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AP Statistics Vocab

Subjects : statistics, ap
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. This corresponding to a z-score gives the percentage of values in a standard normal distribution found at that z-score or below






2. This - b0 - gives a starting value in y-units; it's the y-hat-value when x is 0






3. Data points whose x-values are far from the mean of x are said to exert ____ on a linear model; with high enough ____ - residuals can appear to be deceptively small






4. The ith ___ is the number that falls above i% of the data






5. A positive ____ or association means that - in general - as one variable increases - so does the other; when increases in one variable generally correspond to decreases in the other - the association is negative






6. A study that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in the hope of learning something about the entire population






7. When an observed difference is too large for us to believe that is is likely to have occurred naturally






8. The square of the correlation between y and x; gives the fraction of the variability of y accounted for by the least squares linear regression on x; an overall measure of how successful the regression is in linearly relating y to x






9. Any attempt to force a sample to resemble specified attributes of the population






10. We do this by taking the logarithm - the square root - the reciprocal - or some other mathematical operation on all values in the data set






11. The specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor






12. Any systematic failure of a sampling method to represent its population; common errors are voluntary response - undercoverage - nonresponse ____ - and response ____






13. Places in order the effects that many re-expressions have on the data






14. A display to help assess whether a distribution of data is approximately normal; if it is nearly straight - the data satisfy the nearly normal condition






15. A hump or local high point in the shape of the distribution of a variable; the apparent locations of these can change as the scale of a histogram is changed






16. An individual result of a component of a simulation






17. Useful family of models for unimodal - symmetric distributions






18. All experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment






19. Value calculated from data to summarize aspects of the data






20. A sample is this if the statistics computed from it accurately reflect the corresponding population parameters






21. A variable whose levels are controlled by the experimenter






22. Distributions with more than two modes






23. When the levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor so their effects cannot be separated






24. A numerical measure of the direction and strength of a linear association






25. An event is this if we know what outcomes could happen - but not which particular values will happen






26. A variable whose values are compared across different treatments






27. To be valid - an experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random






28. Lists the categories in a categorical variable and gives the count or percentage of observations for each category






29. This criterion specifies the unique line that minimizes the variance of the residuals or - equivalently - the sum of the squared residuals






30. Displays data that change over time






31. When doing this - consider their shape - center - and spread






32. A sample drawn by selecting individuals systematically from a sampling frame






33. A value that attempts the impossible by summarizing the entire distribution with a single number - a 'typical' value






34. The difference between the first and third quartiles






35. Models random events by using random numbers to specify event outcomes with relative frequencies that correspond to the true real-world relative frequencies we are trying to model






36. The best defense against bias - in which each individual is given a fair - random chance of selection






37. Graphs a dot for each case against a single axis






38. The differences between data values and the corresponding values predicted by the regression model; ____ = observed value - predicted value






39. Numerically valued attribute of a model






40. Displays counts and - sometimes - percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables; categorizes the individuals on all variables at once - to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the cate






41. Found by summing all the data values and dividing by the count






42. A sampling scheme that biases the sample in a way that gives a part of the population less representation than it has in the population






43. In a normal model - about 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean - about 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean - and about 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean






44. Summarized with the mean or the median






45. A numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the 'center'






46. A representative subset of a population - examined in hope of learning about the population






47. Having one mode; this is a useful term for describing the shape of a histogram when it's generally mound-shaped






48. A variable in which the numbers act as numerical values; always has units






49. Consists of the minimum and maximum - the quartiles Q1 and Q3 - and the median






50. Multiplying each data value by a constant multiplies both the measures of position and the measures of spread by that constant







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