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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Cross-sectional study
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

2. Attributable risk equation
Disease (+ or -)
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

3. SEM=
Ad/bc
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
=SD/sqrt(n)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

4. Positive vs negative skew
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

5. Reliability=
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Picking neighbors for controls and such

6. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

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7. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

8. 3 yr milestones
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
=SD/sqrt(n)
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

9. Relative risk equation
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
=SD/sqrt(n)
Best payment method for preventative care

10. BMI equation - levels
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Disease (+ or -)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

11. Matching
Disease (+ or -)
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

12. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

13. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Disease (+ or -)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

14. Capitation
1/absolute risk reduction
=SD/sqrt(n)
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Best payment method for preventative care

15. Confidence interval confirms H0
Picking neighbors for controls and such
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Elderly - vs Destitute

16. Number needed to harm equation
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
=SD/sqrt(n)
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
1/attributable risk

17. Waves of sleep
=SD/sqrt(n)
Best payment method for preventative care
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

18. Depression sleep patterns
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Best payment method for preventative care
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

19. Procedure bias

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20. Null vs alternative hypothesis
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Spouse>children>parents

21. Effect modification
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

22. Case-control vs cohort study
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
=SD/sqrt(n)

23. Late-look bias
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Elderly - vs Destitute
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

24. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

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25. Absolute risk reduction equation
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

26. Random vs systematic error
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

27. Odds ratio equation
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Ad/bc
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means

28. 12 month milestones
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Stage 3
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

29. Surrogate hierarchy
Spouse>children>parents
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

30. Selection vs sampling bias
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

31. Phases of clinical trials
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Stage 3

32. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

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33. Latent period bias
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

34. Confidence interval equation (95%)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Spouse>children>parents
1/absolute risk reduction

35. Number needed to treat equation
1/absolute risk reduction
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

36. Emancipation of a minor
1/attributable risk
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
1/absolute risk reduction

37. MedicarE vs medicaid
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Elderly - vs Destitute
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

38. NTs in REM sleep
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

39. Grief sx - timeline
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
1/attributable risk
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

40. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Stage 3
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
=SD/sqrt(n)
Spouse>children>parents