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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
72 bpm
Lower chambers - ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

2. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ventricles

3. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
72 bpm
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

4. what covers the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
The relaxation phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid

5. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Mechanical or biologic
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

6. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ligamentum venosum

7. What does the umbilical vein become
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ductus venosus
Sternal notch
Chordae tendineae

8. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Pericardial fluid
Water
From the ascending aorta
4

9. What is an atrial septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
There are 4
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

10. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
4

11. What is cardiomyopathy
There are 4
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Disease of the heart muscle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

12. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Generator and electrode
Pericardial fluid
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
There are 4

13. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
72 bpm

14. What is the most common chest deformity
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

15. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

16. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Mechanical or biologic

17. What is bradycardia
Right atrium or venae cavae
Lower chambers - ventricles
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
From the ascending aorta

18. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
4
Chordae tendineae
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Disease of the heart muscle

19. What is tricuspid atresia
The contraction phase of the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

20. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

21. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

22. What is the circulation through the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

23. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Disease of the heart muscle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

24. What arteries supply the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Pericardial fluid
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

25. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Generator and electrode
Ligamentum venosum
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

26. Where does the coronary artery arise
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Before the third week of gestation
From the ascending aorta

27. what vessels are used for CPBG
Generator and electrode
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

28. How many pulmonary veins are there
From the ascending aorta
There are 4
Generator and electrode
Before the third week of gestation

29. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Mechanical or biologic
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

30. What are acyanotic defects
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

31. What is diastole
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

32. What are cyanotic defects
Ligamentum venosum
Right atrium or venae cavae
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

33. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Before the third week of gestation
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

34. What is the name for the lower chambers
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricles
The contraction phase of the heart
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

35. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
From the ascending aorta
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

36. What is a ventricular septal defect
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle

37. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Lower chambers - ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

38. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Water
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

39. What is cardiac tamponade
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Before the third week of gestation
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

40. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

41. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Mechanical or biologic
Lower chambers - ventricles
Ductus venosus

42. What is the name for the upper chambers
Mechanical or biologic
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Atria

43. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Chordae tendineae

44. What are the layers of the heart
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

45. What is the location of the heart
4
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

46. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Upper chambers - atria
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

47. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Chordae tendineae
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Disease of the heart muscle

48. What is the rastelli procedure
Upper chambers - atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

49. Where is the tricuspid valve located
The contraction phase of the heart
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

50. What is coarctation of the aorta
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Chordae tendineae
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery