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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How many chambers in the heart
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
4

2. What does the cardiac cycle include
Upper chambers - atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

3. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
72 bpm
Water
Atria
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

4. What is a ventricular septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
A single artery arising from both ventricles
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

5. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Lower chambers - ventricles
From the ascending aorta

6. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

7. What is diastole
Water
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
The relaxation phase of the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

8. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Water
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

9. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Ductus venosus
Pericardial fluid
Disease of the heart muscle
The relaxation phase of the heart

10. what covers the heart
From the ascending aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
There are 4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

11. What is the name for the upper chambers
Atria
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

12. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Sternal notch

13. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

14. What is the location of the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

15. What is the rastelli procedure
There are 4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

16. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Generator and electrode
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

17. What are non-sterile procedures
Sternal notch
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Done on the aerodigestive tract
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

18. what vessels are used for CPBG
The relaxation phase of the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

19. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mitral valve
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Disease of the heart muscle

20. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Mitral valve

21. When does development of the heart begin
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Before the third week of gestation
Mitral valve
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

22. What is cardiomyopathy
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

23. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Mitral valve

24. What are acyanotic defects
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

25. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Mechanical or biologic
Ventricles

26. How many pulmonary veins are there
Mitral valve
There are 4
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Right atrium or venae cavae

27. What is the circulation through the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Water
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

28. What are the layers of the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

29. What is an atrial septal defect
Lower chambers - ventricles
Water
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Chordae tendineae

30. What is tricuspid atresia
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

31. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Mechanical or biologic
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ligamentum venosum

32. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
The contraction phase of the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Generator and electrode
Chordae tendineae

33. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
The contraction phase of the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
A single artery arising from both ventricles

34. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Generator and electrode
Ligamentum venosum
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

35. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ductus venosus
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

36. What is bradycardia
Sternal notch
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract

37. What arteries supply the heart
4
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract

38. What is the name for the lower chambers
Water
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ventricles

39. What are cyanotic defects
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mechanical or biologic
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

40. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Sternal notch
Chordae tendineae
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

41. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

42. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Chordae tendineae
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

43. Where does the coronary artery arise
Atria
From the ascending aorta
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

44. What is cardiac tamponade
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

45. What is systole
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
The contraction phase of the heart
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

46. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Sternal notch
Mechanical or biologic
Atria
Localized narrowing of the aorta

47. What does the umbilical vein become
Atria
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Ductus venosus
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

48. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Ductus venosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

49. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Pericardial fluid
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
The relaxation phase of the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

50. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The relaxation phase of the heart
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart