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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. NTs in REM sleep
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Elderly - vs Destitute

2. Effect modification
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

3. Latent period bias
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

4. Relative risk equation
Ad/bc
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

5. Surrogate hierarchy
=SD/sqrt(n)
Spouse>children>parents
1/attributable risk
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

6. SEM=
Ad/bc
=SD/sqrt(n)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says

7. Capitation
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Best payment method for preventative care
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Disease (+ or -)

8. Cross-sectional study
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Elderly - vs Destitute
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

9. 12 month milestones
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

10. Case-control vs cohort study
Disease (+ or -)
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

11. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

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12. Waves of sleep
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

13. Confidence interval equation (95%)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Disease (+ or -)

14. Selection vs sampling bias
Ad/bc
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Best payment method for preventative care
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

15. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
Disease (+ or -)
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

16. Absolute risk reduction equation
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
1/attributable risk
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

17. Phases of clinical trials
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
1/absolute risk reduction
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Disease (+ or -)

18. Late-look bias
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
1/absolute risk reduction

19. Matching
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

20. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

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21. Positive vs negative skew
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

22. Confidence interval confirms H0
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Stage 3
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

23. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

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24. Depression sleep patterns
Spouse>children>parents
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

25. Grief sx - timeline
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Ad/bc
=SD/sqrt(n)
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

26. Null vs alternative hypothesis
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means

27. Attributable risk equation
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

28. Number needed to harm equation
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
1/attributable risk
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association

29. BMI equation - levels
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
=SD/sqrt(n)

30. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Stage 3

31. 3 yr milestones
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Disease (+ or -)
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
1/absolute risk reduction

32. Odds ratio equation
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Ad/bc

33. Procedure bias

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34. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Elderly - vs Destitute
Disease (+ or -)

35. Emancipation of a minor
=SD/sqrt(n)
Spouse>children>parents
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

36. Number needed to treat equation
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
1/absolute risk reduction

37. MedicarE vs medicaid
Elderly - vs Destitute
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

38. Reliability=
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

39. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Elderly - vs Destitute
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

40. Random vs systematic error
Disease (+ or -)
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
1/absolute risk reduction
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational