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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a ventricular septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
4
Sternal notch

2. What are cyanotic defects
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

3. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
4

4. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
72 bpm
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

5. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ductus venosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Lower chambers - ventricles

6. What are the layers of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
4

7. How many chambers in the heart
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
4
Sternal notch
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

8. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Lower chambers - ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

9. What is the location of the heart
Mechanical or biologic
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

10. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

11. What are non-sterile procedures
Atria
Chordae tendineae
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Lower chambers - ventricles

12. Where does the coronary artery arise
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ductus venosus
From the ascending aorta
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

13. What is the bundle of his
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Localized narrowing of the aorta
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

14. What is cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Sternal notch
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

15. What is the name for the upper chambers
Upper chambers - atria
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Atria
Generator and electrode

16. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Chordae tendineae
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

17. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Sternal notch
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Disease of the heart muscle
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

18. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Chordae tendineae
72 bpm
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

19. What is coarctation of the aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Localized narrowing of the aorta
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

20. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
The relaxation phase of the heart
Mechanical or biologic
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

21. what covers the heart
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Done on the aerodigestive tract

22. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ligamentum venosum
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mitral valve

23. What is an atrial septal defect
4
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

24. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Ventricles
Before the third week of gestation
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

25. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Chordae tendineae
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pericardial fluid

26. What is pulmonary stenosis
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

27. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

28. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Water
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

29. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Pericardial fluid
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Mitral valve
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

30. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

31. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ligamentum venosum
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
72 bpm

32. what vessels are used for CPBG
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

33. What are acyanotic defects
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Pericardial fluid
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

34. What does the cardiac cycle include
Disease of the heart muscle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

35. What is bradycardia
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

36. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Before the third week of gestation
There are 4

37. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Upper chambers - atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
A single artery arising from both ventricles

38. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

39. What is the name for the lower chambers
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ligamentum venosum

40. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Upper chambers - atria

41. How many pulmonary veins are there
Generator and electrode
There are 4
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

42. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Before the third week of gestation
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Pericardial fluid
Mitral valve

43. What arteries supply the heart
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Right atrium or venae cavae
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

44. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Mechanical or biologic
Chordae tendineae
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Sternal notch

45. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

46. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

47. What is systole
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
The contraction phase of the heart

48. What is the circulation through the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

49. What does the umbilical vein become
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ductus venosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

50. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Lower chambers - ventricles