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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

2. What is a ventricular septal defect
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

3. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Ligamentum venosum
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

4. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Disease of the heart muscle
Before the third week of gestation
Water
Ligamentum venosum

5. Where does the coronary artery arise
Done on the aerodigestive tract
From the ascending aorta
Sternal notch
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

6. How many chambers in the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
4
Ligamentum venosum
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

7. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ductus venosus
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

8. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Disease of the heart muscle

9. What does the cardiac cycle include
Before the third week of gestation
Chordae tendineae
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

10. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Upper chambers - atria
Mitral valve

11. What are non-sterile procedures
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Done on the aerodigestive tract
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

12. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

13. What are cyanotic defects
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Upper chambers - atria
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

14. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
72 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle
Localized narrowing of the aorta

15. What is coarctation of the aorta
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

16. What are acyanotic defects
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

17. What is the bundle of his
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Sternal notch
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

18. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

19. What is diastole
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

20. What is the name for the lower chambers
The relaxation phase of the heart
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ventricles
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

21. which chambers receive blood from the veins
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
72 bpm
Upper chambers - atria
Generator and electrode

22. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Pericardial fluid
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

23. How many pulmonary veins are there
Atria
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
There are 4
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

24. What are the layers of the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Before the third week of gestation

25. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Generator and electrode
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Chordae tendineae
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

26. What is systole
Mechanical or biologic
The contraction phase of the heart
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

27. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Atria
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

28. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
From the ascending aorta
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

29. What is an atrial septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

30. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right atrium or venae cavae
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

31. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Disease of the heart muscle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

32. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

33. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Before the third week of gestation

34. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Sternal notch
72 bpm
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

35. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Generator and electrode
4
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Water

36. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Generator and electrode
Pericardial fluid
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

37. What is the location of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Lower chambers - ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

38. What is pulmonary stenosis
Right atrium or venae cavae
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Sternal notch

39. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Pericardial fluid

40. What is tricuspid atresia
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Chordae tendineae
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

41. What arteries supply the heart
Ductus venosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Atria
Chordae tendineae

42. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Atria
Mechanical or biologic
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

43. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Disease of the heart muscle
Sternal notch

44. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

45. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Mechanical or biologic
Atria
Disease of the heart muscle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

46. What is the most common chest deformity
Upper chambers - atria
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae

47. What is the name for the upper chambers
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Atria
Generator and electrode

48. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Before the third week of gestation
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

49. what vessels are used for CPBG
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Sternal notch
Chordae tendineae
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

50. What is cardiac tamponade
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Localized narrowing of the aorta
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium