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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ductus venosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

2. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
There are 4
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

3. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Before the third week of gestation
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

4. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Upper chambers - atria
Done on the aerodigestive tract
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

5. What are cyanotic defects
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

6. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Lower chambers - ventricles
The relaxation phase of the heart

7. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Pericardial fluid
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

8. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Right atrium or venae cavae
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Water

9. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

10. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Upper chambers - atria
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Right atrium or venae cavae

11. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Pericardial fluid
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
There are 4
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

12. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
There are 4
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Generator and electrode

13. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

14. What is cardiomyopathy
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle

15. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
Lower chambers - ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
72 bpm

16. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Mechanical or biologic

17. What is the rastelli procedure
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Generator and electrode
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

18. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Sternal notch

19. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
From the ascending aorta

20. What does the umbilical vein become
Upper chambers - atria
Ductus venosus
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

21. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

22. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Mitral valve
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

23. what vessels are used for CPBG
The contraction phase of the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

24. What is coarctation of the aorta
Right atrium or venae cavae
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

25. What is systole
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
The contraction phase of the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

26. How many pulmonary veins are there
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
There are 4
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Sternal notch

27. What is pulmonary stenosis
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Pericardial fluid
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
72 bpm

28. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Lower chambers - ventricles
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
The contraction phase of the heart

29. What is the circulation through the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

30. What is a ventricular septal defect
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Chordae tendineae
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

31. What are the layers of the heart
Mitral valve
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

32. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
A single artery arising from both ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

33. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
The relaxation phase of the heart
Upper chambers - atria
Generator and electrode

34. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Mitral valve
Ligamentum venosum

35. What are acyanotic defects
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Localized narrowing of the aorta

36. What is diastole
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
The relaxation phase of the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

37. What is an atrial septal defect
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Chordae tendineae
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

38. When does development of the heart begin
Pericardial fluid
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Water
Before the third week of gestation

39. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Mitral valve
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Atria
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

40. What is bradycardia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Done on the aerodigestive tract

41. What is the name for the lower chambers
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae

42. What arteries supply the heart
From the ascending aorta
Ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

43. What is the name for the upper chambers
Atria
Disease of the heart muscle
The relaxation phase of the heart
Before the third week of gestation

44. What is the most common chest deformity
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ductus venosus

45. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
A single artery arising from both ventricles
72 bpm
There are 4
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

46. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Water
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

47. What does the cardiac cycle include
Ligamentum venosum
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Right atrium or venae cavae

48. what covers the heart
Atria
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Lower chambers - ventricles
A single artery arising from both ventricles

49. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Water
Before the third week of gestation
Right atrium or venae cavae
Lower chambers - ventricles

50. How many chambers in the heart
4
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ductus venosus
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium