Test your basic knowledge |

Biochemistry

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. 90% of ADPKD cases are due to a mutation In what gene
Fructose 1 -6 bisphosphate
Glycine - aspartate - glutamine
APKD1 on chromosome 16
Glycogen synthase

2. What apolipoproteins are on IDL
DNA
Animal products - synthesized only by microorganisms - large reserve pool - mainly in liver
P+q = 1
B100 and E

3. What are the functinos of vitamin A
1 kind with multiple subunits
Antioxidant - constituent of visual pigment - essential for nl differntiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancreatic cells - mucus secreting cells) used to treat measles
Aminoacyl - tRNA binds A site - ribosomal rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formation - transfers growing peptide to AA in A site - ribosome advances 3 nucTIDE toward 3' end of RNA - moving peptidyl RNA to P side
Glycolysis - fatty acid synthesis - HMP shunt - protein synthesis (RER) - steroid synthesis (SER)

4. How do odd chain fatty acids participate in gluconeogenesis
Via 1 proprionyl - CoA which can enter the TCA as succinyl - CoA and undergo gluconeogenesis
Orotic acid phosphoribosyltransferase or orotidine 5'- phosphate decarboxylase
Anchor muscle fibers - primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase

5. What induces pyruvate kinase
F16BP
Neurons
Inc intestinal absorption fo calcium and phosphate - inc bone resorption
Glucose -6 phosphate

6. Do balanced translocations cause abnl phenotype
DTMP
CAG
Procollagen - triple helix of 3 alpha collagen chains
No

7. colon becomes covered witih adenomatous polyps after puberty - progresses to colon cancer unless resected
Palate - facial and cardiac defects
TRNA
Presence of both nl and mutated mtDNA resulting in mitochondrial inherited disease
FAP

8. NADPH are used In what 4 things
Creat a nick in the helix to relieave supercoils created during replication
VLDL
B100 and E
Anabolic processes like steroid and fatty acid synthesis - respiratory burst - P-450 - glutathione reductase

9. What is NAD+ generally used for
CGG
Oligomycin
Mucus secreting globlet cells and antibody secreting plasma cells
Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH

10. In base excision repaire - what recognizes and removes damaged bases and what cuts the DNA to remove the empty sugar
Specific glycosylases - AP endonuclease
Cofactor for LPL
Evident in first few days of life - can present last onest - excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to orotic acid - orotic acid in blood and urine - dec BUN and symptoms of hyerpammonemia
Alkaptonuria - may have debiliating arthralgias

11. What enzyme results in classic galactosemia and What is the clinical
Absence of galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase - accumulation of toxic substances leads to failure to thrive - jaundice - hepatomegaly - infantile cataracts - mental retardation
Hypoxanthine to xanthing and xanthine to uric acid
Backup of substrate (pyruvate and alanine) resulting in lactic acidosis - congenital or acquired from thiamine def in EtOH - neuro defects
Acetyl - CoA

12. What does a northern blot use as its sample
Liver - also in kidney and gut epithelium
Degradation of TG remaining in IDL
Malapsorption syndromes like sprue or CF or mineral oil intake
RNA

13. What is kartageners syndrome
Cytosol - F 1 -6 BP to fructose 6 Phosphate
Karyotyping
5' to 3'
Immotile cilia due to dynein arm defect - male and femail infertile - bronchiectasis - recurrent sinusitis - associated with situs inversus

14. What trinucleotide repeat in Huntingtons and what chromosome is it found on...
CAG - 4
Biotin
Metachromatic leukodystrophy - arylsulfatase A - cerebroside sulfate AR
Sulfation

15. What is made fir rNucleotides or deoxyrNucleotides and what enzyme is necessary to convert one to the next
Absence of galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase - accumulation of toxic substances leads to failure to thrive - jaundice - hepatomegaly - infantile cataracts - mental retardation
B100 and E
Ribos first then deoxyribos with ribonucleotide reductase
Zero

16. Which RNA poly opens DNA at promotor site
RNA poly II
ATP and alanine
After citruline
Lysine and arginine

17. Describe the pathophys of the aorta in a pt with marfans - and the eyes
Transmitted only through mother - all offspring of affected females may show signs of disease
Cystic medial necrosis of aorta leading to aortic incompetence and dissecting aortic aneurysms - floppy mitral valve - subluxation of lenses
Sons of heterozygous mothers have 1/2 half chance of being affected - no male to male transmission - and often more severe in males - heterozygous females may be affected
DTMP

18. How many nucTIDEs is a tRNA and What does the secondary sturcture form
Riboflavin - cofactor in oxidation and reduction (FAD and FMN are derived from riboflavin)
Dec phenylalanine (contained in aspartame - Nutrasweet) inc tyrosine in diet
75 to 90 - cloverleaf
GTP

19. Which aspect of the spliceosome do patients with lupus make antibodies against
THFs
SnRNPs
Post to neg
Each codon specifies only 1 amino acid

20. What two amino acids are required druing periods of growth and why
Prokaryotic only - degrades RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA
Arg and his inc in histones Which bind negatively charged DNA
Cyclin dependent kinases;constitutive and inactive
Nissl body - enzyme and NTs

21. What does hormone sensitive lipase do
Degradation of TG stored in adipocytes
Alpha 1 -4 glucosidase
Type II
X linked frame shif mutation

22. What is mosaicism and give an example
Stop codon is recognized by release factor - and completed protein is released from ribosome
Occurs when cells in the body have different genetic makeup - can be germline mosaic - which may produce a disease that is not carried by parents somatic cells - lyonization - random X inactivation in females
Inhibits RNA polymerase II - found in death cap mushrooms
Diphyllobothrium latum

23. What does GFAP stain for
Neuralgia
Only processed RNA
Four
Many generations - both male and female affected - often pleiotropic - can present clinically after puberty

24. I g fat = ? Kcal
Hereditary spherocytosis
Sons of heterozygous mothers have 1/2 half chance of being affected - no male to male transmission - and often more severe in males - heterozygous females may be affected
Enhancers
Nine

25. An inability to convert orotic acid to UMP would be caused by a deficiency either of which two enzymes

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

26. What bone disorder has x linked dominant inheritance
Colchicine
Proline and lysine - vit C
Hypophophatemia rickets - vit D resistant ricketts - inc wasting of phosphate in proximal tubule - rickets like presentation
Inc NADH/NAD ratio in liver - causing diversion of pyruvate to lactate and OAA to malate - inhibiting gluconeogenesis and stimulating fatty acid synthesis. Leads to hypoglycemia and hepatic fatty liver change seen in chronic EtOH users

27. What is the exception to genetic redundancy
Heme synthesis - urea cycle and gluconeogenesis - HUGs take two
LDL
Many generations - both male and female affected - often pleiotropic - can present clinically after puberty
Methionine encode by only 1 codon (AUG)

28. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex serves In what reaction: products
Acetly- CoA - CO2 - NADH
Malapsorption syndromes like sprue or CF or mineral oil intake
Chylomicrons
Ile - phe - thr - trp

29. What does Citrate Is Krebs starting substrate for making oxaloacetate
Citrate - isocitrate - alpha ketoglutarate - succinyl - CoA - succinate - fumarate - malate - oxaleoacetate
Inhibits RNA polymerase II - found in death cap mushrooms
Plasma membrane - 3Na out - 2K in - ATP on cytoplasmic side
Malabsorption (sprue - enteritis) lack of intrinsic factor from pernicious anemia - gastric bypass surgery or absence of terminal ileum as in Crohns

30. What are the characteristics of prader willi syndrome How does it occur
Athralgias - fatigue - headaches - skin changes - sore throat - alopecia
Mental retardation - hyperphagia - obesity - hypogonadism - hypotonia - deletion of normally active paternal allele on chromosome 15
GAA
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE

31. What sugar is sorbitol converted to and via what enzyme - and What can happen in cells lacking this enzyme
Phenylalanine hydroxylase - tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor
Phosphorylation - glycosylation - hydroxylation
Protective against malaria
Fructose via sorbitol dehydrogenase - inc sorbitol leading to osmotic damage as in cataracts - retinopathy - peripheral neuropathy as in diabetes

32. What does the vimentin stain for
Lysine and leucine
Heme synthesis - urea cycle and gluconeogenesis - HUGs take two
Antioxidant - facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state - necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine collagen bridges - necessary for dopamine beta hydroxylase which converts DA to NE
Connective tissue

33. How do labile celss grow and regenerate and What are examples
RRNA
Dec DNA - dec lymphos leads to SCID
Never go to G0 - divide rapidly with a short G1 - bone marrow - gut epi - skin - hair follicles
CFTR gene - 7 - Phe 508

34. Where are FADH2 electrons transferred to...
Evident in first few days of life - can present last onest - excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to orotic acid - orotic acid in blood and urine - dec BUN and symptoms of hyerpammonemia
III - joint dislocation - anuerysms - organ rupture
Comlex II
B(1 - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 - 12) C - biotin and folate (B12 and folate are stored)

35. telangiectasia - recrrent epistaxis - skin discolorations - AVMs
THFs
Polycystic liver disease - berry aneurysm - mitral valve prolapse
Schwann cells - lens - retina - kidneys
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler - Weber - Rendu syndrome)

36. What is the order of severity for the different types of mutations
Huntingtons
Malonyl coa (+ biotin= palmitiate - 1 16C fatty acid)
NF2 on chromosome 22
Nonsense > missense > silent

37. Which are the basic amino acids
Keep glutathione reduced so it can detoxify free radicals and peroxides
Antioxidant - protects RBCs and membrances from free radical damage
Degradation of TG stored in adipocytes
Arg - lys - his - arg is most basic - has has no charge at body pH

38. cell signaling defect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 3 - results in dwarfism - short limbs - head/trunk nl size - associated with advanced paternal age
Nonsense > missense > silent
Unwinds DNA template at replcation fork
B6
Achondroplasia

39. What does the ELISA test for
Antigen - antibody reactivity - can look for antigen or antibody in patients blood
Cobalamin - cofactor of homocysteine and methyltransferase - methylmalonyl CoA mutase
Proline and lysine - vit C
Inhibit DNA gyrase specific for prokaryotic topoisomerase

40. What defects characterize velocardiofacial syndrome
1- capping on 5' (7- methyguanosine) 2 - polyadenylation on 3' end 3 - splicing out of introns
VLDL
PMNs
Palate - facial and cardiac defects

41. How does patients present with ADPKD
Dec methionine - inc cystiene - inc B12/folate
Flank pain - hematuria - HTN - progressive renal failure
Pseudomonas and s aureus
Orotate precursor - with PRPP added later

42. What activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
N to C
Exercise: inc NAD/NADH - inc ADP - inc Ca
Core proteins
Rickets in kids - bending bones - osteomalacia in adults - hypocalcemia tetany - breast milk has dec vit D (supplement in dark skinned patients)

43. What substance in egg whites binds biotin
Avidin
HMG- CoA reductase
Supply sufficient glucose to brain and RBCs and to preserve protein
Pompe's lysosomal alpha 1 -4 glucosidase (acid maltase) (pompe trashes the pump; heart - liver - muscle)

44. What happens with dry beriberi
Creat a nick in the helix to relieave supercoils created during replication
Dermatitis - glossitis - and diarrhea
Provide a source of NADPH from an abundantly available glucose 6P - create ribose for nucleotide synthesis and glycolytic intermediates
Polyneuritis - symmetrical muscle wasting

45. What two proteins make up microtubules and how are they arranged
Proline and glycine (non glycosylated forms)
Alpha and beta tubulin - dimers have two GTP bound
SnRNPs
75 to 90 - cloverleaf

46. What are cyclins
Evident in first few days of life - can present last onest - excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to orotic acid - orotic acid in blood and urine - dec BUN and symptoms of hyerpammonemia
Regulatory proteins that control cell cycle events; phase specific; activate CDKs
CO2 + NH4 needs carbamoyl phosphate synthase I - in the mitochondria
Tay- Sachs - hexosaminidase A - GM2 ganglioside - AR

47. What enzyme def can cause emphysema
Alpha1 antitrypsin
Palate - facial and cardiac defects
Heterochromatin = HighlyCondensed
17 - 17 letters in von Recklinghausen

48. What is the function of biotin
Cofactor of carboxyltion enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase - acetate - CoA carboxylase - and propionyl - CoA carboxylase
Methionine encode by only 1 codon (AUG)
Hunters - iduronate sulfatase - heparan sulfate/dermatan sulfate - XR
Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype

49. What does universal genetic code refer to and What are some exception
Aldolase B - AR - fructose 1P accumulates causing a dec in availabel phosphate which inhibts glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis leading to hypoglycemia - cirrhosis - jaundice and vomiting
Common metabolites like pyruvate and acetyl CoA and excess NH4+ converted to urea and exreted
Supply sufficient glucose to brain and RBCs and to preserve protein
Genetic code is conserved throughout evolution - except for mito - archaebacteria - mycoplasma - and some yeast

50. What is the hardy weinber heterozygote prevalence
Miscarriage - stillbirth - chromosomal imbalance (down - patau)
ATPase that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets
2pq
Ribulose 5P to ribose 5P - G3P and F6P - transketolase and B1