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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is pulmonary stenosis
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Chordae tendineae
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

2. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

3. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Sternal notch
Chordae tendineae
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

4. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

5. what vessels are used for CPBG
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Mechanical or biologic
Mitral valve
Done on the aerodigestive tract

6. When does development of the heart begin
Ventricles
Before the third week of gestation
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

7. Where does the coronary artery arise
From the ascending aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Generator and electrode
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

8. What is the most common chest deformity
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

9. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Before the third week of gestation
There are 4
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

10. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
The contraction phase of the heart

11. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Sternal notch
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Lower chambers - ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

12. Where is the tricuspid valve located
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
From the ascending aorta

13. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Upper chambers - atria
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

14. What is a ventricular septal defect
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

15. What is the rastelli procedure
Lower chambers - ventricles
Water
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

16. What is cardiomyopathy
Generator and electrode
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle

17. What is coarctation of the aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract
4
Atria
Localized narrowing of the aorta

18. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract

19. What is systole
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
The contraction phase of the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

20. What is diastole
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Water
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
The relaxation phase of the heart

21. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

22. What is an atrial septal defect
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

23. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
4
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

24. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Mitral valve
Mechanical or biologic
Water
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

25. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Done on the aerodigestive tract
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Disease of the heart muscle
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

26. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
The relaxation phase of the heart

27. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mitral valve
A single artery arising from both ventricles

28. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Chordae tendineae
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Atria

29. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

30. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Sternal notch
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

31. How many chambers in the heart
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
4
Chordae tendineae
Right atrium or venae cavae

32. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Disease of the heart muscle
Pericardial fluid
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

33. What is the bundle of his
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right atrium or venae cavae
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

34. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Mitral valve

35. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Water

36. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Mitral valve
Before the third week of gestation
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

37. What is the location of the heart
Mechanical or biologic
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ductus venosus

38. What does the cardiac cycle include
The relaxation phase of the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Upper chambers - atria
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

39. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Chordae tendineae
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

40. What is the circulation through the heart
Water
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Before the third week of gestation
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

41. What does the umbilical vein become
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The contraction phase of the heart
Ductus venosus
Before the third week of gestation

42. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Atria
Sternal notch
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

43. What is cardiac tamponade
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Atria
72 bpm

44. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

45. What are the layers of the heart
Ductus venosus
Mitral valve
Mechanical or biologic
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

46. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Generator and electrode
Right atrium or venae cavae
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
72 bpm

47. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
The relaxation phase of the heart
Before the third week of gestation

48. What are cyanotic defects
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricles

49. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
There are 4
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

50. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Mechanical or biologic
The relaxation phase of the heart
Water
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat