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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Case-control vs cohort study
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

2. Latent period bias
=SD/sqrt(n)
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

3. MedicarE vs medicaid
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Elderly - vs Destitute

4. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Stage 3

5. Surrogate hierarchy
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Spouse>children>parents
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

6. Depression sleep patterns
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

7. Matching
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

8. Relative risk equation
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]

9. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

10. Attributable risk equation
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

11. Confidence interval confirms H0
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

12. Confidence interval equation (95%)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Best payment method for preventative care
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]

13. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Picking neighbors for controls and such

14. 12 month milestones
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Spouse>children>parents
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association

15. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

16. Emancipation of a minor
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

17. Random vs systematic error
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

18. Positive vs negative skew
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

19. Phases of clinical trials
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

20. Reliability=
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

21. SEM=
Disease (+ or -)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
=SD/sqrt(n)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

22. Effect modification
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

23. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Disease (+ or -)

24. Odds ratio equation
Ad/bc
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Best payment method for preventative care

25. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

26. 3 yr milestones
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
=SD/sqrt(n)
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

27. Waves of sleep
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

28. NTs in REM sleep
Stage 3
Disease (+ or -)
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

29. Late-look bias
Spouse>children>parents
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

30. Number needed to harm equation
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Best payment method for preventative care
1/attributable risk
Disease (+ or -)

31. Cross-sectional study
Spouse>children>parents
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

32. Capitation
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Best payment method for preventative care

33. Grief sx - timeline
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association

34. Absolute risk reduction equation
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
1/attributable risk
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

35. Selection vs sampling bias
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

36. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

37. Null vs alternative hypothesis
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

38. BMI equation - levels
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

39. Procedure bias

40. Number needed to treat equation
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
1/absolute risk reduction
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says