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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Done on the aerodigestive tract

2. What is the circulation through the heart
Sternal notch
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
From the ascending aorta
Water

3. What is an atrial septal defect
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The contraction phase of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

4. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Water
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

5. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

6. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

7. What arteries supply the heart
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
The contraction phase of the heart

8. What is the location of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricles
Before the third week of gestation
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

9. What is bradycardia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
There are 4
Upper chambers - atria
Right atrium or venae cavae

10. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus

11. What is a ventricular septal defect
Mechanical or biologic
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

12. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Mitral valve
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Disease of the heart muscle

13. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Atria

14. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
There are 4
Sternal notch
Before the third week of gestation

15. Where does the coronary artery arise
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
From the ascending aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

16. what vessels are used for CPBG
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

17. What is the bundle of his
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Mitral valve
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

18. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

19. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Ligamentum venosum
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Water
Right atrium or venae cavae

20. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
There are 4
Atria
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

21. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Before the third week of gestation

22. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
The contraction phase of the heart
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Upper chambers - atria
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

23. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Localized narrowing of the aorta

24. How many pulmonary veins are there
There are 4
Right atrium or venae cavae
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Mechanical or biologic

25. What is the name for the upper chambers
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Atria
Ventricles

26. What are acyanotic defects
Water
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Lower chambers - ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

27. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Chordae tendineae
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Upper chambers - atria

28. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Done on the aerodigestive tract

29. What is pulmonary stenosis
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Ventricles

30. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Disease of the heart muscle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

31. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Water
Before the third week of gestation

32. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Pericardial fluid
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Mitral valve
4

33. What is the name for the lower chambers
Sternal notch
From the ascending aorta
Ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

34. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Before the third week of gestation
Ligamentum venosum
Ventricles

35. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

36. What are non-sterile procedures
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Done on the aerodigestive tract

37. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Before the third week of gestation
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

38. What is cardiomyopathy
Atria
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Disease of the heart muscle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

39. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

40. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

41. What are cyanotic defects
Mechanical or biologic
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

42. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mechanical or biologic
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

43. How many chambers in the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
4

44. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Lower chambers - ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

45. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

46. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Mechanical or biologic
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

47. What is systole
The contraction phase of the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

48. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Generator and electrode
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

49. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Chordae tendineae

50. What are the layers of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria