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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

2. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

3. What is an atrial septal defect
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

4. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Water

5. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
The relaxation phase of the heart
There are 4
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

6. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Mitral valve
Localized narrowing of the aorta

7. What arteries supply the heart
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Sternal notch
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

8. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

9. What is coarctation of the aorta
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
The contraction phase of the heart

10. what vessels are used for CPBG
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

11. What are acyanotic defects
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ductus venosus
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

12. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles

13. What is the circulation through the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

14. What is the name for the lower chambers
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ventricles
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

15. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Mitral valve
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

16. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Chordae tendineae
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract

17. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
There are 4
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

18. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ligamentum venosum
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

19. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Sternal notch

20. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Chordae tendineae
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Upper chambers - atria

21. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
The contraction phase of the heart
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

22. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Lower chambers - ventricles
Upper chambers - atria
The contraction phase of the heart

23. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
72 bpm
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Generator and electrode
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

24. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
From the ascending aorta
The relaxation phase of the heart

25. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Before the third week of gestation
Lower chambers - ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae

26. What is a ventricular septal defect
Mitral valve
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

27. what covers the heart
Before the third week of gestation
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Ligamentum venosum
Sternal notch

28. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Sternal notch
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
4
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

29. What are the layers of the heart
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Lower chambers - ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
The contraction phase of the heart

30. What is bradycardia
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

31. What is the name for the upper chambers
Atria
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
There are 4

32. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Pericardial fluid
Sternal notch

33. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ligamentum venosum
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Atria

34. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Lower chambers - ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Generator and electrode
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

35. What is the location of the heart
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

36. What is diastole
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The relaxation phase of the heart
4

37. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
From the ascending aorta
Ligamentum venosum

38. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Mechanical or biologic
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

39. What is the rastelli procedure
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

40. What is cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Right atrium or venae cavae
72 bpm
Atria

41. What is the most common chest deformity
There are 4
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Right atrium or venae cavae

42. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

43. How many chambers in the heart
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
4

44. How many pulmonary veins are there
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
There are 4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

45. Where is the tricuspid valve located
There are 4
Lower chambers - ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart

46. What are cyanotic defects
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
4
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

47. What is pulmonary stenosis
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
From the ascending aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right atrium or venae cavae

48. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Chordae tendineae
Sternal notch
The contraction phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid

49. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Lower chambers - ventricles
Mechanical or biologic
Sternal notch

50. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Chordae tendineae