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Behavioral Science

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where does most abnl actions in sleep occur?
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Stage 3
1/absolute risk reduction
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

2. NTs in REM sleep
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

3. Surrogate hierarchy
Ad/bc
1/attributable risk
Spouse>children>parents
Best payment method for preventative care

4. Effect modification
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Disease (+ or -)
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias

5. Absolute risk reduction equation
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Risk without tx minus risk with tx
Stage 3

6. 12 month milestones
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

7. Depression sleep patterns
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings

8. Reliability=
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is

9. Relative risk equation
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Walking - separation anxiety - understand 25% of what he says
=SD/sqrt(n)

10. SEM=
=SD/sqrt(n)
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means

11. Pygmalian vs Hawthorne effect

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12. Number needed to treat equation
1/absolute risk reduction
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior

13. Attributable risk equation
Disease (+ or -)
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Spouse>children>parents

14. Emancipation of a minor
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
=SD/sqrt(n)
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Precision - Consistent and reproducible

15. Case-control vs cohort study
Picking neighbors for controls and such
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

16. Phases of clinical trials
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

17. Number needed to harm equation
Take people who have a dz - see what RFs there were vs take people with RFs - see if they develop a dz - Odds ratio vs relative risk - Retrospective vs observational
1/attributable risk
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese

18. Confidence interval confirms H0
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

19. P value vs power (1-beta) determine them - Power
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
1/attributable risk
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

20. 3 yr milestones
1/absolute risk reduction
Feeds self - tricycle - gender identity - toilet trained - sentences
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs

21. Latent period bias
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces

22. Matching
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Picking neighbors for controls and such
=SD/sqrt(n)
1/absolute risk reduction

23. BMI equation - levels
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy
1/absolute risk reduction
Kg/m^2 - <18.5=underweight - 18.5-25=good - 25-30=overweight - 30-40=obese - 40+=morbidly obese
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public

24. Cross-sectional study
Increased REM - Faster entrance to REM - Repeated awakenings
Best payment method for preventative care
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Take data from everyone to get info like prevalence - risks - etc.

25. Confidence interval equation (95%)
Mean +/- 2(SEM)
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
You catch the confounding error. Not a bias
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

26. Late-look bias
Researches belief in the outcome effects the outcome - vs Subjects realize they're being studied so they change their behavior
Ad/bc
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)

27. Capitation
Those in different groups aren't treated the same
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Best payment method for preventative care
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap

28. 1st vs 2nd tests in determining a patient having dz
Info gathered at a bad time - Ex. Survey of fatal dz (only those alive answer)
Marriage - Self-supporting - Has children - Military - Emergencies - OCPs - STDs - pregnancy - drugs
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
1st-Rule out. High sensitivity (SNOUT) - 2nd-Rule in. High specificity (SPIN)

29. t-test vs ANOVA vs chi

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30. MedicarE vs medicaid
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Elderly - vs Destitute
Precision - Consistent and reproducible
Picking neighbors for controls and such

31. Random vs systematic error
Disease (+ or -)
[a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
[a/(a+c)] - [c/(c+d)]
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

32. Odds ratio equation
Stage 3
Best payment method for preventative care
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Ad/bc

33. For the 2x2 - always put ? on top
1-Assess toxicity - safety. Healthy volunteers - 2-Assess dosing - SEs - 3-Huge number of people to compare it to the current standard of care - 4-Long term SEs
Alpha vs beta - FP vs FN - There is a difference when there really isn't vs There isn't a difference when there really is
Disease (+ or -)
Risk without tx minus risk with tx

34. Selection vs sampling bias
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Difference between 2 means - vs - Difference between 3+ means - vs - Difference between things that aren't means
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Reduces precision vs reduces accuracy

35. Waves of sleep
Need a certain amount of time before the result surfaces
Awake=beta - Stage 1=theta - Stage 2=spindles - K complexes - Stage 3=delta (widest with tallest amplitudes) - Stage 4/REM=beta
If odds ratio or relative risk cross 1 - If two groups overlap
Best payment method for preventative care

36. Null vs alternative hypothesis
Disease (+ or -)
H0 vs H1 - There is no association vs there is an association
ACh increases it - NE reduces REM
Stage 3

37. Procedure bias

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38. Positive vs negative skew
1/absolute risk reduction
Nonrandom assignment to study group - vs - Subjects not a good representation of the public
Hump moves left vs right - Mean>median>mode vs Mean<median<mode
1-beta - Probability of finding the difference when there is one (aka not getting Type II error)

39. Type I vs Type II error (including how you decrease the probability of getting them)

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40. Grief sx - timeline
Ad/bc
Picking neighbors for controls and such
5 steps - hallucinations - delusions - >2 months is abnormal
Stage 3