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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Selection vs sampling bias
1/attributable risk
1/absolute risk reduction
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

2. Phases of clinical trials
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

3. Effect modification
1/absolute risk reduction
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

4. Random vs systematic error
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
=SD/sqrt(n)

5. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

6. BMI equation - levels
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

7. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

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8. NTs in REM sleep
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
=SD/sqrt(n)
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

9. Procedure bias

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10. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Stage 3
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

11. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

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12. Surrogate hierarchy
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Spouse>children>parents
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

13. Depression sleep patterns
Elderly - vs Destitute
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

14. Waves of sleep
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Disease (+ or -)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
=SD/sqrt(n)

15. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

16. SEM=
Disease (+ or -)
1/absolute risk reduction
=SD/sqrt(n)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

17. MedicarE vs medicaid
Elderly - vs Destitute
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Best payment method for preventative care

18. Absolute risk reduction equation
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Elderly - vs Destitute
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

19. Confidence interval confirms H0
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Spouse>children>parents
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

20. Emancipation of a minor
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Best payment method for preventative care

21. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

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22. Cross-sectional study
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

23. Odds ratio equation
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Ad/bc
Best payment method for preventative care
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

24. Number needed to treat equation
Stage 3
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
1/absolute risk reduction

25. Null vs alternative hypothesis
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Disease (+ or -)

26. Latent period bias
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

27. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
1/attributable risk
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Disease (+ or -)

28. Confidence interval equation (95%)
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
=SD/sqrt(n)
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

29. Positive vs negative skew
Disease (+ or -)
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

30. Reliability=
1/attributable risk
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

31. Grief sx - timeline
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

32. Matching
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
1/absolute risk reduction
Ad/bc
Picking neighbors for controls and such

33. Late-look bias
1/attributable risk
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Elderly - vs Destitute

34. Attributable risk equation
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]

35. 3 yr milestones
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

36. Number needed to harm equation
1/attributable risk
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

37. Relative risk equation
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

38. Capitation
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Best payment method for preventative care
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

39. 12 month milestones
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

40. Case-control vs cohort study
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
=SD/sqrt(n)
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public