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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Generator and electrode
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

2. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

3. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
The relaxation phase of the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ductus venosus
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

4. How many chambers in the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
4
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
The contraction phase of the heart

5. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
There are 4
Mitral valve
Ligamentum venosum

6. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae
Localized narrowing of the aorta

7. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Water
Sternal notch

8. What are non-sterile procedures
Lower chambers - ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
The contraction phase of the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract

9. What is the rastelli procedure
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

10. What is systole
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
The contraction phase of the heart
Disease of the heart muscle

11. Where does the coronary artery arise
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
From the ascending aorta
The relaxation phase of the heart
72 bpm

12. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Right atrium or venae cavae
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

13. What is cardiac tamponade
The contraction phase of the heart
The relaxation phase of the heart
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

14. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
There are 4
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Water

15. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Mitral valve
There are 4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

16. What is diastole
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
The relaxation phase of the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

17. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
4
Chordae tendineae

18. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Sternal notch

19. What are the layers of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Generator and electrode
Right atrium or venae cavae
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

20. What arteries supply the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Generator and electrode

21. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
72 bpm
The relaxation phase of the heart

22. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Mitral valve
From the ascending aorta
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

23. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Before the third week of gestation
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

24. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles

25. What is the most common chest deformity
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

26. How many pulmonary veins are there
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
There are 4
Pericardial fluid
4

27. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ligamentum venosum

28. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Mechanical or biologic
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

29. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Chordae tendineae
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

30. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

31. What is a ventricular septal defect
From the ascending aorta
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

32. When does development of the heart begin
Disease of the heart muscle
Before the third week of gestation
Ductus venosus
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

33. What is the location of the heart
Atria
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

34. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

35. What is the circulation through the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

36. which chambers receive blood from the veins
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Upper chambers - atria

37. What is tricuspid atresia
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Right atrium or venae cavae

38. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
From the ascending aorta
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

39. What are cyanotic defects
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

40. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

41. What is an atrial septal defect
Chordae tendineae
Disease of the heart muscle
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

42. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Before the third week of gestation
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Water

43. Where is the tricuspid valve located
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ductus venosus
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mitral valve

44. What is the name for the upper chambers
The contraction phase of the heart
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Atria

45. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
4
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

46. What does the umbilical vein become
Disease of the heart muscle
Ductus venosus
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

47. What is bradycardia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Done on the aerodigestive tract

48. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Pericardial fluid
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

49. What is cardiomyopathy
72 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

50. what vessels are used for CPBG
Mechanical or biologic
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery