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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is cardiomyopathy
Ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Mechanical or biologic

2. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Sternal notch
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
A single artery arising from both ventricles
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

3. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ligamentum venosum

4. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Pericardial fluid
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

5. What does the cardiac cycle include
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
A single artery arising from both ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

6. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
A single artery arising from both ventricles
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Done on the aerodigestive tract

7. What does the umbilical vein become
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

8. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Generator and electrode

9. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Mechanical or biologic
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

10. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ductus venosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ventricles
Atria

11. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
4
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Chordae tendineae

12. What is diastole
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Upper chambers - atria
The relaxation phase of the heart
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

13. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

14. How many pulmonary veins are there
From the ascending aorta
Ligamentum venosum
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
There are 4

15. What is the most common chest deformity
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
4
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

16. What is cardiac tamponade
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

17. When does development of the heart begin
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Before the third week of gestation
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Done on the aerodigestive tract

18. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Pericardial fluid
Mitral valve

19. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Sternal notch
Ductus venosus
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

20. What are acyanotic defects
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

21. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Upper chambers - atria
Mechanical or biologic

22. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mitral valve
Sternal notch
From the ascending aorta

23. which chambers receive blood from the veins
72 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Upper chambers - atria
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

24. What is the circulation through the heart
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

25. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
72 bpm
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Chordae tendineae

26. What is the location of the heart
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
The relaxation phase of the heart

27. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

28. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Sternal notch
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Localized narrowing of the aorta

29. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

30. What is the name for the upper chambers
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Atria
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

31. What arteries supply the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

32. what covers the heart
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

33. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Right atrium or venae cavae

34. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Water
Chordae tendineae

35. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

36. what vessels are used for CPBG
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

37. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

38. What is bradycardia
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Sternal notch

39. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Ligamentum venosum
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

40. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Mitral valve
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

41. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Ventricles
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

42. What is pulmonary stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

43. What is a ventricular septal defect
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

44. What is coarctation of the aorta
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

45. How many chambers in the heart
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
4
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

46. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Water
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

47. What are cyanotic defects
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Upper chambers - atria
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Disease of the heart muscle

48. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

49. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
There are 4

50. Where does the coronary artery arise
There are 4
Generator and electrode
From the ascending aorta
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery