AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and 'r' squared?
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.


2. What is the actual movement of charges - and how is it measured?
Initial velocity
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
THe force that holds the nucleus together.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt


3. This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.

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4. What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
The motion of the molecules in gas.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
Initial velocity


5. S.I. Unit of electric force
Convex
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
Newton
V=kq/R


6. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
The light travels through the image.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.


7. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14


8. Define Snell's law.
The electric field forces charges to move.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Newton
It is the net force pointing towards the center.


9. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Vertical direction
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


10. Under what conditions does entropy increase?
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Entropy always increases.
The volume under water


11. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
Work
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)


12. Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.
When a body's speed is changing.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
F=qE


13. What is the law of reflection?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Diverging
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.


14. How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?

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15. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
(mg)sin(angle)


16. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?
m=(rho)V
Convex
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.


17. What does light emission involve?
Impulse is the change in momentum
The CHANGE in velocity.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.


18. Buoyancy
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The nucleus


19. How does impulse relate to force?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Impulse is (force)(time)
N/C
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.


20. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
P=IV
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.
Newton
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)


21. S.I. unit of frictional force
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.
Newton


22. Define diffraction
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
Gamma
No image.


23. What shape is a converging mirrors?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Entropy always increases.
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
F=kq1q2/R^2


24. How length effect resistance?
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
The bending of light


25. How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?

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26. Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.
E=kq/R^2
Newton
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
When it is on the same side as the image?


27. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.


28. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
Newton
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.


29. What is the area under any PV curve?

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30. What is the binding energy?
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
Impulse is the change in momentum
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.


31. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Pascal
(rho)gh
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.


32. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
Torque
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2


33. What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases?
Vertical direction
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
kg•m/s
Entropy always increases.


34. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
Newton
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.


35. What is heat?
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
Speed ups
The transfer of thermal energy
Impulse


36. What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?
The graph of force vs displacement
(mg)sin(angle)
x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.


37. S.I. unit of work
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Something other than zero.
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Joule


38. What quantity ADDS for resistors in series?
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt


39. What is the component of 'mg' parallel to a slope?
Diverging
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
(mg)sin(angle)


40. Unit that means the same thing as Nm
Joule
Entropy always increases.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB


41. Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.

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42. What is transmutation?
Vertical direction
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.


43. What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
W = KE:final - KE:initial
P=IV


44. What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.
The CHANGE in velocity.
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Weight ...w=mg


45. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

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46. What is the relationship between speed - frequency - and wavelength?
Joule
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)


47. How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.


48. Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
Watt
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Newton


49. What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?

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50. What stays the same for capacitors in series?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
The charge on each capacitor.
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)