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AP Statistics Vocab

Subjects : statistics, ap
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population; common errors are voluntary response - undercoverage - nonresponse ____ - and response ____






2. The differences between data values and the corresponding values predicted by the regression model; ____ = observed value - predicted value






3. Found by summing all the data values and dividing by the count






4. A variable whose values are compared across different treatments






5. Control - randomize - replicate - block






6. A numerical measure of the direction and strength of a linear association






7. A variable other than x and y that simultaneously affects both variables - accounting for the correlation between the two






8. Tells how many standard deviations a value is from the mean; have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one






9. Gives the possible values of the variable and the relative frequency of each value






10. Data points whose x-values are far from the mean of x are said to exert ____ on a linear model; with high enough ____ - residuals can appear to be deceptively small






11. This criterion specifies the unique line that minimizes the variance of the residuals or - equivalently - the sum of the squared residuals






12. In a normal model - about 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean - about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean - and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean






13. A numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the 'center'






14. Design Randomization occurring within blocks






15. Displays counts and - sometimes - percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables; categorizes the individuals on all variables at once - to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the cate






16. The middle value with half of the data above and half below it






17. A list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn






18. The distribution of a variable restricting the who to consider only a smaller group of individuals






19. Any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups






20. Lists the categories in a categorical variable and gives the count or percentage of observations for each category






21. Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond






22. Any data point that stands away from the others; can be extraordinary by having a large residual or by having high leverage






23. An individual result of a component of a simulation






24. A positive ____ or association means that - in general - as one variable increases - so does the other; when increases in one variable generally correspond to decreases in the other - the association is negative






25. An individual about whom or which we have data






26. Found by substituting the x-value in the regression equation; they're the values on the fitted line






27. Holds information about the same characteristic for many cases






28. When either those who could influence or evaluate the results is blinded






29. If data consist of two or more groups that have been thrown together - it is usually best to fit different linear models to each group than to try to fit a single model to all of the data






30. To describe this aspect of a distribution - look for single vs. multiple modes - and symmetry vs. skewness






31. An observational study in which subjects are followed to observe future outcomes






32. Summarized with the mean or the median






33. The tendency of many human subjects (often 20% or more of experiment subjects) to show a response even when administered a placebo






34. A point that does not fit the overall pattern seen in the scatterplot






35. Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample






36. The natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ






37. Value found by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation






38. The distribution of either variable alone in a contingency table; the counts or percentages are the totals found in the margins (last row or column) of the table






39. A sample that consists of the entire population






40. An event is this if we know what outcomes could happen - but not which particular values will happen






41. The ____ we care about most is straight






42. Numerically valued attribute of a model






43. An equation of the form y-hat = b0 + b1x






44. When groups of experimental units are similar - it is a good idea to gather them together into these






45. We do this by taking the logarithm - the square root - the reciprocal - or some other mathematical operation on all values in the data set






46. The best defense against bias - in which each individual is given a fair - random chance of selection






47. The linear equation y-hat = b0 + b1x that satisfies the least squares criterion






48. Manipulates factor levels to create treatments - randomly assigns subjects to these treatment levels - and then compares the responses of the subject groups across treatment levels






49. The lower of this is the value with a quarter of the data below it; the upper of this has a quarter of the data above it






50. Each predicted y-hat tends to be fewer standard deviations from its mean than its corresponding x was from its mean