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AP Physics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
P=IV
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.

2. Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
Magnitude and direction
Alpha
ZERO

3. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)

4. What shape is a diverging mirror?
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
F=kq1q2/R^2
Kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v

5. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)
Impulse is the change in momentum
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.

6. What is the law of reflection?
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N) - B:=magnetic field (T) - i=current (A) - l=length of wire in the field (m) - theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.

7. What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.

8. What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.

9. What is force times time?
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Impulse
E=kq/R^2

10. What is meant by the terms system and environment?
The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.

11. What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?
ZERO
This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.

12. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)
Weber
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.

13. What is the Bohr Model of the atom?
Joule
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
m=(rho)V

14. What is the difference between a motor and a generator?
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
The nucleus
W=qV

15. What is the relationship between energy - frequency - and wavelength in any wave?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
E=kq/R^2
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)

16. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
Torque

17. When is the image negative for mirrors?

18. What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?

19. S.I. unit of magnetism
Tesla
The nucleus
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.

20. What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls 't' seconds after it started moving?

21. Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
The velocity is positive
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.

22. When is sum of force (net force) zero?
The light travels through the image.
When the body rests on a surface.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.

23. How does a wires composition effect resistance?

24. What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?
The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB
m=(rho)V
The bending of light
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE

25. What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?
Gamma
The bouncing of light
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial

26. How length effect resistance?
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
Vertical direction
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.

27. What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?

28. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
Convex
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.

29. Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
F=qE
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.

30. How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Speed ups
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.

31. What is an isotope?
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.

32. What causes radioactivity?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.

33. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
Force= Pressure/Area
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
The graph of force vs displacement

34. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
V - a Joule/Coulomb
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
The electron

35. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
The graph of force vs displacement

36. When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave - Transverse Wave: Light wave - 'The Wave' in a a crowd at a porting event.
Joule
KE=Work
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.

37. What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?
No image.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Newton
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.

38. What are the three rules needed for mirrors - since not all three work every time?
'm' is replaced by 'q -' and 'g' is replaced by 'E.' W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.
m=(rho)V
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.

39. What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.
Concave
Something other than zero.

40. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
W=qV
F=qE
Work done 'BY' the gas.

41. S.I. unit of gravitational force
KE=Work
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
Newton
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.

42. What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?
Moment arm
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings

43. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

44. S.I. unit of frictional force
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Newton
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.

45. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
When a body's speed is changing.
KE=Work

46. How does thickness effect resistance?
E=kq/R^2
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.

47. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.

48. How are velocity and speed different?
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
V=kq/R
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.

49. What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
V=kq/R
KE=Work
Parallel. Because the plates are shared.

50. Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.
Moment arm
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
The charge on each capacitor.
E=kq/R^2