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Test your basic knowledge |
Biochemistry
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are cyclins
Regulatory proteins that control cell cycle events; phase specific; activate CDKs
Transmitted only through mother - all offspring of affected females may show signs of disease
APKD1 on chromosome 16
Pyroxidine - converted to pyroxidine phosphate a cofactor used in transamination - decarboxylation - glycogen phosphorylase - cystathionine synthesis and heme synthesis - required for synthesis of niacin and tryptophan
2. What are the names and sources of the two types of vit D found in nature
Oxidized hemoglobin precipiated within RBCs
D2 = ergocalciferol - ingested from plants D3 = cholecalciferol - ingested from milk - formed in sun exposed skin
Dec AFP - inc betahCGH - dec estradiol - inc inhibin - inc nuchal translucency on US
Collagen
3. What is the RDE of glycogen synthesis
Polycystic liver disease - berry aneurysm - mitral valve prolapse
Malabsorption and steatorrhea (ADEK)
CG- 3 > AT-2 - More CG content - melting point goes up
Glycogen synthase
4. What does vit B3 def result in
Cofactor for LPL
Abnormal protein folding - degradation before reaching cell surface
Adipse tissue stores - keton bodies become the main source of energy fo the brain and heart - after these are depleted - vital protein degradation accelerates - leading to organ failure and death
Glossitis - severe = pellagra - diarrhea - dermatitis - dementia
5. Which amino acids are elastin rich in
Proline and glycine (non glycosylated forms)
Lysine and leucine
Binds 50S - blocking translocation
Nucleotide excision repair - xeroderma pigmentosum; unable to repair thymidine dimers caused by UV light
6. What kind of branches do glycogen branches have
Basement membrane or basal lamina
PMNs
Alpha 1 -6 and alpha 1 -4
ADEK - dependent on gut (ileum) and pancreas - accumulate in fat and can cause toxicity
7. What is the structure of elastin
Coarse facial features - clouded corneas - restricted joint movements - high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes - often fatal in childhood
Tropoelastin with fibrillin scafolding
Catalase positive (catalase neg produce H2O2 the cell can use) like S. aureus or aspergillus
Inc melt - dec fluidity
8. hepatosplenomegaly - aseptic necrosis of femur - bone crisis - MACS that look like crumpled tissue paper
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9. Is there any requirement for homology in NHEJ
No - its non homologous
Many generations - both male and female affected - often pleiotropic - can present clinically after puberty
Phosphofructokinase 1
Oxidized hemoglobin precipiated within RBCs
10. Type IV collagen
Microtuble polymerization defect causing a dec in phagocytosis results in recurrent pyogenic infections - partial albinism - and peripheral neuropathy
Zero
Basement membrane or basal lamina
Phosphorylation excess glucose to sequester it - liver becomes blood glucose buffer
11. How is vit D stored
Limit protein diet - benzoate or phenylbutarate (both bind amino acids leading to excretion) can decrease ammonia levels
Free ribosomes
9+2 arrangement of microtubules
25OHD3
12. What are the findings in PKU
Mental retardation - macro - orchidism - long face with large jaw - large everted ears - autism - and mitral valve prolapse
G6PD
LPL def - or altered apoCII - elevated TG and cholesterol - causes pancreatitis - hepatosplenomegaly and eruptive/pruritic xannthomas - no risk of atherosclerosis
Mental retardation - growth retardation - seizures - fair skin - eczema - musty body odor
13. What is the activated carrier for Co2
Purines= A - G pyrimidine = C - T (U)
Biotin
II - VII - IX - X (1972) protein C and S
Acetyl - CoA carboxylase (ACC)
14. What is the treatment for cystathionine synthase def
Kidney - ears - eyes
Dec methionine - inc cystiene - inc B12/folate
Acetyl - CoA
Hyperlipidemia
15. What are the complications/signs of familial hypercholesterolemia
Sever atherosclerotic disease early in life - and tendon xanthomas on the achilles - MI may develop before 20
Alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Debranching enzyme
Mediates chylomicron secretion
16. How do microtubules grow and collapse
Defect in fibrillin
O- oligosaccharaides
Grows slowly - collapses quickly
Tay- Sachs - hexosaminidase A - GM2 ganglioside - AR
17. Outside the fibroblast What part of procollagen is cleaved and What is it transformed into
Terminal regions - tropocollagen
Production of a recombinant DNA molecule that is self perpetuating - plasmids - selection - restriction enzyme cleavage - tissue mRNA with reverse transcriptase to make cDNA
Directly inhibit the Na/K pump which leads to indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange - inc calcium inside the cell - inc cardiac contractility
Adds 2 carbon with the help of biotin
18. What makes up a nucleoside
Mediates extra remnant take up
Base + ribose
Inc orotic acid in urine - megaloblastic anemia (does not correct with B12 or folate) - failure to thrive
AD absent of dec LDL receptors causes accelerated atherosclerosis - achilles xanthomas and corneal arcus - increase LDL and elecated cholesterol
19. How does chloramphenicol work
Alcohol version of glucose - can trap glucose in cell - aldose reductase
Glycogenolysis to form glucose
Inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase
IMP precursor
20. What is the function of folic acid
Cheilosis - inflammation of lips - scaling and fissures at the corner of the mouth - corneal vascularization
Converted to THF - a coenzyme for one - carbon transfer/methylation reactions - important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
Achondroplasia
Transmitted only through mother - all offspring of affected females may show signs of disease
21. What polar group does guanine have - and what non polar group does thymine have
Ribulose 5P to ribose 5P - G3P and F6P - transketolase and B1
APRT + PRPP
Ketone - methyl
MRNA - tRNA
22. Formed and degradation of VLDL - delivers TGs and cholesterol to liver where they are degraded to LDL
Reads usual codon but inserts wrong AA
GTP
IDL
Constitutive - random insertion of gene into mouse genome and conditional - targeted insertion or deletion of gene through homologous recombination with mouse gene
23. What happens with wet beriberi
VLDL
Remain in G0 - regenerate from stem cells - neurons - skeletal/cardiac muscle - RBCs
TRNA
High output cardiac failure - dilated cardiomyopathy - edema
24. What does the addition of mannose -6 phosphate do
GAA
LPL def - or altered apoCII - elevated TG and cholesterol - causes pancreatitis - hepatosplenomegaly and eruptive/pruritic xannthomas - no risk of atherosclerosis
Targets the proteins for lysosome
Reticulin - skin - blood vessels - uterus - fetal tissue - granulation tissue
25. What do B- complex vitamin deficiencies often result in
Inc insulin - dec cAMP - dec PKA
Dermatitis - glossitis - and diarrhea
In cytosol - oxaloacetate to phosphenolpyruvate - requires GTP
Dec phenylalanine (contained in aspartame - Nutrasweet) inc tyrosine in diet
26. What ribosomes do eukaryotes have
Cori's - debranching enzyme alpha 1 -6 glucosidase - gluconeogenesis intact
40 - 60 - 80
Lysine and leucine
Glycolysis - fatty acid synthesis - HMP shunt - protein synthesis (RER) - steroid synthesis (SER)
27. What is the TX for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Mental retardation - hyperphagia - obesity - hypogonadism - hypotonia - deletion of normally active paternal allele on chromosome 15
Inc intake of ketogenic nutrients - high in fact content or inc lysine or leucine
If pt inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppresor gene - the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops - not true of oncogenes - retinoblastoma
Purines= A - G pyrimidine = C - T (U)
28. What is regeneration of methionine depedent on...
Polyneuritis - symmetrical muscle wasting
B12 and folate
Two
Mental retardation - seizures - ataxia - inappropriate laughter - deletion of normally active maternal allele
29. What happens in carnitine def
Gaucher's - beta glucocerebrosidase - glucocerebrosie - AR
Inability to transport LCFAs into mitochondria results in toxic accumulation causing weakness - hypotonia - hyperketotic hyperglycemia
Inc fragility of RBC - hemolytic anemia - muscle weakness - posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
Muscle
30. What part of the pre mRNA contains the actual genetic information coding for protein
Exons
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Silencers
Lactate
31. What are the results of pancreatic insuff in CF
Flagella - cilia - mitotic spindles
Acetyl - CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Malabsorption and steatorrhea (ADEK)
No mutation occuring at the locus - no selection for any genotypes at the locus - completely random mating - no migration
32. Type III collagen
Males are infertile due to bilateral absence of vas deferens
Inhibits RNA polymerase II - found in death cap mushrooms
Reticulin - skin - blood vessels - uterus - fetal tissue - granulation tissue
4 under the floor
33. What is the most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
Glycogen and FFA oxidation; glucose conserved for final sprinting
No
Scurvy - swollen gums - bruising - hemarthrosis - anemia - poor wound healing - weakened immune response
34. What other inflammatory process can induce a hemolytic anemia in NADPH defieicnt patients
Infection - free radicals generated by inflammatory response
HGPRT - defective purine salvage - excess uric acid production
Diphyllobothrium latum
Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH
35. colon becomes covered witih adenomatous polyps after puberty - progresses to colon cancer unless resected
Silencers
Oxidative and nonoxidative - no ATP produced or used
FAP
Proton gradient
36. What bone disorder has x linked dominant inheritance
Hypophophatemia rickets - vit D resistant ricketts - inc wasting of phosphate in proximal tubule - rickets like presentation
Hepatic glycogenolysis - adipose tissue release of FFA - muslce and liver FFA - hepatic gluconeogenesis from peripheral tissue lactate and alanine and from adipose tissue glycerol and proprionyl - coA (odd chain FFA)
Krabbes - galactocerebrosidase - galactocerebroside - AR
Conversion of NE to epi
37. What is the order of severity for the different types of mutations
Adenosine to inosine
Cri du chat
Retardation - self mutilation - aggression - hyperuricemia - gout - choreoathetosis
Nonsense > missense > silent
38. What is the target of the 3' hydroxyl attack
Fed
Animal products - synthesized only by microorganisms - large reserve pool - mainly in liver
If pt inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppresor gene - the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops - not true of oncogenes - retinoblastoma
The triphosphate bond
39. What enzyme adds Cl - to the H202 to makes bleach
Glucose - 2Pi - 2ADP - 2NAD+
Myeloperoxidase
Inherited lysosomal storage disorder; failure of addition of mannose 6 phosphate to lysosomal proteins - enzymes secreted outside of cell instead of lysosomes
Phosphofructokinase 1
40. Leysh - Nyhan syndrome is a defect in which enzyme and What are the biochemical results
Hereditary defect of renal tubular amino acid transporter for cystein - ornithine - lysine and arginine in PCT
HGPRT - defective purine salvage - excess uric acid production
B48 - AIV - CII - E
Mediates chylomicron secretion
41. What inhibits pyruvate kinase
Glycogen and FFA oxidation; glucose conserved for final sprinting
ATP and alanine
Hereditary spherocytosis
Sons of heterozygous mothers have 1/2 half chance of being affected - no male to male transmission - and often more severe in males - heterozygous females may be affected
42. What is the result of vit B5 def
Convulsions - hyperirritability - peripheral neuropathy - deficiency inducible by INH and oral contraceptives - sideroblastic anemais
NF2 on chromosome 22
Promotor - TATA box - and CAAT box - AT rich
Alanine
43. What are the findings in Down's syndrome
Leu - lys
N to C
Mental retardation - flat facies - prominent epicanthal folds - simian crease - gap between 1st 2 toes - duodenal atresia - congenital heart disease (ASD) - inc risk of All and Alzheimers
RER
44. What is the trinucleotide repeat in fragile X
1- capping on 5' (7- methyguanosine) 2 - polyadenylation on 3' end 3 - splicing out of introns
Sever atherosclerotic disease early in life - and tendon xanthomas on the achilles - MI may develop before 20
PFK - rate limiting enzyme
CGG
45. energy malnutrition resulting in tissues and muscle wasting - loss of subQ fat - variable edema
Lysine and arginine
Marasmus - muscle wasting
Read from a fixed starting point as a continuous sequence of bases
Disorder of aromatic amino acid metabolism
46. central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia and dementia
Avidin
Metachromatic leukodystrophy - arylsulfatase A - cerebroside sulfate AR
Hurlers syndrome - alpha L iduronidase - heparan sulfate/dermatan sulfate - AR
Covalent cross - linking by lysyl oxidase to make collagen fibrils
47. What is the amino acid precursor for GABA and glutathione
Schwann cells - lens - retina - kidneys
Glutamate
Kidney - ears - eyes
Glycogen synthase
48. elevated LDL due to defective or absent LDL receptor - heterozygotes have cholesterol ~300 - homozygotes ~700
ATP hyrdolysis couple to energetically unfavorable rxns
Familial hypercholesterolemia - hyperlipidemia type IIA
UGA - UAA and UAG
Sucrose = glucose + fructose - lactose = glucose + galactose
49. What does arsenic do and What are th results of poisoning
Inhibits lipoic acid - vomiting - rice water stools - garlic breath
Fructose 1 -6 bisphosphate
Grows slowly - collapses quickly
Failure to track objects or develop a social smile
50. What two enzymes are involved in EtOH metabolism
Nonreciprocal chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 13 - 14 - 15 - 21 - 22
AD absent of dec LDL receptors causes accelerated atherosclerosis - achilles xanthomas and corneal arcus - increase LDL and elecated cholesterol
Active secretion in lungs and GI - reabsorbs in skin
EtOH dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase