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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the layers of the heart
From the ascending aorta
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

2. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Chordae tendineae
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

3. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Mechanical or biologic
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

4. What is coarctation of the aorta
4
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Generator and electrode

5. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Upper chambers - atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ligamentum venosum

6. What is the location of the heart
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ligamentum venosum
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

7. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
72 bpm
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Right atrium or venae cavae

8. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Pericardial fluid
The relaxation phase of the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles

9. What is diastole
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
The relaxation phase of the heart
Mitral valve
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

10. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Upper chambers - atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Atria
Ligamentum venosum

11. What is bradycardia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Mechanical or biologic
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

12. what covers the heart
Pericardial fluid
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

13. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Lower chambers - ventricles

14. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Ventricles

15. What is cardiac tamponade
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Disease of the heart muscle

16. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

17. What is the name for the upper chambers
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Chordae tendineae
Atria
Done on the aerodigestive tract

18. What is an atrial septal defect
Atria
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

19. What does the umbilical vein become
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Ductus venosus
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
The relaxation phase of the heart

20. How many chambers in the heart
4
Generator and electrode
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
There are 4

21. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

22. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Upper chambers - atria
Water
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

23. What is the name for the lower chambers
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

24. what vessels are used for CPBG
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

25. What are non-sterile procedures
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Ventricles
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Done on the aerodigestive tract

26. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Sternal notch
Mechanical or biologic
Ligamentum venosum
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

27. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

28. What is the circulation through the heart
Ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

29. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Generator and electrode
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Lower chambers - ventricles
Atria

30. What are cyanotic defects
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

31. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Lower chambers - ventricles
72 bpm
4

32. What arteries supply the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

33. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Atria
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

34. What is the bundle of his
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
4

35. What is a ventricular septal defect
Water
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

36. What is cardiomyopathy
Upper chambers - atria
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

37. What is tricuspid atresia
72 bpm
Generator and electrode
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
The relaxation phase of the heart

38. what solution is NOT used during CPB
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Water
Localized narrowing of the aorta
72 bpm

39. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Mechanical or biologic
Atria

40. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
Generator and electrode
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
There are 4

41. What is the most common chest deformity
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Pericardial fluid

42. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

43. What does the cardiac cycle include
Ductus venosus
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

44. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

45. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Sternal notch
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ventricles

46. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
72 bpm
Lower chambers - ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

47. What is pulmonary stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Water

48. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Water

49. Where is the bicuspid valve located
From the ascending aorta
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

50. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Done on the aerodigestive tract
The relaxation phase of the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria