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AP Statistics Vocab

Subjects : statistics, ap
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Places in order the effects that many re-expressions have on the data






2. The square of the correlation between y and x; gives the fraction of the variability of y accounted for by the least squares linear regression on x; an overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearly relating y to x






3. An observational study in which subjects are selected and then their previous conditions or behaviors are determined






4. A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population






5. The experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level - typically either the default treatment - which is well understood - or a null - placebo treatment






6. A point that does not fit the overall pattern seen in the scatterplot






7. An arrangement of data in which each row represents a case and each column represents a variable






8. In a normal model - about 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean - about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean - and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean






9. Summarized with the standard deviation - interquartile range - and range






10. Manipulates factor levels to create treatments - randomly assigns subjects to these treatment levels - and then compares the responses of the subject groups across treatment levels






11. Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population; common errors are voluntary response - undercoverage - nonresponse ____ - and response ____






12. Models random events by using random numbers to specify event outcomes with relative frequencies that correspond to the true real-world relative frequencies we are trying to model






13. Each predicted y-hat tends to be fewer standard deviations from its mean than its corresponding x was from its mean






14. Individuals on whom an experiment is performed






15. A representative subset of a population - examined in hope of learning about the population






16. Doing this is equivalent to changing its units






17. Design Randomization occurring within blocks






18. The tendency of many human subjects (often 20% or more of experiment subjects) to show a response even when administered a placebo






19. Found by substituting the x-value in the regression equation; they're the values on the fitted line






20. A treatment known to have no effect - administered so that all groups experience the same conditions






21. A value that attempts the impossible by summarizing the entire distribution with a single number - a 'typical' value






22. Variables are said to be this if the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other






23. In a statistical display - each data value should be represented by the same amount of area






24. Done to eliminate units; values can be compared and combined even if the original variables had different units and magnitudes






25. A quantity or amount adopted as a standard of measurement - such as dollars - hours - or grams






26. A sample that consists of the entire population






27. Values of this record the results of each trial with respect to what we were interested in






28. We do this by taking the logarithm - the square root - the reciprocal - or some other mathematical operation on all values in the data set






29. An individual about whom or which we have data






30. The difference between the first and third quartiles






31. Distributions with two modes






32. A scatterplot shows an association that is this if there is little scatter around the underlying relationship






33. When groups of experimental units are similar - it is a good idea to gather them together into these






34. All experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment






35. Consists of the minimum and maximum - the quartiles Q1 and Q3 - and the median






36. A numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the 'center'






37. This criterion specifies the unique line that minimizes the variance of the residuals or - equivalently - the sum of the squared residuals






38. Any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups






39. When an observed difference is too large for us to believe that is is likely to have occurred naturally






40. Bias introduced to a sample when a large fraction of those sampled fails to respond






41. Adding a constant to each data value adds the same constant to the mean - the median - and the quartiles - but does not change the standard deviation or IQR






42. The sum of squared deviations from the mean - divided by the count minus one






43. The square root of the variance






44. Systematically recorded information - whether numbers or labels - together with its context






45. When either those who could influence or evaluate the results is blinded






46. Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample






47. The best defense against bias - in which each individual is given a fair - random chance of selection






48. If data consist of two or more groups that have been thrown together - it is usually best to fit different linear models to each group than to try to fit a single model to all of the data






49. The specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor






50. A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame