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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is an atrial septal defect
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Upper chambers - atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Sternal notch

2. What is the most common chest deformity
Mitral valve
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

3. What are non-sterile procedures
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Atria
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

4. What are the layers of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

5. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ductus venosus
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

6. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Ventricles

7. What is the name for the upper chambers
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Mitral valve
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Atria

8. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Ductus venosus
Upper chambers - atria
4
Localized narrowing of the aorta

9. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

10. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
72 bpm
Water
Mitral valve

11. What is the location of the heart
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Mitral valve

12. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Lower chambers - ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Pericardial fluid

13. How many chambers in the heart
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Mechanical or biologic
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
4

14. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The contraction phase of the heart

15. What is a ventricular septal defect
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

16. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Mechanical or biologic
Right atrium or venae cavae

17. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Ligamentum venosum

18. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Generator and electrode
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

19. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ligamentum venosum

20. What is systole
Ventricles
The contraction phase of the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Ductus venosus

21. Where does the coronary artery arise
4
Before the third week of gestation
From the ascending aorta
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

22. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

23. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Upper chambers - atria
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

24. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

25. What is pulmonary stenosis
Pericardial fluid
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

26. what covers the heart
Chordae tendineae
Water
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

27. What is the rastelli procedure
Localized narrowing of the aorta
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Generator and electrode

28. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Chordae tendineae
Pericardial fluid
Mitral valve

29. What does the umbilical vein become
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Ductus venosus
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

30. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

31. What are cyanotic defects
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Ductus venosus
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

32. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

33. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
The contraction phase of the heart
Before the third week of gestation
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

34. What is the circulation through the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

35. what vessels are used for CPBG
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

36. What does the cardiac cycle include
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right atrium or venae cavae

37. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
72 bpm
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

38. What is cardiac tamponade
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Before the third week of gestation

39. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right atrium or venae cavae
Localized narrowing of the aorta

40. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Pericardial fluid
Atria

41. What is tricuspid atresia
Chordae tendineae
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
72 bpm

42. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

43. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
4
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

44. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Sternal notch
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

45. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
There are 4
Sternal notch

46. When does development of the heart begin
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Sternal notch

47. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Generator and electrode
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
From the ascending aorta

48. How many pulmonary veins are there
Mitral valve
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
There are 4
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

49. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Water
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Upper chambers - atria
4

50. What is the name for the lower chambers
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery