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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Relative risk equation
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

2. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
Spouse>children>parents
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Disease (+ or -)
1/attributable risk

3. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

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4. Latent period bias
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
1/attributable risk
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

5. Absolute risk reduction equation
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Elderly - vs Destitute

6. Cross-sectional study
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Picking neighbors for controls and such
Ad/bc
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

7. Surrogate hierarchy
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
=SD/sqrt(n)
Spouse>children>parents
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences

8. Case-control vs cohort study
Disease (+ or -)
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Best payment method for preventative care
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

9. 12 month milestones
Best payment method for preventative care
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

10. Confidence interval equation (95%)
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

11. Null vs alternative hypothesis
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]

12. Reliability=
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

13. Late-look bias
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

14. Odds ratio equation
Ad/bc
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

15. Selection vs sampling bias
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Those in different groups aren't treated the same

16. BMI equation - levels
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

17. 3 yr milestones
1/attributable risk
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Best payment method for preventative care
Disease (+ or -)

18. Capitation
=SD/sqrt(n)
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Best payment method for preventative care

19. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Spouse>children>parents
Stage 3
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Mean +/- 2(SEM)

20. MedicarE vs medicaid
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Elderly - vs Destitute

21. Emancipation of a minor
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

22. Confidence interval confirms H0
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Stage 3
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means

23. SEM=
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
=SD/sqrt(n)

24. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
=SD/sqrt(n)
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

25. Positive vs negative skew
Spouse>children>parents
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

26. Number needed to harm equation
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
1/attributable risk
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

27. NTs in REM sleep
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Best payment method for preventative care
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM

28. Matching
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Picking neighbors for controls and such

29. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

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30. Grief sx - timeline
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Elderly - vs Destitute
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
=SD/sqrt(n)

31. Attributable risk equation
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Picking neighbors for controls and such

32. Procedure bias

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33. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

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34. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
1/attributable risk
Ad/bc
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)
1/absolute risk reduction

35. Random vs systematic error
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

36. Depression sleep patterns
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode

37. Effect modification
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs

38. Phases of clinical trials
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means

39. Waves of sleep
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

40. Number needed to treat equation
1/absolute risk reduction
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Ad/bc
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

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Behavioral Science

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