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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Lower chambers - ventricles
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

2. What is cardiac tamponade
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

3. What is the rastelli procedure
There are 4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

4. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

5. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

6. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
The relaxation phase of the heart
Mitral valve
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

7. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Sternal notch
There are 4
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

8. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Chordae tendineae
From the ascending aorta
Upper chambers - atria

9. How many chambers in the heart
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
4
The contraction phase of the heart

10. What is the circulation through the heart
From the ascending aorta
The contraction phase of the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

11. What are the layers of the heart
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
4
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

12. Where does the coronary artery arise
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
From the ascending aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles

13. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Mitral valve
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

14. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Lower chambers - ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Ligamentum venosum

15. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Disease of the heart muscle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

16. What is the name for the upper chambers
Right atrium or venae cavae
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Atria

17. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Sternal notch
Before the third week of gestation
Generator and electrode

18. What is the bundle of his
The contraction phase of the heart
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

19. what solution is NOT used during CPB
72 bpm
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Water

20. When does development of the heart begin
Chordae tendineae
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Before the third week of gestation
Pericardial fluid

21. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Ligamentum venosum
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Mechanical or biologic
There are 4

22. What is an atrial septal defect
Pericardial fluid
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The relaxation phase of the heart
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

23. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Chordae tendineae
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

24. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

25. What is the most common chest deformity
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

26. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Ligamentum venosum
The contraction phase of the heart
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricles

27. What are non-sterile procedures
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Done on the aerodigestive tract
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
There are 4

28. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Sternal notch
Ligamentum venosum
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Water

29. How many pulmonary veins are there
Ductus venosus
There are 4
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Water

30. What is tricuspid atresia
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

31. what vessels are used for CPBG
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Right atrium or venae cavae
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

32. What is pulmonary stenosis
Lower chambers - ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

33. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Mitral valve

34. What is a ventricular septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Done on the aerodigestive tract

35. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Right atrium or venae cavae

36. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
4

37. What is systole
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The contraction phase of the heart
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

38. What are acyanotic defects
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Mechanical or biologic
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

39. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
72 bpm
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

40. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Mechanical or biologic
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Localized narrowing of the aorta

41. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Water
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

42. What is the location of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
There are 4
Water
Mechanical or biologic

43. Where is the bicuspid valve located
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

44. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Disease of the heart muscle
Atria
There are 4
72 bpm

45. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Before the third week of gestation
Ductus venosus
Water

46. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

47. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

48. What is cardiomyopathy
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mechanical or biologic
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Disease of the heart muscle

49. what covers the heart
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

50. What are cyanotic defects
Upper chambers - atria
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age