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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
4
The relaxation phase of the heart
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

2. What are acyanotic defects
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ductus venosus
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

3. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ligamentum venosum
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Disease of the heart muscle

4. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

5. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ductus venosus
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

6. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
Mechanical or biologic
Generator and electrode
Water

7. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
From the ascending aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

8. How many pulmonary veins are there
There are 4
Generator and electrode
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
The contraction phase of the heart

9. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
There are 4

10. What is cardiac tamponade
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Ventricles

11. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
The contraction phase of the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

12. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
Atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

13. What is tricuspid atresia
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
4
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

14. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
The relaxation phase of the heart

15. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Atria
Before the third week of gestation
4

16. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Water
Before the third week of gestation
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

17. What is an atrial septal defect
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

18. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Localized narrowing of the aorta
From the ascending aorta

19. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Done on the aerodigestive tract
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

20. What is the circulation through the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Before the third week of gestation
From the ascending aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

21. What are cyanotic defects
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Water
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

22. What is the location of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Water

23. What is diastole
Disease of the heart muscle
The relaxation phase of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
The contraction phase of the heart

24. What is the rastelli procedure
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Right atrium or venae cavae
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

25. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Lower chambers - ventricles
Pericardial fluid
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

26. What does the cardiac cycle include
Pericardial fluid
The contraction phase of the heart
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

27. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Upper chambers - atria
Before the third week of gestation
Pericardial fluid
72 bpm

28. what vessels are used for CPBG
Ventricles
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Before the third week of gestation

29. What are non-sterile procedures
Water
Done on the aerodigestive tract
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

30. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Upper chambers - atria
Chordae tendineae
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ventricles

31. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

32. What is pulmonary stenosis
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

33. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Right atrium or venae cavae
The contraction phase of the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract

34. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Upper chambers - atria
4
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

35. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

36. Where does the coronary artery arise
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Localized narrowing of the aorta
From the ascending aorta
Upper chambers - atria

37. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Sternal notch
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

38. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Before the third week of gestation

39. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Upper chambers - atria
Ligamentum venosum

40. what covers the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles
Water
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Done on the aerodigestive tract

41. What is the name for the lower chambers
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ventricles
From the ascending aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

42. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Mechanical or biologic
Done on the aerodigestive tract

43. When does development of the heart begin
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Before the third week of gestation
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

44. What are the layers of the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract
From the ascending aorta
Before the third week of gestation
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

45. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
4
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

46. What is coarctation of the aorta
From the ascending aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Water
Before the third week of gestation

47. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Ligamentum venosum

48. How many chambers in the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
4
There are 4

49. What is the name for the upper chambers
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Atria
Pericardial fluid

50. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery