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AP Statistics Vocab

Subjects : statistics, ap
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The differences between data values and the corresponding values predicted by the regression model; ____ = observed value - predicted value






2. When omitting a point from the data results in a very different regression model - the point is an ____






3. Any attempt to force a sample to resemble specified attributes of the population






4. An observational study in which subjects are selected and then their previous conditions or behaviors are determined






5. The sequence of several components representing events that we are pretending will take place






6. When groups of experimental units are similar - it is a good idea to gather them together into these






7. The ith ___ is the number that falls above i% of the data






8. Doing this is equivalent to changing its units






9. An individual about whom or which we have data






10. Although linear models provide an easy way to predict values of y for a given value of x - it is unsafe to predict for values of x far from the ones used to find the linear model equation; predictions should not be trusted






11. Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population; common errors are voluntary response - undercoverage - nonresponse ____ - and response ____






12. We do this by taking the logarithm - the square root - the reciprocal - or some other mathematical operation on all values in the data set






13. When averages are taken across different groups - they can appear to contradict the overall averages

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14. A numerically valued attribute of a model for a population






15. Distributions with two modes






16. When either those who could influence or evaluate the results is blinded






17. Summarized with the mean or the median






18. To describe this aspect of a distribution - look for single vs. multiple modes - and symmetry vs. skewness






19. A variable that names categories (whether with words or numerals)






20. Tells how many standard deviations a value is from the mean; have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one






21. The sum of squared deviations from the mean - divided by the count minus one






22. The square of the correlation between y and x; gives the fraction of the variability of y accounted for by the least squares linear regression on x; an overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearly relating y to x






23. This criterion specifies the unique line that minimizes the variance of the residuals or - equivalently - the sum of the squared residuals






24. A value that attempts the impossible by summarizing the entire distribution with a single number - a 'typical' value






25. An arrangement of data in which each row represents a case and each column represents a variable






26. A variable whose values are compared across different treatments






27. Multiplying each data value by a constant multiplies both the measures of position and the measures of spread by that constant






28. When the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor so their effects cannot be separated






29. The difference between the first and third quartiles






30. The most basic situation in a simulation in which something happens at random






31. A distribution is this if it's not symmetric and one tail stretches out farther than the other






32. The ____ we care about most is straight






33. A variable that is not explicitly part of a model but affects the way the variables in the model appear to be related






34. A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed






35. Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond






36. The natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ






37. Displays counts and - sometimes - percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables; categorizes the individuals on all variables at once - to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the cate






38. All experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment






39. This of sample size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection






40. A numerical measure of the direction and strength of a linear association






41. The distribution of either variable alone in a contingency table; the counts or percentages are the totals found in the margins (last row or column) of the table






42. A study that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in the hope of learning something about the entire population






43. If data consist of two or more groups that have been thrown together - it is usually best to fit different linear models to each group than to try to fit a single model to all of the data






44. Ideally tells who was measured - what was measured - how the data were collected - where the data were collected - and when and why the study was performed






45. A treatment known to have no effect - administered so that all groups experience the same conditions






46. This corresponding to a z-score gives the percentage of values in a standard normal distribution found at that z-score or below






47. A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame






48. Any data point that stands away from the others; can be extraordinary by having a large residual or by having high leverage






49. Shows quantitative data values in a way that sketches the distribution of the data






50. Values of this record the results of each trial with respect to what we were interested in







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