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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Ligamentum venosum
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
There are 4
Generator and electrode

2. What is the location of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

3. What is the name for the upper chambers
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Atria
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

4. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Localized narrowing of the aorta
There are 4
Lower chambers - ventricles
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

5. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

6. What arteries supply the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

7. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Done on the aerodigestive tract
72 bpm

8. Where is the tricuspid valve located
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mitral valve
Pericardial fluid

9. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
The contraction phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

10. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

11. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

12. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Upper chambers - atria
Chordae tendineae
From the ascending aorta
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

13. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Upper chambers - atria
Sternal notch

14. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Before the third week of gestation
72 bpm
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

15. How many pulmonary veins are there
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
There are 4
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

16. What are the layers of the heart
Mechanical or biologic
The contraction phase of the heart
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

17. What are cyanotic defects
Ductus venosus
Water
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

18. what covers the heart
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

19. What is the rastelli procedure
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Done on the aerodigestive tract
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

20. When does development of the heart begin
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Before the third week of gestation
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

21. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Chordae tendineae
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

22. What is bradycardia
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

23. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
4

24. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Mitral valve
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

25. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Chordae tendineae
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Mechanical or biologic

26. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ventricles
4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

27. What is a ventricular septal defect
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

28. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ligamentum venosum

29. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart

30. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Before the third week of gestation
Lower chambers - ventricles
Mechanical or biologic
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

31. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Disease of the heart muscle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

32. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
72 bpm
Mitral valve
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

33. What is tricuspid atresia
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

34. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

35. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Mitral valve
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Lower chambers - ventricles
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

36. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mechanical or biologic
Atria
Mitral valve
Ligamentum venosum

37. How many chambers in the heart
4
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

38. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

39. What are non-sterile procedures
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ligamentum venosum

40. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
72 bpm
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

41. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Sternal notch
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

42. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Mechanical or biologic
Pericardial fluid
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Chordae tendineae

43. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
From the ascending aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

44. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Mitral valve
Ligamentum venosum
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

45. What is the circulation through the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Generator and electrode

46. What is cardiomyopathy
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Disease of the heart muscle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

47. What is an atrial septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
72 bpm
Mechanical or biologic
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

48. What is diastole
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The relaxation phase of the heart
There are 4

49. What is cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

50. Where does the coronary artery arise
From the ascending aorta
Disease of the heart muscle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)