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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Mechanical or biologic
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

2. What is pulmonary stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
The contraction phase of the heart
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ligamentum venosum

3. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mechanical or biologic
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

4. What is coarctation of the aorta
The contraction phase of the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Localized narrowing of the aorta

5. How many pulmonary veins are there
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
There are 4

6. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Generator and electrode
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

7. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Mitral valve
Pericardial fluid
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

8. Where does the coronary artery arise
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Ventricles
From the ascending aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

9. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Disease of the heart muscle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

10. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
From the ascending aorta
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

11. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

12. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Sternal notch

13. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
From the ascending aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

14. What are cyanotic defects
Generator and electrode
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

15. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
72 bpm
Localized narrowing of the aorta

16. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Done on the aerodigestive tract
There are 4
Lower chambers - ventricles
Upper chambers - atria

17. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Disease of the heart muscle

18. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ligamentum venosum
Sternal notch
The contraction phase of the heart

19. What are the layers of the heart
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ductus venosus

20. What is an atrial septal defect
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

21. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

22. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
72 bpm
4

23. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Chordae tendineae

24. What is the bundle of his
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

25. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Right atrium or venae cavae

26. what covers the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

27. What are acyanotic defects
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

28. When does development of the heart begin
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Atria
Before the third week of gestation
A single artery arising from both ventricles

29. How many chambers in the heart
4
Pericardial fluid
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

30. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Disease of the heart muscle
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

31. What does the cardiac cycle include
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
There are 4

32. What is the most common chest deformity
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

33. What is the name for the lower chambers
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
Ventricles

34. What is the name for the upper chambers
Atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ductus venosus
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

35. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Before the third week of gestation
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Chordae tendineae
Sternal notch

36. What is a ventricular septal defect
Mechanical or biologic
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

37. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

38. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Sternal notch
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pericardial fluid

39. What is the location of the heart
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Disease of the heart muscle

40. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Ligamentum venosum
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
72 bpm

41. What is the circulation through the heart
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

42. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

43. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Generator and electrode
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

44. What does the umbilical vein become
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ductus venosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ventricles

45. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Mechanical or biologic
72 bpm
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

46. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

47. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Mitral valve
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Sternal notch

48. What is cardiac tamponade
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ligamentum venosum

49. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Lower chambers - ventricles
There are 4
Ductus venosus
Water

50. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Ductus venosus
Ligamentum venosum
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery