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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is bradycardia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

2. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract

3. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Disease of the heart muscle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

4. Where does the coronary artery arise
From the ascending aorta
Before the third week of gestation
Lower chambers - ventricles
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

5. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Water
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

6. What does the cardiac cycle include
Water
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

7. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

8. What is tricuspid atresia
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

9. What is the location of the heart
Mechanical or biologic
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

10. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Pericardial fluid
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

11. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

12. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

13. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Ligamentum venosum
72 bpm
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Pericardial fluid

14. What are the layers of the heart
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
There are 4
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

15. What are cyanotic defects
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
The contraction phase of the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

16. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Ligamentum venosum
Mechanical or biologic
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

17. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
72 bpm
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

18. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

19. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Lower chambers - ventricles

20. What is the rastelli procedure
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Mechanical or biologic
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

21. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Lower chambers - ventricles
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta

22. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Chordae tendineae

23. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Mechanical or biologic

24. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Sternal notch
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

25. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Water
Before the third week of gestation
Right atrium or venae cavae

26. What is diastole
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
The relaxation phase of the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

27. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Sternal notch
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Mitral valve

28. What is cardiac tamponade
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

29. What is the name for the upper chambers
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Atria
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

30. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

31. What arteries supply the heart
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

32. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles
Before the third week of gestation

33. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

34. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Right atrium or venae cavae
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ligamentum venosum
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

35. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Sternal notch

36. How many pulmonary veins are there
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
There are 4
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Atria

37. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
From the ascending aorta
72 bpm
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mechanical or biologic

38. what vessels are used for CPBG
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

39. What is pulmonary stenosis
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ductus venosus
Pericardial fluid
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

40. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
4
72 bpm
Chordae tendineae
The relaxation phase of the heart

41. What is the bundle of his
A single artery arising from both ventricles
There are 4
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

42. How many chambers in the heart
4
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Before the third week of gestation
Ductus venosus

43. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
Sternal notch
Atria
Disease of the heart muscle

44. What is the circulation through the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
There are 4
Pericardial fluid

45. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
The contraction phase of the heart
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ligamentum venosum

46. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

47. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

48. What is a ventricular septal defect
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
A single artery arising from both ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

49. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
The contraction phase of the heart
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ligamentum venosum

50. What is the most common chest deformity
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

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Cardiac Surgery

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