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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are cyanotic defects
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

2. What are the layers of the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ductus venosus

3. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ductus venosus
The relaxation phase of the heart

4. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Upper chambers - atria
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

5. What does the cardiac cycle include
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

6. What is pulmonary stenosis
Pericardial fluid
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Right atrium or venae cavae

7. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

8. What is the circulation through the heart
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
72 bpm

9. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Generator and electrode
4
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

10. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Lower chambers - ventricles
Sternal notch
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Chordae tendineae

11. When does development of the heart begin
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Before the third week of gestation
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

12. What is the rastelli procedure
Ligamentum venosum
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

13. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Sternal notch
Ductus venosus
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

14. What does the umbilical vein become
From the ascending aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Ductus venosus
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

15. What is tricuspid atresia
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Sternal notch
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

16. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

17. What is systole
From the ascending aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Mitral valve
The contraction phase of the heart

18. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Upper chambers - atria
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Before the third week of gestation

19. what vessels are used for CPBG
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ligamentum venosum
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

20. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Water
Mechanical or biologic
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

21. What is the location of the heart
Mechanical or biologic
From the ascending aorta
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricles

22. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Done on the aerodigestive tract

23. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
From the ascending aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Pericardial fluid
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

24. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
72 bpm

25. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ventricles
Ligamentum venosum
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

26. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Sternal notch
Disease of the heart muscle

27. What is an atrial septal defect
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

28. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Sternal notch

29. What is the bundle of his
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
From the ascending aorta
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

30. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Water
Mechanical or biologic

31. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Lower chambers - ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Chordae tendineae

32. How many pulmonary veins are there
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The contraction phase of the heart
There are 4

33. What is coarctation of the aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Atria
Localized narrowing of the aorta

34. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Ductus venosus
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

35. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Upper chambers - atria

36. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Disease of the heart muscle
Lower chambers - ventricles

37. what covers the heart
Mechanical or biologic
Water
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

38. What is bradycardia
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Lower chambers - ventricles
72 bpm

39. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Mitral valve
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

40. What is the most common chest deformity
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

41. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

42. How many chambers in the heart
4
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
The contraction phase of the heart
Generator and electrode

43. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
4

44. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Mitral valve
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

45. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ligamentum venosum
Pericardial fluid

46. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Atria
Before the third week of gestation
From the ascending aorta

47. What is cardiac tamponade
Ligamentum venosum
Pericardial fluid
Chordae tendineae
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

48. What are non-sterile procedures
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Mechanical or biologic
Done on the aerodigestive tract
The relaxation phase of the heart

49. What is a ventricular septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

50. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Sternal notch
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium