Test your basic knowledge |

Biochemistry

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a carboxylase do
Metanephrine
Many generations - both male and female affected - often pleiotropic - can present clinically after puberty
Arg - lys - his - arg is most basic - has has no charge at body pH
Adds 2 carbon with the help of biotin

2. What is the TX for CF and What does it do
N- acteylcysteine - cleave disulfide bonds within mucus glycoproteins
Aberrant 3rd and 4th branchial arches causing 22q11 deletion - cleft palate - abnl facies - thymic dysplasia - cardiac defects - hypocalcemia secondary to parathyroid aplasia
Macrocytic - megaloblastic anemia - hypersegmented PMNs - neurologic symptoms - (parasthesias - subacute combined degeneration) due to abnl myelin - prolonged becomes irreversible
Hypercalciuria - loss of appetite - stupor - seen in sarcoidosis from activation fo vit D by epithelioid macrophage

3. How does ouabain work
Specific glycosylases - AP endonuclease
Unwinds DNA template at replcation fork
Faulty collagen synthesis - hyperextensible skin - tendency to bleed - easy bruising - hypermobile joints
Inhibits the Na/K pump by binding the K side

4. What is the result of vit B5 def
Pseudomonas and s aureus
Dermatitis - enteritis - alopecia - adrenal insuff
Alpha 1 -4 glucosidase
30 - glycerol -3- phosphate shuttle

5. How does OTC def present
Evident in first few days of life - can present last onest - excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to orotic acid - orotic acid in blood and urine - dec BUN and symptoms of hyerpammonemia
APRT + PRPP
Leu - lys
Breaks down acyl - coa to acetyl coa groups in mito

6. Formed and degradation of VLDL - delivers TGs and cholesterol to liver where they are degraded to LDL
IDL
HMG- CoA reductase
Alpha1 antitrypsin
Differences in phenotype depend on whether the mutation is of maternal or paternal origin - prader - willi and angelman's syndrome

7. What is NAD+ generally used for
NADPH
Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH
B100 and E
Palate - facial and cardiac defects

8. What is the pathway in the fasting state leading to inc FBPase -2 and dec PFK-2
Phenylketones in urine
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE
HDL
Inc glucagon - inc cAMP - inc PKA

9. Which part of the DNA binds RNA polymerase and multiple other TFs upstream from gene locus
Athralgias - fatigue - headaches - skin changes - sore throat - alopecia
Promotor - TATA box - and CAAT box - AT rich
CGG
Dec methionine - inc cystiene - inc B12/folate

10. What are uncoupling agents
Malapsorption syndromes like sprue or CF or mineral oil intake
Terminal regions - tropocollagen
Inc permeability of membrane causing a dec in proton gradient and inc in O2 consumption - ATP synthesis stops - but electron transport continues to produce heat
Excess ATP - dATP - feeback inhibits ribonucleotide reductase - no DNA synthesis

11. Type II cartilage
Superoxide dismutase
CarTWOlage
Unmethylated - newly synthesized - HNPCC
Particular sequence of DNA where replicatino begins - may be single of multiple

12. What is the origin of replication
GTP hydrolysis - initiation factors assemble 40S ribosomal subunit with initiator tRNA and are released with mRNA and ribosomal subunit assemble with the complex
Particular sequence of DNA where replicatino begins - may be single of multiple
Sucrose = glucose + fructose - lactose = glucose + galactose
O- oligosaccharaides

13. How do stable (quiescent) cells grow and regenerate and What are examples
Enter G1 from G0 when stimulated - hepatocytes and lymphocytes
Ribulose 5P to ribose 5P - G3P and F6P - transketolase and B1
Glucose to G-6P - hexokinase and fructose -6P to fructose 1 -6 BP phosphofructokinase -1
Passed to glutamate - then to alanine enters blood - enters liver - coverted to pyruvate and transfers ammonium back to glutamate which gives it to the urea cycle

14. What is used to diagnose muscular dystrophies
Inc CPK and muscle biopsy
Phosphorylation - glycosylation - hydroxylation
IDL
Malate - aspartate shuttle or the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

15. What does vit C def cause
Scurvy - swollen gums - bruising - hemarthrosis - anemia - poor wound healing - weakened immune response
MRNA
Liver - also in kidney and gut epithelium
FISH

16. What collagen type is most frequently affected in ehlers danlos and What are common complications
III - joint dislocation - anuerysms - organ rupture
Mental retardation - hyperphagia - obesity - hypogonadism - hypotonia - deletion of normally active paternal allele on chromosome 15
Neural tube
17 - 17 letters in von Recklinghausen

17. hepatosplenomegaly - aseptic necrosis of femur - bone crisis - MACS that look like crumpled tissue paper

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

18. fibrillin defect leading to connective tissue disorder affecting skeleton - heart - and eyes
Wrinkles and acne
Wernicke - korsakoff - dry and wet beriberi
III - joint dislocation - anuerysms - organ rupture
Marfans

19. What is pleiotropy and given an example
1 gene had >1 effect on an individuals phenotype - PKU causes many seemingly unrelated symptoms ranging from mental retardation to hair/skin changes
Uses ATP to add high energy phophate group onto substrate
Scrutinizes - hydrolyzes the bond
Lariat shape in order and remove intron precisely and join 2 exons

20. Adenosine deaminase deficiency is an important cause of what immunodeficiency?
Dec DNA - dec lymphos leads to SCID
Degradation of TG remaining in IDL
Phenylketones in urine
Type II

21. characterize autosomal recessive inheritance
Four
Athralgias - fatigue - headaches - skin changes - sore throat - alopecia
1/4 of offspring from 2 carrier parents are affected - often enzyme def - usually only seen in 1 generation - often more sever than AD - presents in childhood
Mebendazole/thiabendazole

22. What are the findings with homocystinuria and What amino acid is needs to be supplemented
Glucose 6P to CO2 - 2NADPH - ribulose 5P - G6PD - rate limiting step
Homocystein in ruine - mental retardation - osteoporosis - tall stature - kyphosis - lens subluxation and atherosclerosis leading to stroke and MI - cysteine
Miscarriage - stillbirth - chromosomal imbalance (down - patau)
Malabsorption and steatorrhea (ADEK)

23. bilateral acoustic schwannomas - juvenile cataracts
CO2 + NH4 needs carbamoyl phosphate synthase I - in the mitochondria
Presence of both nl and mutated mtDNA resulting in mitochondrial inherited disease
NF2 on chromosome 22
Cori's - debranching enzyme alpha 1 -6 glucosidase - gluconeogenesis intact

24. What are the glucogenic essential amino acids
Octamer = 2 sets of H2A - H2B - H3 - H4 - tie =H1
HMG- CoA synthase
Backup of substrate (pyruvate and alanine) resulting in lactic acidosis - congenital or acquired from thiamine def in EtOH - neuro defects
Met - val - arg his

25. What apolipoproteins are on chylomicrons
Kidney - ears - eyes
B48 - AIV - CII - E
Vincritsine/vinblastine
Skin

26. How do glucagon/epi lead to glycogenolysis
Adenylyl cycle - inc cAMP - inc PKA - glycogen phosphorylase kinase activated - glycogen phosphoylase active - glycolysis
Heterochromatin = HighlyCondensed
P+q = 1
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia - wiskott - aldrich - fabrys disease - G6PD def - ocular albinism - Lesch - Nyhan syndrome - Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy - hunter's syndrome - hemophilia A and B

27. Which bond is stronger AT or CG and why? What is the laboratory consequence of this?
Mitochondria
Polycystic liver disease - berry aneurysm - mitral valve prolapse
CG- 3 > AT-2 - More CG content - melting point goes up
HMG- CoA synthase

28. Where do you find elastin and What does it do
Glossitis - severe = pellagra - diarrhea - dermatitis - dementia
Hepatic glycogenolysis - adipose tissue release of FFA - muslce and liver FFA - hepatic gluconeogenesis from peripheral tissue lactate and alanine and from adipose tissue glycerol and proprionyl - coA (odd chain FFA)
Lungs - large arteries - elastic ligaments - vocal cords - ligamenta flava - stretch.
De novo pyrimidine synthesis and urea - ornithine transcarbamoyl def in the urea cycle leads to a build of CP - then converted to orotic acid in pyrimidine synthesis pathway

29. In which structures do you find microtubules
P2 +2pq+ = 1
Hypophophatemia rickets - vit D resistant ricketts - inc wasting of phosphate in proximal tubule - rickets like presentation
Flagella - cilia - mitotic spindles
Glutamate

30. What is the hardy weinber heterozygote prevalence
Vit K antagonist
Oxalacetate
Hepatic overproduction of VLDL causing pancreatitis - elvelated TGs and VLDL
2pq

31. What are the water soluble vitamins - which ones are stored
B(1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 - 12) C - biotin and folate (B12 and folate are stored)
Ile - phe - thr - trp
F16BP
NH2-(C=O) - NH2 one NH2 from ammonia the C=O from CO2 - and the other NH2 from aspartate

32. Infection with what organism can cause B12 def
Animal products - synthesized only by microorganisms - large reserve pool - mainly in liver
3' end (with CCA)
Glucose 6P to CO2 - 2NADPH - ribulose 5P - G6PD - rate limiting step
Diphyllobothrium latum

33. energy malnutrition resulting in tissues and muscle wasting - loss of subQ fat - variable edema
Production of a recombinant DNA molecule that is self perpetuating - plasmids - selection - restriction enzyme cleavage - tissue mRNA with reverse transcriptase to make cDNA
Leu - lys
Proline and glycine (non glycosylated forms)
Marasmus - muscle wasting

34. What does apoA 1 do
Macrocytic - megaloblastic anemia - hypersegmented PMNs - neurologic symptoms - (parasthesias - subacute combined degeneration) due to abnl myelin - prolonged becomes irreversible
Seals.
Activates LCAT
NADH - NADPH - FADH2

35. How many rings do purines have
2 rings
25OHD3
Inc melt - dec fluidity
Directly inhibit the Na/K pump which leads to indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange - inc calcium inside the cell - inc cardiac contractility

36. What are bite cells and when do you see them
Inc glucagon - inc cAMP - inc PKA
Result from phagocytic removal of heinz bodies my macs - G6PD def
Intermediate filaments
Uses ATP to add high energy phophate group onto substrate

37. What happens to glycogen in the liver
Anchor muscle fibers - primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Chronic granulomatous disease - no respiatory burst - no formatino of ROS
Stored and undergoes glycogenolysis to maintain blood sugar at appropriate levels
After day 1

38. What does commaless - nonoverlapping genetic code refer to...
Read from a fixed starting point as a continuous sequence of bases
HMG- CoA - brain to 2 molecules of acetyl - Coa - excreted in urine
X- linked recessive
Familial hypercholesterolemia - hyperlipidemia type IIA

39. What clotting factors require vit K
II - VII - IX - X (1972) protein C and S
Inc permeability of membrane causing a dec in proton gradient and inc in O2 consumption - ATP synthesis stops - but electron transport continues to produce heat
Phenylalanine hydroxylase - tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor
Alanine

40. What is the activated carrier for phosphoryl
ATP
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE
Nissl body - enzyme and NTs
Proton gradient

41. peripheral neuropathy of hands/feet - angiokeratomas - CV/renal disease - dz - def enzyme - acc substrate - inherit
1 kind with multiple subunits
Biotin
Ubiquitous - low Km - high affinity - low capacity low Vmax - uninduced by insulin
Fabrys - alpha galactosidase A - ceramide trihexoside - XR

42. What drugs can cause folate def
Phosphorylation - glycosylation - hydroxylation
Palate - facial and cardiac defects
Phenytoin - MTX - and sulfonamides
High output cardiac failure - dilated cardiomyopathy - edema

43. What is the purpose of the HMP shunt
2pq
Provide a source of NADPH from an abundantly available glucose 6P - create ribose for nucleotide synthesis and glycolytic intermediates
Nature and severity of phenotype vary from 1 individual to another - NF type 1
Fatty acid oxidation - acetyl - Coa production - TCA cycle - OXPHOS

44. What is locus heterogeneity and give an example
Semiconservative - continuous and discontinuous strands (okazaki fragments)
Many generations - both male and female affected - often pleiotropic - can present clinically after puberty
Mutations at different loci can produce the same phenotype - marfans - MEN 2B - homocystinuria; all cause marfinoid habitus - also albinism
Each codon specifies only 1 amino acid

45. What are the symptoms of vit A excess
Poly A polymerase - signal is AAUAA
HMG- CoA (HMG- CoA to mevalonate
Myeloperoxidase
Athralgias - fatigue - headaches - skin changes - sore throat - alopecia

46. What enzymes metabolize fatty acids and amino acids
Mental retardation - seizures - ataxia - inappropriate laughter - deletion of normally active maternal allele
Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus - mamillary bodies
Acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate
Cytosol - F 1 -6 BP to fructose 6 Phosphate

47. What is the Hardy Weinberg disease prevalence equation
Tendency for certain alleles at 2 linked loci to occur together more often than expected by chance - varies is different populations
P2 +2pq+ = 1
In ER - glucose 6- P to glucose
Proline and glycine (non glycosylated forms)

48. What enzyme degrades a small amount of glycogen in lysosomes
Acetyl - CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Alcohol version of glucose - can trap glucose in cell - aldose reductase
Dec DNA - dec lymphos leads to SCID
Alpha 1 -4 glucosidase

49. What is the pathway in the fed state leading to dec FBPase -2 and inc PFK-2
30 - glycerol -3- phosphate shuttle
Defect in fibrillin
Inc insulin - dec cAMP - dec PKA
Essential fructosuria - fructokinase AR

50. What tissue samples are used for karyotyping
UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
Rotenone - CN- - antimycin A - CO
Blood - bone marrown - amniotic fluid - placental tissue
Glycogenolysis to form glucose