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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Disease (+ or -)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
1/attributable risk
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

2. Random vs systematic error
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

3. Capitation
Elderly - vs Destitute
Best payment method for preventative care
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

4. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

5. Late-look bias
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Best payment method for preventative care
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

6. Case-control vs cohort study
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
1/absolute risk reduction

7. Grief sx - timeline
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

8. Surrogate hierarchy
Spouse>children>parents
Elderly - vs Destitute
Disease (+ or -)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

9. NTs in REM sleep
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

10. Waves of sleep
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

11. Relative risk equation
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Disease (+ or -)

12. Procedure bias

13. Absolute risk reduction equation
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Ad/bc

14. Number needed to harm equation
1/attributable risk
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

15. BMI equation - levels
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
1/absolute risk reduction
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

16. Number needed to treat equation
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
1/absolute risk reduction
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

17. 12 month milestones
Best payment method for preventative care
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

18. Emancipation of a minor
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
=SD/sqrt(n)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

19. 3 yr milestones
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

20. Selection vs sampling bias
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Ad/bc

21. Odds ratio equation
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Stage 3
Ad/bc
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

22. Positive vs negative skew
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

23. Attributable risk equation
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
1/absolute risk reduction
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

24. Effect modification
Picking neighbors for controls and such
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

25. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]

26. Phases of clinical trials
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

27. Confidence interval equation (95%)
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

28. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

29. Matching
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

30. MedicarE vs medicaid
Picking neighbors for controls and such
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Elderly - vs Destitute
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

31. Confidence interval confirms H0
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
=SD/sqrt(n)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
1/attributable risk

32. Cross-sectional study
1/absolute risk reduction
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Picking neighbors for controls and such

33. SEM=
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Stage 3
=SD/sqrt(n)

34. Null vs alternative hypothesis
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

35. Depression sleep patterns
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
1/absolute risk reduction
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

36. Latent period bias
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says

37. Reliability=
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
=SD/sqrt(n)
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
1/absolute risk reduction

38. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Elderly - vs Destitute
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Stage 3

39. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

40. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi