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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Absolute risk reduction equation
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Ad/bc

2. 3 yr milestones
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

3. Latent period bias
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Ad/bc
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

4. Emancipation of a minor
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
1/absolute risk reduction

5. Number needed to treat equation
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
1/absolute risk reduction
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

6. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
1/absolute risk reduction
Stage 3
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

7. Matching
Spouse>children>parents
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says

8. Confidence interval confirms H0
Disease (+ or -)
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

9. Positive vs negative skew
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
1/attributable risk
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

10. NTs in REM sleep
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Elderly - vs Destitute

11. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Disease (+ or -)
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says

12. Confidence interval equation (95%)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
1/attributable risk

13. Odds ratio equation
1/attributable risk
Ad/bc
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

14. Case-control vs cohort study
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
1/absolute risk reduction

15. Surrogate hierarchy
Spouse>children>parents
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
1/absolute risk reduction
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

16. Effect modification
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

17. Cross-sectional study
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

18. Number needed to harm equation
Best payment method for preventative care
Disease (+ or -)
1/attributable risk
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

19. Grief sx - timeline
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Ad/bc
Spouse>children>parents
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

20. Late-look bias
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Disease (+ or -)
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

21. MedicarE vs medicaid
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Elderly - vs Destitute
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

22. Reliability=
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

23. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

24. SEM=
=SD/sqrt(n)
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
1/attributable risk
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

25. Relative risk equation
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Stage 3
Ad/bc

26. Null vs alternative hypothesis
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
1/absolute risk reduction

27. BMI equation - levels
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

28. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

29. Capitation
Best payment method for preventative care
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Elderly - vs Destitute

30. Depression sleep patterns
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Ad/bc

31. Selection vs sampling bias
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

32. Attributable risk equation
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

33. Waves of sleep
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

34. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)
1/absolute risk reduction
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

35. Procedure bias
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association

36. Phases of clinical trials
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Stage 3
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

37. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

38. 12 month milestones
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Disease (+ or -)

39. Random vs systematic error
Picking neighbors for controls and such
1/absolute risk reduction
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Spouse>children>parents

40. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Ad/bc
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

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