Test your basic knowledge |

Biochemistry

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is locus heterogeneity and give an example
Malonyl coa
Homocystein in ruine - mental retardation - osteoporosis - tall stature - kyphosis - lens subluxation and atherosclerosis leading to stroke and MI - cysteine
Mutations at different loci can produce the same phenotype - marfans - MEN 2B - homocystinuria; all cause marfinoid habitus - also albinism
Disease

2. The golgi apparatus fxns as a distribution center between what organelles in the cell and What does it process
For proteins and lipids from ER to plasma membrane - lysosomes and secretory vesicles
Kidney - ears - eyes
Inc vit B6
Active secretion in lungs and GI - reabsorbs in skin

3. What happens with wet beriberi
Inc intestinal absorption fo calcium and phosphate - inc bone resorption
Brittle bone disease - most commonly lead AD with abnl type I collagen causing multiple fractures with minimal trauma - blue sclerae due to translucency of connective tissue over the choroid - hearing loss - dental imperfections due to lack of dentin
Fabrys - alpha galactosidase A - ceramide trihexoside - XR
High output cardiac failure - dilated cardiomyopathy - edema

4. How many ATP are produced by anearobic glycolysis per molecule of glucose
Core proteins
Neimann - pick - sphingomyelinase - sphingomyelin - AR
Mutated dystrophin gene - less severe - adolescence
Two

5. Of the four possible fates for pyruvate - which ends anaerobic glycolysis as in RBCs - leukocytes - kidney medulla - lens - testes and cornea
Avidin
Type II
25OHD3
Lactate

6. What test is used for B12 def
CAG - 4
Hepatic glycogenolysis - adipose tissue release of FFA - muslce and liver FFA - hepatic gluconeogenesis from peripheral tissue lactate and alanine and from adipose tissue glycerol and proprionyl - coA (odd chain FFA)
Macrocytic - megaloblastic anemia - no neurologic sx - most common vit def in the US - seen in EtOH and pregs
Schilling test

7. recurrent pulmonary infxns in CF are due to what organisms
Essential fructosuria - fructokinase AR
Inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase
Pseudomonas and s aureus
Carnitine acyltransferase I

8. congenital microdeletion of long arm of chromosoe 7 with findings of elfin facies - mental retardation - hypercalcemia - well developed verbal skills - extreme friendliness with strangers - cardiovascular problems
17 - 17 letters in von Recklinghausen
Thiamine - in thiamine pyrophosphate a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis) - alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle) - transketolase (HMP shunt) - and branched - chain AA dehydrogenase
Williams syndrome
Inc intestinal absorption fo calcium and phosphate - inc bone resorption

9. What enzyme turns ROS to H2O2
NADPH
Breaks down acyl - coa to acetyl coa groups in mito
Superoxide dismutase
APRT + PRPP

10. What are the two possible causes of albinism
Cytosol
Citrate - acetyl coa from mito to cyto
Lack of tyrosinase (no melanin) AR ordefective tyrosine transporters (less tyrosine) - can results in lack of migration of NC cells
Niacin - constituent of NAD and NADP - derived from tryptophan

11. In base excision repaire - what recognizes and removes damaged bases and what cuts the DNA to remove the empty sugar
Inc orotic acid in urine - megaloblastic anemia (does not correct with B12 or folate) - failure to thrive
If pt inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppresor gene - the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops - not true of oncogenes - retinoblastoma
Glucose -6 phosphate
Specific glycosylases - AP endonuclease

12. What does acetyl - CoA become before becoming palmitate
Only processed RNA
Malonyl coa (+ biotin= palmitiate - 1 16C fatty acid)
Two
L form

13. What is the RDE of cholesterol synthesis
APRT + PRPP
25OHD3
HMG- CoA reductase
Inhibit DNA gyrase specific for prokaryotic topoisomerase

14. What does the TCA cycle produce per 1 acetyl CoA
Nonreciprocal chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 13 - 14 - 15 - 21 - 22
3 NADH - 1 FADH2 - 2 CO2 - 1 GTP = 12 ATP (x2 per glucose)
Inc vit B6
Malonyl coa (+ biotin= palmitiate - 1 16C fatty acid)

15. What is the defect in II A familial hypercholesterolemia
AD absent of dec LDL receptors causes accelerated atherosclerosis - achilles xanthomas and corneal arcus - increase LDL and elecated cholesterol
F16BP
Defect in fibrillin
RER - translation of alpha chains - usually Gly-X-Y polypeptide (preprocollagen)

16. How does OTC def present
Evident in first few days of life - can present last onest - excess carbamoyl phosphate converted to orotic acid - orotic acid in blood and urine - dec BUN and symptoms of hyerpammonemia
In cytosol - oxaloacetate to phosphenolpyruvate - requires GTP
Glucose -6 phosphate
Foliage - small reserve in liver - eat green leaves

17. Which bond is stronger AT or CG and why? What is the laboratory consequence of this?
Same as sprint + OXPHOS
Wernicke - korsakoff - dry and wet beriberi
Malonyl coa (+ biotin= palmitiate - 1 16C fatty acid)
CG- 3 > AT-2 - More CG content - melting point goes up

18. What 3 syndromes are associated with vit B1 def
Accelearted muscle breakdown
Wernicke - korsakoff - dry and wet beriberi
Neither of 2 alleles is dominant - blood groups
AD absent of dec LDL receptors causes accelerated atherosclerosis - achilles xanthomas and corneal arcus - increase LDL and elecated cholesterol

19. What apolipoproteins are on IDL
Paclitaxel
B100 and E
No
Citrate - acetyl coa from mito to cyto

20. How do stable (quiescent) cells grow and regenerate and What are examples
Enter G1 from G0 when stimulated - hepatocytes and lymphocytes
Microtubules
Adds an inorganic phosphate onto substrate without using ATP
Huntingtons

21. How does warfarin work
Glycogenolysis to form glucose
Inc CPK and muscle biopsy
Vit K antagonist
2 rings

22. What causes Hartnup's disease
Dec in alpha ketoacid dehydrogenas leading to blocked degredation of branches amino acids like Ile - Leu - and Val - severe CNS defects mental retardation and death
Glucose 6P to CO2 - 2NADPH - ribulose 5P - G6PD - rate limiting step
NADH - NADPH - FADH2
AR disorder characterized by defective neutral amino acid transporte on renal and intestinal epith cells

23. Which end of the tRNA is the amino acid bound to...

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

24. Which antihelminthe drugs work on microtubules
Malapsorption syndromes like sprue or CF or mineral oil intake
Tall with long extremeties - pectus excavatum - hyperextensive joints - arachnodactyly
Mebendazole/thiabendazole
Ca/calmodulin in muscle to coordinate with muscle activity

25. For eukaryotes - Where does replication begin?
Inc vit B6
Exons
Consesus sequenec of base pairs
MRNA

26. Which part of the DNA binds RNA polymerase and multiple other TFs upstream from gene locus
Nonreciprocal chromosomal translocation that commonly involves chromosome pairs 13 - 14 - 15 - 21 - 22
Promotor - TATA box - and CAAT box - AT rich
Catabolic processes to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH
Phenylalanine hydroxylase

27. Adenosine deaminase deficiency is an important cause of what immunodeficiency?
Accelearted muscle breakdown
One
HMG- CoA reductase
Dec DNA - dec lymphos leads to SCID

28. What are the two transgenic strategies in mice
Constitutive - random insertion of gene into mouse genome and conditional - targeted insertion or deletion of gene through homologous recombination with mouse gene
Kidney - ears - eyes
Mutated dystrophin gene - less severe - adolescence
APKD1 on chromosome 16

29. Give an example of a mitochondrial inherited disease
Hunters - iduronate sulfatase - heparan sulfate/dermatan sulfate - XR
Lebers hereditary optic neuropathy - degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and axons - leads to acute loss of central vision. Mitochondrial myopathies
Inhibits lipoic acid - vomiting - rice water stools - garlic breath
Degredation of TG circulating in chylomicrons and VLDLs

30. What tissues have only aldose reductase
Free ribosomes
Schwann cells - lens - retina - kidneys
ATP
Delayed wound healing - hypogonadism - dec in adult hair - dysguesia - anosmia - may predispose to EtOH cirrhosis

31. Inhibition of thymidilate synthase and and DHFR lead to decrease In what substance
DTMP
Hartnup disease - dec tryptophan absoprtion - malignant carcinoid syndrome (inc tryptopha metabolism) and INH (dec vit B6)
Via 1 proprionyl - CoA which can enter the TCA as succinyl - CoA and undergo gluconeogenesis
Macrocytic - megaloblastic anemia - no neurologic sx - most common vit def in the US - seen in EtOH and pregs

