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AP Physics

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are velocity and speed different?
The transfer of thermal energy
Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.
Impulse
The bouncing of light

2. Define Snell's law.
That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)

3. How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.
Moment arm
The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)

4. S.I. unit of momentum
kg•m/s
Moment arm
The electric field forces charges to move.
The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.

5. What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.
Impulse
The velocity is positive
The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.
Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)

6. What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?
Vertical direction
Torque
It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.
In front of the mirror - in the light.

7. How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?
It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
According to Coulomb's Law - the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.

8. Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?
Convex
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
Alpha
N/C

9. Describe the relationship between Qh - Qc - and W in a heat engine?
Bernoulli's equation - Flow Rate = Volume/time
Watt
A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.
Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh

10. What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
Work

11. In electrostatics - what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?

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12. What is force times the perpendicular distance?
Torque
kg•m/s
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
x=(1/2)at^2 Remember - the word 'dropped' implies no initial velocity.

13. How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?
But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.
m^3/s
Open right hand rule
The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)

14. Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?
Convex
Alpha
Work done 'BY' the gas.
ROY-G-BIV: Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet

15. What is heat?
Tesla
The transfer of thermal energy
kg•m/s
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.

16. What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?
Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.
When it is on the 'dark' side of the mirror. Opposite the light.
Current stays the same for resistors in series.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)

17. A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?
The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.
(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)

18. What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.
Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons - (protons and neutrons.)

19. S.I. unit of gravitational force
No image.
When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.
Newton
Vertical direction

20. What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
A change in the gas' temperature.
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)

21. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single - free-floating - molecule. the ionization ener
C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates - decrease the distance between the plates -and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.
The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.

22. What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?

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23. How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?
PV=nRT and PV=kT
Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.
velocity
Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2

24. What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
A change in the gas' temperature.

25. What do batteries and generators produce?
Moment arm
x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.
A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.
Vertical direction

26. What is the photoelectric effect?
Newton
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
Open right hand rule

27. What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?
Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
Ohm's Law: V=IR

28. What is the binding energy?
G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2
The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.
KE=Work
Joule

29. How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
Converging lenses have a positive focal length.
In front of the mirror - in the light.
Atomic mass number minus atomic number.

30. What is temperature?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Diverging
Heat - (the 'Q' variable) - is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.
Weber

31. What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases?
W = KE:final - KE:initial
DU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.

32. What does the term electric potential energy mean?
Impulse is the change in momentum
N•m
Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE
(rho)gh

33. Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image?
Convex
The transfer of thermal energy
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.

34. What does the term potential difference mean?
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Work done 'BY' the gas.

35. What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?
V=kq/R
(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)
Sum of the torques equal zero.
Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf

36. What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile 't' seconds after it started moving?
Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.
The release of a Helium nuclei - 4 -2 He2+
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
Radio - Infrared - Visible - UltraViolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays.

37. What did Thompson discover?
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.
The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.
The electron
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.

38. Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.
Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.
It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.
ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)
W = KE:final - KE:initial

39. How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
They fall - vertically - the by the same amount in the same time.
'q' is a single particle's charge and 'Q' is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...
V=kq/R

40. What cause an electromagnetic wave - and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?
The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.
Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.
Atmospheric pressure
the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.

41. What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?

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42. What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?
Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)
The transfer of thermal energy
Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)
Break it up into x and y components using trig - add up the components.

43. What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?
kg•m/s
Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.
Newton

44. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Statistically speaking - energy flows from hot to cold.
It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.
Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.
When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.

45. How length effect resistance?
Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14
V=Vo + at ...The word 'dropped' means no initial velocity.
The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)
The longer the length of wire - the higher the resistance.

46. What is force times the parallel diplacement?
The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.
Work
PV=nRT and PV=kT

47. Unit that means the same thing as Nm
The initial velocity - (Vo in the formulas)
Joule
Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.
The nucleus

48. Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?
frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)
V - a Joule/Coulomb
Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.
Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.

49. Flow Rate
Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes - a wavelength of light is given off.
Joule
(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)
(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.

50. What is the difference between reflection - refraction - and diffraction?
It is the net force pointing towards the center.
Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.
E=hf
W=qV where 'W' is the work - 'q' is the charge and 'V' is the potential difference measured in Volts.