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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are non-sterile procedures
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right atrium or venae cavae

2. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Water
Generator and electrode
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

3. Where does the coronary artery arise
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
From the ascending aorta
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

4. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Pericardial fluid
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

5. which chambers receive blood from the veins
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

6. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Upper chambers - atria

7. What is the name for the upper chambers
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Atria

8. What is the circulation through the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Mechanical or biologic
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
There are 4

9. What is a ventricular septal defect
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
Ductus venosus
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

10. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Mitral valve
Done on the aerodigestive tract

11. When does development of the heart begin
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

12. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Mechanical or biologic
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Lower chambers - ventricles

13. What is an atrial septal defect
Water
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ventricles

14. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Water
Lower chambers - ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

15. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
4
Lower chambers - ventricles
Atria
Ventricles

16. What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
Mitral valve
Chordae tendineae
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

17. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Disease of the heart muscle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

18. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Right atrium or venae cavae
The contraction phase of the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

19. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Upper chambers - atria
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

20. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
There are 4
Mitral valve
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

21. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Mechanical or biologic
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
72 bpm
Disease of the heart muscle

22. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

23. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

24. What is systole
Water
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
The contraction phase of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

25. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

26. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Water

27. What is the rastelli procedure
There are 4
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

28. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Chordae tendineae

29. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

30. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ligamentum venosum
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

31. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

32. What does the umbilical vein become
72 bpm
Ductus venosus
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

33. What is cardiac tamponade
Pericardial fluid
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Mechanical or biologic
Sternal notch

34. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Ventricles
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

35. What does the cardiac cycle include
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

36. what vessels are used for CPBG
Ligamentum venosum
Atria
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

37. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Before the third week of gestation
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Chordae tendineae

38. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

39. How many pulmonary veins are there
There are 4
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Atria
Done on the aerodigestive tract

40. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ductus venosus
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

41. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Mitral valve
Before the third week of gestation
A single artery arising from both ventricles

42. What are cyanotic defects
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
There are 4
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricles

43. what covers the heart
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta

44. What are the layers of the heart
Ligamentum venosum
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Atria
The contraction phase of the heart

45. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

46. What is bradycardia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Right atrium or venae cavae
Before the third week of gestation
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

47. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Chordae tendineae
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Pericardial fluid

48. What is the name for the lower chambers
There are 4
Generator and electrode
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ventricles

49. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

50. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Sternal notch
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

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Cardiac Surgery

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