newton
Magnitude and direction
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.

21. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Open right hand rule
Newton

22. Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings

23. What forces charges to move?
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
The electric field forces charges to move.

24. What causes resistance?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.

25. S.I. unit of momentum
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Something other than zero.
kg•m/s
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.

26. Gauge Pressure

27. How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
A change in the gas' temperature.

28. What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?
No image.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet

29. Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.

30. Condition for no rotation
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Sum of the torques equal zero.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB

31. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
E=V/d
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.

32. How does temperature effect resistance?
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.

33. Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.
Alpha
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
V=kq/R
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)

34. What did Rutherford discover?
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
The nucleus
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.

35. Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.
The electron
KE = (3/2)kT
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.

36. Unit of electric field
N/C
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Initial velocity
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial

37. What is Huygen's Principle?
Concave
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Tesla
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.

38. Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.

39. When is sum of force (net force) zero?
KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.

40. S.I. Unit of electric force
Alpha
Newton
When the body rests on a surface.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet

41. Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.

42. Define mass in terms of density.
m=(rho)V
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
E=V/d
The transfer of thermal energy

43. What is the component of 'mg' parallel to a slope?
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
(mg)sin(angle)
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.

44. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
Something other than zero.
The velocity is positive
Gamma
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.

45. What is the area under the velocity time graph?
Displacement
Pascal
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Zero.

46. How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
Concave
Convex
m=(rho)V

47. What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?
Convex
The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where 'a' is the centripetal force.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB

48. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
The CHANGE in velocity.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.

49. Energy of a SINGLE photon
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
F=kq1q2/R^2
E=hf
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.

50. What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?
Convex
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2