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AP Statistics Vocab

Subjects : statistics, ap
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In a retrospective or prospective study Subjects who are similar in ways not under study may be ____ and then compared with each other on the variables of interest






2. Sampling schemes that combine several sampling methods






3. This corresponding to a z-score gives the percentage of values in a standard normal distribution found at that z-score or below






4. To be valid - an experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random






5. The ____ we care about most is straight






6. The lower of this is the value with a quarter of the data below it; the upper of this has a quarter of the data above it






7. Numerically valued attribute of a model






8. Useful family of models for unimodal - symmetric distributions






9. Variables are said to be this if the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other






10. The parts of a distribution that typically trail off on either side; they can be characterized as long or short






11. The square of the correlation between y and x; gives the fraction of the variability of y accounted for by the least squares linear regression on x; an overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearly relating y to x






12. A representative subset of a population - examined in hope of learning about the population






13. An individual about whom or which we have data






14. Control - randomize - replicate - block






15. When averages are taken across different groups - they can appear to contradict the overall averages

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16. Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond






17. The differences between data values and the corresponding values predicted by the regression model; ____ = observed value - predicted value






18. A sampling design in which entire groups are chosen at random






19. The distribution of a variable restricting the who to consider only a smaller group of individuals






20. Value calculated from data to summarize aspects of the data






21. Ideally tells who was measured - what was measured - how the data were collected - where the data were collected - and when and why the study was performed






22. The experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level - typically either the default treatment - which is well understood - or a null - placebo treatment






23. When doing this - consider their shape - center - and spread






24. Multiplying each data value by a constant multiplies both the measures of position and the measures of spread by that constant






25. We do this by taking the logarithm - the square root - the reciprocal - or some other mathematical operation on all values in the data set






26. The distribution of either variable alone in a contingency table; the counts or percentages are the totals found in the margins (last row or column) of the table






27. An individual result of a component of a simulation






28. A point that does not fit the overall pattern seen in the scatterplot






29. Doing this is equivalent to changing its units






30. The difference between the lowest and highest values in a data set






31. This criterion specifies the unique line that minimizes the variance of the residuals or - equivalently - the sum of the squared residuals






32. An observational study in which subjects are selected and then their previous conditions or behaviors are determined






33. Any data point that stands away from the others; can be extraordinary by having a large residual or by having high leverage






34. A quantity or amount adopted as a standard of measurement - such as dollars - hours - or grams






35. Any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups






36. Lists the categories in a categorical variable and gives the count or percentage of observations for each category






37. Gives the possible values of the variable and the frequency or relative frequency of each value






38. An equation or formula that simplifies and represents reality






39. Done to eliminate units; values can be compared and combined even if the original variables had different units and magnitudes






40. Models random events by using random numbers to specify event outcomes with relative frequencies that correspond to the true real-world relative frequencies we are trying to model






41. Manipulates factor levels to create treatments - randomly assigns subjects to these treatment levels - and then compares the responses of the subject groups across treatment levels






42. To describe this aspect of a distribution - look for single vs. multiple modes - and symmetry vs. skewness






43. A hump or local high point in the shape of the distribution of a variable; the apparent locations of these can change as the scale of a histogram is changed






44. A treatment known to have no effect - administered so that all groups experience the same conditions






45. This of sample size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection






46. A variable in which the numbers act as numerical values; always has units






47. A numerically valued attribute of a model for a population






48. Shows the relationship between two quantitative variables measured on the same cases






49. An event is this if we know what outcomes could happen - but not which particular values will happen






50. Displays data that change over time