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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are acyanotic defects
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Disease of the heart muscle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

2. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

3. What does the cardiac cycle include
Ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Lower chambers - ventricles
Pericardial fluid

4. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Sternal notch
Mitral valve
Mechanical or biologic

5. What are the layers of the heart
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
The contraction phase of the heart
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

6. Where is the tricuspid valve located
4
Ductus venosus
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

7. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Water
Right atrium or venae cavae

8. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

9. What is the circulation through the heart
From the ascending aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

10. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

11. What is pulmonary stenosis
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Atria
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
72 bpm

12. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Ventricles
Mechanical or biologic
Pericardial fluid

13. What is an atrial septal defect
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

14. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Before the third week of gestation
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles

15. What arteries supply the heart
Mechanical or biologic
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Atria

16. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Generator and electrode
Chordae tendineae

17. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Sternal notch
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
72 bpm

18. What is bradycardia
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Mechanical or biologic
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

19. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
Mitral valve

20. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Generator and electrode
A single artery arising from both ventricles

21. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

22. What is the bundle of his
Before the third week of gestation
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Atria
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

23. What is coarctation of the aorta
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Localized narrowing of the aorta
The relaxation phase of the heart

24. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Sternal notch
72 bpm
Pericardial fluid

25. When does development of the heart begin
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum
Before the third week of gestation
Atria

26. what vessels are used for CPBG
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

27. What is the name for the upper chambers
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Mechanical or biologic
From the ascending aorta
Atria

28. What are non-sterile procedures
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
4
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Done on the aerodigestive tract

29. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

30. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Right atrium or venae cavae
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Mitral valve

31. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Mechanical or biologic
There are 4
Ligamentum venosum
Sternal notch

32. What is a ventricular septal defect
The relaxation phase of the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

33. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Upper chambers - atria
72 bpm
Generator and electrode
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

34. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Water
From the ascending aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

35. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Done on the aerodigestive tract
A single artery arising from both ventricles

36. What is tricuspid atresia
Done on the aerodigestive tract
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Mitral valve
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

37. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

38. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Disease of the heart muscle
Mechanical or biologic
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

39. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Before the third week of gestation
Pericardial fluid

40. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

41. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Generator and electrode
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

42. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
72 bpm
Lower chambers - ventricles

43. What is systole
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Ductus venosus
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
The contraction phase of the heart

44. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Before the third week of gestation
Water
Mitral valve

45. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Right atrium or venae cavae
From the ascending aorta
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

46. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Atria
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
The relaxation phase of the heart
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

47. what covers the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
The relaxation phase of the heart

48. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
4
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

49. How many pulmonary veins are there
Lower chambers - ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
There are 4
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

50. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ventricles