AP Physics

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.


2. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.
E=kq/R^2
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.


3. What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?

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4. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


5. What comprises alpha radiation?
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
KE = (3/2)kT
Pascal


6. What is mass energy equivalence?
Force= Pressure/Area
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Open right hand rule
Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.


7. What equation describes the speed of a dropped object 't' seconds after it started moving?

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8. How does temperature effect resistance?
The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.
Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial
The velocity is positive


9. How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
Speed ups
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
E=kq/R^2


10. State the significance of Young's Experiment.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2
Newton
Entropy always increases.


11. What is the law of reflection?
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)
E=hf=hc/(wavelength)
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.


12. What is the formula relating emf and voltage?
The CHANGE in velocity.
Impulse is the change in momentum
V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts) - E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts) - IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)
The bending of light


13. When is the image negative for a lens?
Work done 'BY' the gas.
Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4
When it is on the same side as the image?
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment


14. Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?
E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J) - h = Plank's constant - f=frequency (Hz)
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.
Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.


15. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.


16. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
Newton
ZERO
Vertical direction
The electric field forces charges to move.


17. What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?
Impulse is the change in momentum
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
The CHANGE in velocity.
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body


18. What shape is a diverging lenses?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.


19. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
No image.


20. In a pendulum or spring - what are the displacement - velocity - PE and KE at the equilibrium position?
The bouncing of light
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
KE = (3/2)kT


21. S.I. unit of work
Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.
N/C
The body is moving at a constant velocity
Joule


22. When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums - how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line?
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Open right hand rule
PV=nRT and PV=kT
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.


23. What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?
dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
Adding the momentum of all the bodies.
Initial velocity


24. S.I. unit of torque
Pgh ..thats ('rho')(gravity's acceleration)(height)
N•m
Impulse is the change in momentum
Open right hand rule


25. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.
Vertical direction
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.


26. How does a wires composition effect resistance?

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27. What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?
V=kq/R
Weber
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf
In front of the mirror - in the light.


28. What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.


29. How are velocity and speed different?
Joule
Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
The electric field forces charges to move.


30. What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?
Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
E=hf
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+


31. What two things must be true for a positive magnification?
KE=Work
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.


32. What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?
m=(rho)V
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
P=IV


33. What is the relationship between power - voltage and current?
When the body rests on a surface.
P=IV
the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh


34. What is half life?
It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.
When a body's speed is changing.
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)


35. What is an isotope?
When a body's speed is changing.
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Alpha - Beta - and Gamma
Work done 'BY' the gas.


36. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.
W=qV
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.


37. Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?

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38. What did Rutherford discover?
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
The nucleus
V=kq/R


39. What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
m=(rho)V
PV=nRT and PV=kT


40. What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.

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41. What is the direction of the centripetal force?
Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.


42. What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?
Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body
The thicker the wire - the lower the resistance.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.
Torque


43. How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?
Open right hand rule
Newton
E=V/d
m=(rho)V


44. How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?

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45. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
Open right hand rule
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2


46. S.I. unit of magnetism
Tesla
Torque
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Vertical direction


47. How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?

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48. How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?

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49. What is the difference between the variable 'q' and 'Q?'?

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50. What is the energy of a photon?

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