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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a ventricular septal defect
Right atrium or venae cavae
The contraction phase of the heart
Water
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

2. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Disease of the heart muscle
Ductus venosus

3. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Disease of the heart muscle

4. How many pulmonary veins are there
There are 4
Chordae tendineae
The relaxation phase of the heart
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

5. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Atria
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
The relaxation phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid

6. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Mitral valve
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

7. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Upper chambers - atria
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Before the third week of gestation
The relaxation phase of the heart

8. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

9. What does the cardiac cycle include
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Mechanical or biologic
Chordae tendineae

10. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
72 bpm
Ligamentum venosum
Disease of the heart muscle

11. What is the rastelli procedure
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

12. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
Atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

13. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

14. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Right atrium or venae cavae
There are 4
The relaxation phase of the heart

15. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
The contraction phase of the heart
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Water

16. What is an atrial septal defect
Ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Mechanical or biologic

17. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Water
From the ascending aorta
Sternal notch

18. what vessels are used for CPBG
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

19. What does the umbilical vein become
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Mechanical or biologic
Ductus venosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles

20. what covers the heart
Water
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

21. What is cardiomyopathy
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Chordae tendineae
Disease of the heart muscle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

22. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Mitral valve
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

23. What is pulmonary stenosis
Before the third week of gestation
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

24. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Mechanical or biologic
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

25. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Water
Mitral valve

26. What is cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Before the third week of gestation
4

27. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Sternal notch
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

28. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
4
Chordae tendineae
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

29. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Mitral valve
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract

30. What is the name for the upper chambers
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Disease of the heart muscle
Atria
72 bpm

31. What is bradycardia
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

32. What are the layers of the heart
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

33. Where is the tricuspid valve located
72 bpm
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Sternal notch
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

34. What are non-sterile procedures
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

35. What arteries supply the heart
Upper chambers - atria
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ductus venosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

36. How many chambers in the heart
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
72 bpm
4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

37. What is the circulation through the heart
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

38. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
Upper chambers - atria

39. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

40. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

41. What are cyanotic defects
4
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

42. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

43. What is the location of the heart
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Mitral valve
Localized narrowing of the aorta

44. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Mitral valve
Sternal notch
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

45. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
4
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Right atrium or venae cavae
Water

46. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Lower chambers - ventricles
4
Right atrium or venae cavae
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

47. What is systole
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

48. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ventricles
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
The relaxation phase of the heart

49. What is the most common chest deformity
Ductus venosus
Mechanical or biologic
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

50. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mechanical or biologic
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery