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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Upper chambers - atria
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
Chordae tendineae

2. When does development of the heart begin
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Disease of the heart muscle
Before the third week of gestation
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

3. What is the name for the upper chambers
Atria
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Lower chambers - ventricles

4. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

5. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Mitral valve
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Upper chambers - atria

6. What is the location of the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

7. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus

8. What arteries supply the heart
Ductus venosus
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle

9. What is coarctation of the aorta
Water
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

10. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

11. what vessels are used for CPBG
There are 4
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Generator and electrode

12. what covers the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Pericardial fluid
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Lower chambers - ventricles

13. How many chambers in the heart
Upper chambers - atria
4
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

14. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

15. What is the rastelli procedure
Sternal notch
Atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
From the ascending aorta

16. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

17. What is tricuspid atresia
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ligamentum venosum
72 bpm
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

18. What are acyanotic defects
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

19. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Generator and electrode
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

20. What does the umbilical vein become
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ductus venosus

21. What is diastole
Disease of the heart muscle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
The relaxation phase of the heart
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

22. Where does the coronary artery arise
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
From the ascending aorta
There are 4
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

23. What does the cardiac cycle include
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

24. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Lower chambers - ventricles
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

25. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Atria
Upper chambers - atria
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

26. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

27. What is cardiac tamponade
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
72 bpm
The contraction phase of the heart
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

28. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
4

29. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Mechanical or biologic
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

30. What is pulmonary stenosis
Mechanical or biologic
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Pericardial fluid
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

31. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Generator and electrode
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Upper chambers - atria

32. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
72 bpm
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

33. Where is the bicuspid valve located
The contraction phase of the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

34. what solution is NOT used during CPB
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Water
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

35. What are the layers of the heart
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

36. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
72 bpm

37. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Chordae tendineae
Mechanical or biologic
Pericardial fluid

38. What is the name for the lower chambers
Water
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Ventricles

39. What is systole
Mechanical or biologic
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
The contraction phase of the heart
Mitral valve

40. What is the most common chest deformity
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

41. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Lower chambers - ventricles
Mitral valve
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

42. What is an atrial septal defect
Before the third week of gestation
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

43. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Disease of the heart muscle
Mitral valve
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

44. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Upper chambers - atria
Mitral valve
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

45. What are non-sterile procedures
Upper chambers - atria
Sternal notch
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract

46. What is cardiomyopathy
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Disease of the heart muscle
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

47. How many pulmonary veins are there
Generator and electrode
There are 4
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

48. What is a ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

49. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Before the third week of gestation
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Mechanical or biologic
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

50. What are cyanotic defects
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Ventricles
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side