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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is an atrial septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Water
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

2. What are the layers of the heart
Ligamentum venosum
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

3. How many pulmonary veins are there
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
There are 4

4. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Chordae tendineae

5. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Right atrium or venae cavae
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

6. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
72 bpm
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Ligamentum venosum
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

7. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Sternal notch
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract

8. What is the name for the upper chambers
Disease of the heart muscle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Atria
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

9. What does the cardiac cycle include
The relaxation phase of the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Mechanical or biologic

10. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Right atrium or venae cavae
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Water
A single artery arising from both ventricles

11. Where does the coronary artery arise
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
From the ascending aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

12. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

13. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Ductus venosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

14. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Mechanical or biologic
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right atrium or venae cavae
A single artery arising from both ventricles

15. what vessels are used for CPBG
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Chordae tendineae
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

16. What is pulmonary stenosis
Generator and electrode
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Mitral valve

17. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Mechanical or biologic
Water
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

18. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Generator and electrode
Lower chambers - ventricles
Water

19. What is coarctation of the aorta
There are 4
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Localized narrowing of the aorta

20. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ventricles

21. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
4

22. What is cardiac tamponade
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

23. What are cyanotic defects
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Water
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

24. what covers the heart
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae

25. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Atria
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Pericardial fluid
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

26. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

27. What arteries supply the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

28. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Before the third week of gestation
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

29. What is a ventricular septal defect
Ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

30. What is the circulation through the heart
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

31. What is cardiomyopathy
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Disease of the heart muscle

32. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
The relaxation phase of the heart
Upper chambers - atria

33. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Water
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ductus venosus

34. What are acyanotic defects
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Upper chambers - atria
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

35. What is the bundle of his
72 bpm
Right atrium or venae cavae
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

36. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Atria
Chordae tendineae
Pericardial fluid

37. How many chambers in the heart
4
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Before the third week of gestation
The relaxation phase of the heart

38. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Before the third week of gestation

39. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Done on the aerodigestive tract

40. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ligamentum venosum
72 bpm
Pericardial fluid

41. What is the name for the lower chambers
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Disease of the heart muscle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ventricles

42. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Done on the aerodigestive tract

43. When does development of the heart begin
Disease of the heart muscle
Ductus venosus
Water
Before the third week of gestation

44. What is tricuspid atresia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ventricles

45. What is bradycardia
Pericardial fluid
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Sternal notch

46. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
There are 4
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Chordae tendineae
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

47. What are non-sterile procedures
The contraction phase of the heart
Right atrium or venae cavae
Mechanical or biologic
Done on the aerodigestive tract

48. What is the most common chest deformity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Upper chambers - atria
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

49. What is diastole
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
The relaxation phase of the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

50. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery