Test your basic knowledge |

Biochemistry

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does NADPH oxidase deficiency result in and why
Lacks glucose 6 phophatase
Dermatitis - glossitis - and diarrhea
1 -25 OH2 D3 = calcitriol
Chronic granulomatous disease - no respiatory burst - no formatino of ROS

2. How is ATP used by the cell
ATP hyrdolysis couple to energetically unfavorable rxns
Remain in G0 - regenerate from stem cells - neurons - skeletal/cardiac muscle - RBCs
Niacin - constituent of NAD and NADP - derived from tryptophan
Zero

3. What are the fat soluble vitamins and What does their absorption depend on...
B48 - AIV - CII - E
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE
ADEK - dependent on gut (ileum) and pancreas - accumulate in fat and can cause toxicity
Carbomoyl phosphate synthetase I

4. What apolipoprotein is on LDL
Asp and Glu
Immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect - male and femail infertile - bronchiectasis - recurrent sinusitis - associated with situs inversus
Lariat shape in order and remove intron precisely and join 2 exons
B100

5. What is pleiotropy and given an example
Transmitted through both parents - affected mother may have affected children - affected father will have affected children
1 gene had >1 effect on an individuals phenotype - PKU causes many seemingly unrelated symptoms ranging from mental retardation to hair/skin changes
N to C
Four

6. What is the activated carrier for Co2
Biotin
CFTR gene - 7 - Phe 508
Pyruvate carboxylase - PEP carboxykinase - fructose 1 -6 biphosphatase - glucose 6 phosphatase
Inc glucagon - inc cAMP - inc PKA

7. What is mosaicism and give an example
Occurs when cells in the body have different genetic makeup - can be germline mosaic - which may produce a disease that is not carried by parents somatic cells - lyonization - random X inactivation in females
Wrinkles and acne
Microtubules
Inhibits RNA polymerase II - found in death cap mushrooms

8. How does OTC def present
Inc insulin - dec cAMP - dec PKA
Evident in first few days of life - can present last onest - excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to orotic acid - orotic acid in blood and urine - dec BUN and symptoms of hyerpammonemia
Transfers methyl units
Unmethylated - newly synthesized - HNPCC

9. What is used to diagnose muscular dystrophies
Core proteins
Inc CPK and muscle biopsy
CTG
Flank pain - hematuria - HTN - progressive renal failure

10. What enzyme turns ROS to H2O2
Scurvy - swollen gums - bruising - hemarthrosis - anemia - poor wound healing - weakened immune response
Superoxide dismutase
Cheilosis - inflammation of lips - scaling and fissures at the corner of the mouth - corneal vascularization
Inhibit DNA gyrase specific for prokaryotic topoisomerase

11. In which state is PFK-2 active
Fed
Homocystein in ruine - mental retardation - osteoporosis - tall stature - kyphosis - lens subluxation and atherosclerosis leading to stroke and MI - cysteine
AR disorder characterized by defective neutral amino acid transporte on renal and intestinal epith cells
CAG

12. What collagen type is most frequently affected in ehlers danlos and What are common complications
No mutation occuring at the locus - no selection for any genotypes at the locus - completely random mating - no migration
III - joint dislocation - anuerysms - organ rupture
Secretion of abnl thick mucus that plugs lungs - pancreas - liver
Attachment of ubiquitin to defective proteins tag them for breakdown

13. What is the mutation in beckers muscular dystrophy - What is the severity and time of onset
Mutated dystrophin gene - less severe - adolescence
Nature and severity of phenotype vary from 1 individual to another - NF type 1
Lack of tyrosinase (no melanin) AR ordefective tyrosine transporters (less tyrosine) - can results in lack of migration of NC cells
Marasmus - muscle wasting

14. What two rxns in in glycolysis require ATP
APKD1 on chromosome 16
Mediates chylomicron secretion
Asp and Glu
Glucose to G-6P - hexokinase and fructose -6P to fructose 1 -6 BP phosphofructokinase -1

15. What metabolic rxns occur in the cytoplasm
Enhancers
One
Glycolysis - fatty acid synthesis - HMP shunt - protein synthesis (RER) - steroid synthesis (SER)
Abnormal protein folding - degradation before reaching cell surface

16. What shuttle is used in fatty acid degredation and What does it move and From where to where
Offspring receives 2 copies of a chromosome from 1 parent and no copies from the other parent
Carnitine shuttle - acyl - coa from cyto to mito
Exercise: inc NAD/NADH - inc ADP - inc Ca
MEN - 2A and 2B with ret gene

17. What does degenerate/rundant genetic code refer to...
More than 1 codon may code for the same amino acid
Inc Cl - in sweat
Athralgias - fatigue - headaches - skin changes - sore throat - alopecia
Two

18. What does a western blot use for its sample
Oligomycin
Protein
HMG- CoA reductase
Phenytoin - MTX - and sulfonamides

19. What happens to glycogen in the liver
Basement membrane or basal lamina
Stored and undergoes glycogenolysis to maintain blood sugar at appropriate levels
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE
Ornithin transcarbamoylase def - x linked recesssive - other urea cycle enzymes defs are autosommal recessive

20. What converts dopamine to NE
Dopamine beta hydroxylase
Sucrose = glucose + fructose - lactose = glucose + galactose
Blood - bone marrown - amniotic fluid - placental tissue
Cre - lox system

21. Who typically has lactase def
GAA
African Americans and Asians
17 - 17 letters in von Recklinghausen
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

22. What are the 2 distinct phases of the HMP shunt and How many ATP are used and produced
ATP
Initiate chains
Hypophophatemia rickets - vit D resistant ricketts - inc wasting of phosphate in proximal tubule - rickets like presentation
Oxidative and nonoxidative - no ATP produced or used

23. What is the RER called in neurons and What is made there
Bind 30s subunit preventing attachment of aminoacyl - tRNA
Hypercalciuria - loss of appetite - stupor - seen in sarcoidosis from activation fo vit D by epithelioid macrophage
Adipse tissue stores - keton bodies become the main source of energy fo the brain and heart - after these are depleted - vital protein degradation accelerates - leading to organ failure and death
Nissl body - enzyme and NTs

24. What polar group does guanine have - and what non polar group does thymine have
Protein
THFs
Griseofulvin
Ketone - methyl

25. What does beta oxidation do and Where does it occur
Degradation of TG stored in adipocytes
Breaks down acyl - coa to acetyl coa groups in mito
Prevent strands from reannealing
Delayed wound healing - hypogonadism - dec in adult hair - dysguesia - anosmia - may predispose to EtOH cirrhosis

26. If two alleles are present - but the active allele is deleted - what happens
Seals.
Fed
Disease
Euchromatin

27. What is the RDE of de novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbomoyl phosphate synthetase II
Wrinkles and acne
Kidney - ears - eyes
AR

28. What are the physical findings of fragile x syndrome
Wernicke - korsakoff - dry and wet beriberi
In cytosol - oxaloacetate to phosphenolpyruvate - requires GTP
AMP - fructose 2 -6 BP
Mental retardation - macro - orchidism - long face with large jaw - large everted ears - autism - and mitral valve prolapse

29. Where are FADH2 electrons transferred to...
Glycogenolysis to form glucose
Ketone - methyl
Converted to THF - a coenzyme for one - carbon transfer/methylation reactions - important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
Comlex II

30. 90% of ADPKD cases are due to a mutation In what gene
The triphosphate bond
APKD1 on chromosome 16
Protein
CFTR gene - 7 - Phe 508

31. What other inflammatory process can induce a hemolytic anemia in NADPH defieicnt patients
CG- 3 > AT-2 - More CG content - melting point goes up
Glycine - aspartate - glutamine
Infection - free radicals generated by inflammatory response
Adds an inorganic phosphate onto substrate without using ATP

32. What enzyme adds Cl - to the H202 to makes bleach
Superoxide dismutase
Mcardle's - skeletal muscle glycogen posphorylase
Myeloperoxidase
Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype

33. What is the TX for PKU
Dec phenylalanine (contained in aspartame - Nutrasweet) inc tyrosine in diet
CG- 3 > AT-2 - More CG content - melting point goes up
Phenylethamolamine N methyl transferase
Catalase positive (catalase neg produce H2O2 the cell can use) like S. aureus or aspergillus

34. What are the products for glycolysis
TRNA
Result from phagocytic removal of heinz bodies my macs - G6PD def
Glucose to G-6P - hexokinase and fructose -6P to fructose 1 -6 BP phosphofructokinase -1
2 pyruvate - 2ATP - 2NADH - 2H+ - 2H2O

35. Why enzyme breaks down elastin and what enzyme inhibits it
Marasmus - muscle wasting
Elastase - inhibited by alpha1 antitrypsin
Meiotic nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes (associated with advanced maternal age) leading to trisomy 21
Scrutinizes - hydrolyzes the bond

36. What happens to oxaloacetate in alcholism
Excess NADH shunts oxaloacetate to malate (backwards) stalling the TCA and shunting glucose and FFA to ketone body production
Adipse tissue stores - keton bodies become the main source of energy fo the brain and heart - after these are depleted - vital protein degradation accelerates - leading to organ failure and death
Provide a source of NADPH from an abundantly available glucose 6P - create ribose for nucleotide synthesis and glycolytic intermediates
Limit protein diet - benzoate or phenylbutarate (both bind amino acids leading to excretion) can decrease ammonia levels

37. Type IV collagen is an important structural componenet of the BM for which 3 organs
Kidney - ears - eyes
Promotor - TATA box - and CAAT box - AT rich
More than 1 codon may code for the same amino acid
Receptor tyrosine kinases - protein phosphatase - takes phosphate off glycogen phosphorylase kinase inactivating it

38. What does the primary transcript combine with to form the spliceosome
SnRNPs and other proteins
Familial hypercholesterolemia - hyperlipidemia type IIA
SnRNPs
Oxidative is irreversible

39. What kind of branches do glycogen branches have
Alpha 1 -6 and alpha 1 -4
Enhancers
APC on chromosome 5
ATP hyrdolysis couple to energetically unfavorable rxns

40. How many ATP are created by aerobic metobolism of glucose in muslce via what shuttle
Absence of galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase - accumulation of toxic substances leads to failure to thrive - jaundice - hepatomegaly - infantile cataracts - mental retardation
Consesus sequenec of base pairs
30 - glycerol -3- phosphate shuttle
Familial hypercholesterolemia - hyperlipidemia type IIA

41. What converts DOPA to dopamine
Essential for the activity of over 100+ enzymes - important in the formatio of zinc fingers -
Oxidized hemoglobin precipiated within RBCs
Dopa decarboxylase
Inc permeability of membrane causing a dec in proton gradient and inc in O2 consumption - ATP synthesis stops - but electron transport continues to produce heat

42. What 3 amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis
Activates LCAT
Directly inhibit the Na/K pump which leads to indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange - inc calcium inside the cell - inc cardiac contractility
Glycine - aspartate - glutamine
Changed AA (convservative - new AA is similar in chemical structure)

43. What is the TX for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Connective tissue
Inc intake of ketogenic nutrients - high in fact content or inc lysine or leucine
Faulty collagen synthesis - hyperextensible skin - tendency to bleed - easy bruising - hypermobile joints
Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH

44. What components come together to make S- adenosyl methionine
Anabolic processes as a supply of reducing equivalents
ATP and methionine
After day 1
Pompe's lysosomal alpha 1 -4 glucosidase (acid maltase) (pompe trashes the pump; heart - liver - muscle)

45. Which aspect of the spliceosome do patients with lupus make antibodies against
Palate - facial and cardiac defects
Inhibits the Na/K pump by binding the K side
Specific glycosylases - AP endonuclease
SnRNPs

46. What is the initial transcript called and What is the capped and tailed transcript called
Glycine
Colchicine
Transfers methyl units
Initial is heterogenous nuclear RNA - the capped and tailed is called mRNA

47. Gene imprinting implies that How many alleles are active at a single locus
Hypercalciuria - loss of appetite - stupor - seen in sarcoidosis from activation fo vit D by epithelioid macrophage
If pt inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppresor gene - the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops - not true of oncogenes - retinoblastoma
One
Mutated dystrophin gene - less severe - adolescence

48. inc glycogen in muscle but can't break it down - painful muscle cramps - myglobinuria with strenuous exercise - dz and enzyme

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

49. What does vit C def cause
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Scurvy - swollen gums - bruising - hemarthrosis - anemia - poor wound healing - weakened immune response
Pyruvate to oxaloacetate (3C to 4C)
40 - 60 - 80

50. Where is glucokinase found - What are the Km and Vmax - and what induces it
Unmethylated - newly synthesized - HNPCC
They yield only acetyl - CoA equivalents
Liver and beta cells of pancreas - low affinity - high Km - high capacity - high Vmax - induced by insulin
Inability to transport LCFAs into mitochondria results in toxic accumulation causing weakness - hypotonia - hyperketotic hyperglycemia