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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The relaxation phase of the heart
Water
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

2. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
From the ascending aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

3. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Atria
There are 4

4. What does the cardiac cycle include
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Right atrium or venae cavae
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

5. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The contraction phase of the heart
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

6. What are the layers of the heart
Atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Generator and electrode
Upper chambers - atria

7. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ventricles
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Before the third week of gestation

8. What are non-sterile procedures
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Atria
72 bpm
Done on the aerodigestive tract

9. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

10. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
There are 4
Sternal notch
72 bpm

11. which chambers receive blood from the veins
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
There are 4
Upper chambers - atria
Sternal notch

12. What is an atrial septal defect
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

13. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Mechanical or biologic
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

14. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Lower chambers - ventricles
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

15. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
From the ascending aorta

16. what covers the heart
Generator and electrode
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

17. What is coarctation of the aorta
The contraction phase of the heart
Localized narrowing of the aorta
72 bpm
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

18. How many chambers in the heart
4
Generator and electrode
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

19. What does the umbilical vein become
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ductus venosus
Right atrium or venae cavae
A single artery arising from both ventricles

20. What is the name for the upper chambers
Generator and electrode
Chordae tendineae
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Atria

21. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Chordae tendineae

22. What is pulmonary stenosis
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Mechanical or biologic

23. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
From the ascending aorta
Mechanical or biologic
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

24. What is the circulation through the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

25. What are cyanotic defects
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
The relaxation phase of the heart
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Ventricles

26. What is systole
The relaxation phase of the heart
The contraction phase of the heart
Chordae tendineae
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

27. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Disease of the heart muscle
Mechanical or biologic
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

28. What is the most common chest deformity
Mechanical or biologic
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Pericardial fluid
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

29. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Atria
Water

30. What is the location of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Sternal notch
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

31. What is the bundle of his
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

32. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
There are 4

33. When does development of the heart begin
72 bpm
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Before the third week of gestation

34. what solution is NOT used during CPB
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
The contraction phase of the heart
Water

35. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Mechanical or biologic
Sternal notch

36. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

37. What is cardiac tamponade
The contraction phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

38. What is bradycardia
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

39. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ductus venosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

40. What is a ventricular septal defect
Mechanical or biologic
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

41. How many pulmonary veins are there
There are 4
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Upper chambers - atria
Ligamentum venosum

42. What are acyanotic defects
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Generator and electrode

43. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ventricles

44. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

45. What arteries supply the heart
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

46. Where does the coronary artery arise
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
From the ascending aorta
Ductus venosus
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

47. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Lower chambers - ventricles
The relaxation phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid
Chordae tendineae

48. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Generator and electrode
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

49. what vessels are used for CPBG
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Pericardial fluid
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

50. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

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Cardiac Surgery

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