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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Generator and electrode
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles

2. what covers the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Right atrium or venae cavae

3. What are the layers of the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

4. What is systole
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

5. How many pulmonary veins are there
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
There are 4
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

6. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

7. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Sternal notch
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

8. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
The relaxation phase of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

9. What arteries supply the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
There are 4

10. What are cyanotic defects
72 bpm
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
From the ascending aorta
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

11. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
72 bpm

12. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Atria

13. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

14. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Pericardial fluid

15. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

16. What is the circulation through the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

17. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Lower chambers - ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

18. What is cardiac tamponade
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Pericardial fluid
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
The contraction phase of the heart

19. What does the umbilical vein become
72 bpm
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ductus venosus
Pericardial fluid

20. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
The contraction phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum

21. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
The relaxation phase of the heart
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ductus venosus
Mechanical or biologic

22. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
72 bpm
Pericardial fluid

23. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Upper chambers - atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
The contraction phase of the heart

24. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

25. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Sternal notch
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

26. What does the cardiac cycle include
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

27. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ligamentum venosum

28. What is tricuspid atresia
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Atria
The contraction phase of the heart
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

29. Where does the coronary artery arise
From the ascending aorta
Sternal notch
Water
Ductus venosus

30. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Lower chambers - ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Generator and electrode

31. What is diastole
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Generator and electrode

32. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Generator and electrode
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

33. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Sternal notch
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract

34. What is a ventricular septal defect
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Localized narrowing of the aorta
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ductus venosus

35. What is the name for the lower chambers
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

36. How many chambers in the heart
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
4
From the ascending aorta
Ligamentum venosum

37. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Mitral valve
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

38. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Chordae tendineae
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

39. When does development of the heart begin
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Before the third week of gestation
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ductus venosus

40. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
72 bpm

41. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Sternal notch
From the ascending aorta
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

42. What is the name for the upper chambers
Ligamentum venosum
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Atria
Lower chambers - ventricles

43. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

44. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

45. what vessels are used for CPBG
72 bpm
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Generator and electrode

46. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Chordae tendineae

47. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
The contraction phase of the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ventricles

48. What is bradycardia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Pericardial fluid
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

49. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

50. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
From the ascending aorta
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice