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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Number needed to treat equation
1/attributable risk
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
1/absolute risk reduction

2. MedicarE vs medicaid
Spouse>children>parents
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Stage 3
Elderly - vs Destitute

3. Phases of clinical trials
1/attributable risk
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
=SD/sqrt(n)
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

4. SEM=
=SD/sqrt(n)
Elderly - vs Destitute
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational

5. Confidence interval confirms H0
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

6. Reliability=
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Spouse>children>parents

7. Absolute risk reduction equation
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
=SD/sqrt(n)
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

8. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Disease (+ or -)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

9. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

10. Cross-sectional study
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

11. 3 yr milestones
Ad/bc
Spouse>children>parents
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

12. Depression sleep patterns
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

13. Case-control vs cohort study
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

14. Selection vs sampling bias
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Ad/bc

15. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Stage 3
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

16. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

17. Procedure bias

18. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

19. Effect modification
Spouse>children>parents
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

20. Waves of sleep
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Ad/bc
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

21. Positive vs negative skew
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Stage 3

22. Confidence interval equation (95%)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
1/attributable risk

23. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

24. Late-look bias
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal

25. Odds ratio equation
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Ad/bc
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

26. Grief sx - timeline
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

27. Matching
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Elderly - vs Destitute

28. 12 month milestones
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

29. NTs in REM sleep
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

30. Emancipation of a minor
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

31. Attributable risk equation
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Ad/bc
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Spouse>children>parents

32. Surrogate hierarchy
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
Ad/bc
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Spouse>children>parents

33. Number needed to harm equation
Stage 3
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
1/attributable risk
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

34. Null vs alternative hypothesis
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

35. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Disease (+ or -)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Stage 3

36. Capitation
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Best payment method for preventative care
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

37. Latent period bias
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
Spouse>children>parents
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

38. Random vs systematic error
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

39. BMI equation - levels
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta

40. Relative risk equation
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy