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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Number needed to treat equation
Best payment method for preventative care
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
1/attributable risk
1/absolute risk reduction

2. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

3. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Elderly - vs Destitute
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Disease (+ or -)

4. Procedure bias

5. Confidence interval equation (95%)
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means

6. Case-control vs cohort study
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

7. Depression sleep patterns
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]

8. Emancipation of a minor
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Best payment method for preventative care
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association

9. Attributable risk equation
Ad/bc
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Elderly - vs Destitute
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

10. MedicarE vs medicaid
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
=SD/sqrt(n)
Elderly - vs Destitute

11. NTs in REM sleep
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Elderly - vs Destitute
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

12. Random vs systematic error
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Disease (+ or -)
Ad/bc
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

13. Grief sx - timeline
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

14. Null vs alternative hypothesis
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

15. Reliability=
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Stage 3

16. Odds ratio equation
Best payment method for preventative care
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Ad/bc

17. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

18. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

19. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Stage 3

20. Relative risk equation
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

21. Selection vs sampling bias
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

22. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
=SD/sqrt(n)
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Picking neighbors for controls and such

23. Cross-sectional study
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
1/absolute risk reduction
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

24. Matching
Picking neighbors for controls and such
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Elderly - vs Destitute
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

25. Number needed to harm equation
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
1/attributable risk

26. Effect modification
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
1/absolute risk reduction
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

27. Late-look bias
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

28. Absolute risk reduction equation
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Spouse>children>parents
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

29. Confidence interval confirms H0
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

30. Positive vs negative skew
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

31. Waves of sleep
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Disease (+ or -)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

32. Latent period bias
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
=SD/sqrt(n)

33. 3 yr milestones
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
Best payment method for preventative care
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

34. BMI equation - levels
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Elderly - vs Destitute

35. SEM=
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
=SD/sqrt(n)
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association

36. Capitation
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Best payment method for preventative care
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

37. Surrogate hierarchy
Spouse>children>parents
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Stage 3
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

38. 12 month milestones
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Ad/bc
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says

39. Phases of clinical trials
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
=SD/sqrt(n)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

40. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect