SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
Biochemistry
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the RER called in neurons and What is made there
Stored ATP - creatine phosphate - anaerobic glycolysis
Coarse facial features - clouded corneas - restricted joint movements - high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes - often fatal in childhood
Fasting
Nissl body - enzyme and NTs
2. What is the RDE of ketogenesis
Prevent strands from reannealing
Genetic code is conserved throughout evolution - except for mito - archaebacteria - mycoplasma - and some yeast
Tall with long extremeties - pectus excavatum - hyperextensive joints - arachnodactyly
HMG- CoA synthase
3. Where is glucokinase found - What are the Km and Vmax - and what induces it
Liver and beta cells of pancreas - low affinity - high Km - high capacity - high Vmax - induced by insulin
Ribulose 5P to ribose 5P - G3P and F6P - transketolase and B1
Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy - degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and axons - leads to acute loss of central vision. Mitochondrial myopathies
TTP
4. What does vit B3 def result in
Paclitaxel
Glossitis - severe = pellagra - diarrhea - dermatitis - dementia
CO2 + NH4 needs carbamoyl phosphate synthase I - in the mitochondria
Autosomal recessive diseases
5. What is the treatment for cystathionine synthase def
Occurs when cells in the body have different genetic makeup - can be germline mosaic - which may produce a disease that is not carried by parents somatic cells - lyonization - random X inactivation in females
Gaucher's - beta glucocerebrosidase - glucocerebrosie - AR
Wernicke - korsakoff - dry and wet beriberi
Dec methionine - inc cystiene - inc B12/folate
6. What is linkage disequilibrium
Tendency for certain alleles at 2 linked loci to occur together more often than expected by chance - varies is different populations
Carbomoyl phosphate synthetase II
Failure to track objects or develop a social smile
Same AA - often base change in 3rd position of codon (tRNA wobble)
7. What does the mutation in the gene cause in protein synthesis
Abnormal protein folding - degradation before reaching cell surface
Removal of N or C termal propeptides from zymogens to generate mature proteins
Von gierkes - glucose 6 phosphatase
Offspring receives 2 copies of a chromosome from 1 parent and no copies from the other parent
8. What happens in vit B2 def
3 NADH - 1 FADH2 - 2 CO2 - 1 GTP = 12 ATP (x2 per glucose)
NH2-(C=O) - NH2 one NH2 from ammonia the C=O from CO2 - and the other NH2 from aspartate
Cheilosis - inflammation of lips - scaling and fissures at the corner of the mouth - corneal vascularization
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE
9. What is incomplete penetrence and give an example
Proton gradient
After day 1
DNA
Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype
10. What is the amino acid precuros for niacin and serotonin/melatonin
Acetyl - CoA carboxylase (ACC)
Citrate - isocitrate - alpha ketoglutarate - succinyl - CoA - succinate - fumarate - malate - oxaleoacetate
Tryptophan
Lack of proper dietary therapy during pregnancy leading to microcephaly - mental retardation growth retardation - congenital heart defects
11. What induces pyruvate kinase
Prokaryotic only - elongates leading strand by adding deoxnucTIDE to the 3' end. Elongates lagging strand until it reaches primer of preceeding fragment. 3' to 5' exonuclease activity 'proofreads' each added nucTIDE
Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase
F16BP
Presence of both nl and mutated mtDNA resulting in mitochondrial inherited disease
12. progressive neurodegeneration - developmental delay - cherry red spot on macula - lysosomes with onion skin - NO hepatosplenomegaly
HGPRT - defective purine salvage - excess uric acid production
Tay- Sachs - hexosaminidase A - GM2 ganglioside - AR
Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins concerned with blood clotting - synthesized in intestinal flora
UGA - UAA and UAG
13. What does pancreatic lipase do
Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins concerned with blood clotting - synthesized in intestinal flora
Degredation of dietary TG in small intestine
ADPKD
SnRNPs and other proteins
14. How does insulin inhibit glycogenolysis
Receptor tyrosine kinases - protein phosphatase - takes phosphate off glycogen phosphorylase kinase inactivating it
Glycine - aspartate - glutamine
Dermatitis - glossitis - and diarrhea
Post to neg
15. Type III collagen
Only processed RNA
2 pyruvate - 2ATP - 2NADH - 2H+ - 2H2O
Anchor muscle fibers - primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Reticulin - skin - blood vessels - uterus - fetal tissue - granulation tissue
16. Where is hexokinase found - What is its Km and Vmax and what uninduces it
Reticulin - skin - blood vessels - uterus - fetal tissue - granulation tissue
Williams syndrome
Ubiquitous - low Km - high affinity - low capacity low Vmax - uninduced by insulin
Binds to LDL receptor - mediates VLDL secretion
17. What does vit C def cause
Scurvy - swollen gums - bruising - hemarthrosis - anemia - poor wound healing - weakened immune response
Inc fragility of RBC - hemolytic anemia - muscle weakness - posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
Stored ATP - creatine phosphate - anaerobic glycolysis
II - VII - IX - X (1972) protein C and S
18. What tissue samples are used for karyotyping
Nine
4 under the floor
Cartilage - hyaline - vitreous body - nucleus pulposus
Blood - bone marrown - amniotic fluid - placental tissue
19. What are the clinical features of I cell diesase
ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets
Coarse facial features - clouded corneas - restricted joint movements - high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes - often fatal in childhood
No mutation occuring at the locus - no selection for any genotypes at the locus - completely random mating - no migration
Met - val - arg his
20. What are the results of unbalanced translocation
RRNA
1 gene had >1 effect on an individuals phenotype - PKU causes many seemingly unrelated symptoms ranging from mental retardation to hair/skin changes
No
Miscarriage - stillbirth - chromosomal imbalance (down - patau)
21. What inhibits pyruvate kinase
Change resulting in misreading of all nucleotides downstream - usually resulting in a truncated nonfxnal protein
ATP and alanine
Neimann - pick - sphingomyelinase - sphingomyelin - AR
Excess ATP - dATP - feeback inhibits ribonucleotide reductase - no DNA synthesis
22. Type II cartilage
Acetyl - CoA to malonyl - CoA (2C to 3C)
Antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw eggs
Histidine
CarTWOlage
23. What does apoCII do
III - joint dislocation - anuerysms - organ rupture
Cofactor for LPL
CO2 + NH4 needs carbamoyl phosphate synthase I - in the mitochondria
Nature and severity of phenotype vary from 1 individual to another - NF type 1
24. What is the RDE of glycogenolysis
Chronic granulomatous disease - no respiatory burst - no formatino of ROS
Mental retardation - hyperphagia - obesity - hypogonadism - hypotonia - deletion of normally active paternal allele on chromosome 15
Glycogen phosphorylase
Tay- Sachs - hexosaminidase A - GM2 ganglioside - AR
25. What enzyme turns ROS to H2O2
Removal of N or C termal propeptides from zymogens to generate mature proteins
Ubiquitous - low Km - high affinity - low capacity low Vmax - uninduced by insulin
Superoxide dismutase
Reticulin - skin - blood vessels - uterus - fetal tissue - granulation tissue
26. What does a southern blot use as its sample
Dopamine beta hydroxylase
Each codon specifies only 1 amino acid
DNA
Alcohol version of glucose - can trap glucose in cell - aldose reductase
27. Which anti breast cancer drugs work on micortubules
Polyneuritis - symmetrical muscle wasting
Paclitaxel
Dermatitis - glossitis - and diarrhea
Arg and his inc in histones Which bind negatively charged DNA
28. What is the RDE of gluconeogenesis
Inc Cl - in sweat
Fructose 1 -6 bisphosphate
Dec methionine - inc cystiene - inc B12/folate
Excess ATP - dATP - feeback inhibits ribonucleotide reductase - no DNA synthesis
29. trinucleotide repeat fo myotonic dystrophy
Hypoxanthine to xanthing and xanthine to uric acid
CTG
Metanephrine
Bind 30s subunit preventing attachment of aminoacyl - tRNA
30. What does a dehydrogenase do
Marfans
Degradation of TG remaining in IDL
Mental retardation - growth retardation - seizures - fair skin - eczema - musty body odor
Oxidizes substrate
31. Type IV collagen is an important structural componenet of the BM for which 3 organs
Mitochondria
Phenylethamolamine N methyl transferase
Kidney - ears - eyes
RER - translation of alpha chains - usually Gly-X-Y polypeptide (preprocollagen)
32. What converts limit dextran to glucose
Metanephrine
ATP hyrdolysis couple to energetically unfavorable rxns
Debranching enzyme
Nonreciprocal chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 13 - 14 - 15 - 21 - 22
33. congenital microdeletion of short arm of chromosome 5 with microcephaly - moderate to severe mental retardation - high pitched crying/meying - epicanthal folds - cardiac abnl
Cri du chat
N to C
LDL
B48 - AIV - CII - E
34. What is the energy source for translocation
GTP
Tendency for certain alleles at 2 linked loci to occur together more often than expected by chance - varies is different populations
Heterochromatin = HighlyCondensed
30 - 50 - 70
35. How do stable (quiescent) cells grow and regenerate and What are examples
Limit protein diet - benzoate or phenylbutarate (both bind amino acids leading to excretion) can decrease ammonia levels
Activates LCAT
Failure to track objects or develop a social smile
Enter G1 from G0 when stimulated - hepatocytes and lymphocytes
36. What converts NE to epi
Mental retardation - growth retardation - seizures - fair skin - eczema - musty body odor
Ribos first then deoxyribos with ribonucleotide reductase
Q -
Phenylethamolamine N methyl transferase
37. Which RNA poly opens DNA at promotor site
1 gene had >1 effect on an individuals phenotype - PKU causes many seemingly unrelated symptoms ranging from mental retardation to hair/skin changes
HDL
RNA poly II
Metachromatic leukodystrophy - arylsulfatase A - cerebroside sulfate AR
38. What causes Down syndrome
Meiotic nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes (associated with advanced maternal age) leading to trisomy 21
NADPH
Cheilosis - inflammation of lips - scaling and fissures at the corner of the mouth - corneal vascularization
Post to neg
39. How many ATP are produced by anearobic glycolysis per molecule of glucose
Tay- Sachs - hexosaminidase A - GM2 ganglioside - AR
Two
ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets
Inc fragility of RBC - hemolytic anemia - muscle weakness - posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination
40. What CETP do
Transfers cholesterol from mature HDL to VLDL - IDL and LDL (cholesterol ester transfer protein)
Avidin
Removes phosphate group from substrate
Fed
41. What is NADPH used for
Inc insulin - dec cAMP - dec PKA
LPL def - or altered apoCII - elevated TG and cholesterol - causes pancreatitis - hepatosplenomegaly and eruptive/pruritic xannthomas - no risk of atherosclerosis
Chylomicrons
Anabolic processes as a supply of reducing equivalents
42. What does the primary transcript combine with to form the spliceosome
II - VII - IX - X (1972) protein C and S
SnRNPs and other proteins
Mutations at different loci can produce the same phenotype - marfans - MEN 2B - homocystinuria; all cause marfinoid habitus - also albinism
Cystine kidney stones - cystine staghorn calculi - cystine is made of two cysteines connected by disulfide bond
43. cytoskeletal elements in micorvilli - muscle contracting fibers - cytokenesis - adherens jxns
Actin and myosin
Purines= A - G pyrimidine = C - T (U)
Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins concerned with blood clotting - synthesized in intestinal flora
Deamination
44. Of the four possible fates for pyruvate - which one is a transition from glycolysis to TCA cycle
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia - wiskott - aldrich - fabrys disease - G6PD def - ocular albinism - Lesch - Nyhan syndrome - Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy - hunter's syndrome - hemophilia A and B
Adds 2 carbon with the help of biotin
Dermatitis - glossitis - and diarrhea
Acetyl - CoA
45. What metabolic rxns occur in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis - fatty acid synthesis - HMP shunt - protein synthesis (RER) - steroid synthesis (SER)
Lysine and leucine
Enter G1 from G0 when stimulated - hepatocytes and lymphocytes
Wrinkles and acne
46. What are the glucogenic/ketogenic amino acids
Ile - phe - thr - trp
Karyotyping
Inc NADH/NAD ratio in liver - causing diversion of pyruvate to lactate and OAA to malate - inhibiting gluconeogenesis and stimulating fatty acid synthesis. Leads to hypoglycemia and hepatic fatty liver change seen in chronic EtOH users
Reads usual codon but inserts wrong AA
47. What is regeneration of methionine depedent on...
B12 and folate
More than 1 codon may code for the same amino acid
Met - val - arg his
Mucus secreting globlet cells and antibody secreting plasma cells
48. characterize autosomal domint inheritance
Many generations - both male and female affected - often pleiotropic - can present clinically after puberty
Offspring receives 2 copies of a chromosome from 1 parent and no copies from the other parent
Myeloperoxidase
Animal products - synthesized only by microorganisms - large reserve pool - mainly in liver
49. What does desmin stain for
Hypoglycemia
30 - 50 - 70
Muscle
Alpha and beta tubulin - dimers have two GTP bound
50. several distinct syndromes characterized by familial tumors of endocrine glands including pancreas - parathyroid - pituitary - thryoid and adrenal medulla - disorders and gene association
Result from phagocytic removal of heinz bodies my macs - G6PD def
Catalase positive (catalase neg produce H2O2 the cell can use) like S. aureus or aspergillus
APKD1 on chromosome 16
MEN - 2A and 2B with ret gene