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AP Statistics Vocab

Subjects : statistics, ap
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Systematically recorded information - whether numbers or labels - together with its context






2. Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population; common errors are voluntary response - undercoverage - nonresponse ____ - and response ____






3. Models random events by using random numbers to specify event outcomes with relative frequencies that correspond to the true real-world relative frequencies we are trying to model






4. A value that attempts the impossible by summarizing the entire distribution with a single number - a 'typical' value






5. Found by summing all the data values and dividing by the count






6. Adding a constant to each data value adds the same constant to the mean - the median - and the quartiles - but does not change the standard deviation or IQR






7. The difference between the first and third quartiles






8. Control - randomize - replicate - block






9. Having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped






10. Any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups






11. The entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn






12. A numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the 'center'






13. Gives the possible values of the variable and the frequency or relative frequency of each value






14. Shows the relationship between two quantitative variables measured on the same cases






15. The best defense against bias - in which each individual is given a fair - random chance of selection






16. A quantity or amount adopted as a standard of measurement - such as dollars - hours - or grams






17. We do this by taking the logarithm - the square root - the reciprocal - or some other mathematical operation on all values in the data set






18. The tendency of many human subjects (often 20% or more of experiment subjects) to show a response even when administered a placebo






19. Done to eliminate units; values can be compared and combined even if the original variables had different units and magnitudes






20. Bias introduced to a sample when individuals can choose on their own whether to participate in the sample






21. When either those who could influence or evaluate the results is blinded






22. Holds information about the same characteristic for many cases






23. A list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn






24. This of sample size n is one in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection






25. If data consist of two or more groups that have been thrown together - it is usually best to fit different linear models to each group than to try to fit a single model to all of the data






26. The sum of squared deviations from the mean - divided by the count minus one






27. A variable that is not explicitly part of a model but affects the way the variables in the model appear to be related






28. Consists of the individuals who are conveniently available






29. A variable other than x and y that simultaneously affects both variables - accounting for the correlation between the two






30. Value found by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation






31. Any data point that stands away from the others; can be extraordinary by having a large residual or by having high leverage






32. An arrangement of data in which each row represents a case and each column represents a variable






33. Anything in a survey design that influences response






34. When the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor so their effects cannot be separated






35. Shows a bar representing the count of each category in a categorical variable






36. Data points whose x-values are far from the mean of x are said to exert ____ on a linear model; with high enough ____ - residuals can appear to be deceptively small






37. Graphs a dot for each case against a single axis






38. The natural tendency of randomly drawn samples to differ






39. The square of the correlation between y and x; gives the fraction of the variability of y accounted for by the least squares linear regression on x; an overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearly relating y to x






40. A variable whose levels are controlled by the experimenter






41. A hump or local high point in the shape of the distribution of a variable; the apparent locations of these can change as the scale of a histogram is changed






42. The specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor






43. When an observed difference is too large for us to believe that is is likely to have occurred naturally






44. An event is this if we know what outcomes could happen - but not which particular values will happen






45. A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed






46. Any attempt to force a sample to resemble specified attributes of the population






47. The difference between the lowest and highest values in a data set






48. The distribution of a variable restricting the who to consider only a smaller group of individuals






49. To describe this aspect of a distribution - look for single vs. multiple modes - and symmetry vs. skewness






50. This criterion specifies the unique line that minimizes the variance of the residuals or - equivalently - the sum of the squared residuals