32. What stretch of DNA that alters gene expression by binding of transcription factors
Cofactor for LPL
40 - 60 - 80
Thiamine - in thiamine pyrophosphate a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis) - alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle) - transketolase (HMP shunt) - and branched - chain AA dehydrogenase
Enhancers

33. What enzyme def can cause emphysema
THFs
Schilling test
Alpha1 antitrypsin
Von hippel lindau - 3

34. characterize x linked dominant
Proline and lysine - vit C
NH2-(C=O) - NH2 one NH2 from ammonia the C=O from CO2 - and the other NH2 from aspartate
Prokaryotic only - degrades RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA
Transmitted through both parents - affected mother may have affected children - affected father will have affected children

35. What are the mRNA stop codons
UGA - UAA and UAG
Two
RER - translation of alpha chains - usually Gly-X-Y polypeptide (preprocollagen)
ATP - citrate

36. What is variable expression and What is an example
THFs
Nature and severity of phenotype vary from 1 individual to another - NF type 1
Transmitted through both parents - affected mother may have affected children - affected father will have affected children
Cytosol

37. What does a mischarge tRNA do
Inhibits EtOH dehydrogenase and is an antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning
Defect in fibrillin
Reads usual codon but inserts wrong AA
Inc fragility of RBC - hemolytic anemia - muscle weakness - posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

38. How many ATP are created by aerobic metobolism of glucose in muslce via what shuttle
Met - val - arg his
PFK - rate limiting enzyme
30 - glycerol -3- phosphate shuttle
Tall with long extremeties - pectus excavatum - hyperextensive joints - arachnodactyly

39. what findings are associated with marfans
APRT + PRPP
Mutated dystrophin gene - less severe - adolescence
Ubiquitous - low Km - high affinity - low capacity low Vmax - uninduced by insulin
Tall with long extremeties - pectus excavatum - hyperextensive joints - arachnodactyly

40. What enzyme converts phenylalanine to tyrosin
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Schilling test
Essential for the activity of over 100+ enzymes - important in the formatio of zinc fingers -
HVA

41. What does DNA poly III do?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

42. What is the result of vit B5 def
Fructose 1 -6 bisphosphate
Convulsions - hyperirritability - peripheral neuropathy - deficiency inducible by INH and oral contraceptives - sideroblastic anemais
Inc intake of ketogenic nutrients - high in fact content or inc lysine or leucine
Never go to G0 - divide rapidly with a short G1 - bone marrow - gut epi - skin - hair follicles

43. What is the amino acid precursor for GABA and glutathione
One
Glutamate
Rb and p53
Inc Cl - in sweat

44. What is the Hardy Weinberg disease prevalence equation
P2 +2pq+ = 1
Unwinds DNA template at replcation fork
Nucleotide excision repair - xeroderma pigmentosum; unable to repair thymidine dimers caused by UV light
1/4 of offspring from 2 carrier parents are affected - often enzyme def - usually only seen in 1 generation - often more sever than AD - presents in childhood

45. What does Alports syndrome cause and why
Inc CPK and muscle biopsy
Inherited lysosomal storage disorder; failure of addition of mannose 6 phosphate to lysosomal proteins - enzymes secreted outside of cell instead of lysosomes
Malapsorption syndromes like sprue or CF or mineral oil intake
Progressive hreditary nephritis and deafness - associated with occular disturbances - due to abnl type IV collagen - usually x- linked recessive

46. Type II cartilage
Epithelial cells
Secretion of abnl thick mucus that plugs lungs - pancreas - liver
Exercise: inc NAD/NADH - inc ADP - inc Ca
CarTWOlage

47. What part of the pre mRNA contains the actual genetic information coding for protein
CAG
32 - malate aspartate shuttle
Inc intake of ketogenic nutrients - high in fact content or inc lysine or leucine
Exons

48. What inhibits pyruvate kinase
In mitochondria - pyruvate to oxaloacetate - requires biotin - ATP - activated by acetyl coA
Arginine
Glucose -6 phosphate
ATP and alanine

49. What is the composition of urea and where do each part derive from
Deamination
Only processed RNA
NH2-(C=O) - NH2 one NH2 from ammonia the C=O from CO2 - and the other NH2 from aspartate
Poor defense from oxidizing agents - fava beans - sulfonamides - primaquine - antituberclosis drugs leadig to hemolytic anemia.

50. What is the wernicke - korsakoff clinical picture
NAD+
Confusion - opthalmoplegia - ataxia - confabulation - personality changes and memory loss
Consesus sequenec of base pairs
Fabrys - alpha galactosidase A - ceramide trihexoside - XR