Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Chordae tendineae
Mitral valve
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays


2. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Pericardial fluid
Sternal notch
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium


3. What is pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles


4. Where does the coronary artery arise
There are 4
From the ascending aorta
72 bpm
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side


5. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Atria
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Lower chambers - ventricles
Pericardial fluid


6. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Ventricles
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
72 bpm
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle


7. What arteries supply the heart
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta


8. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve


9. What is the most common chest deformity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ductus venosus
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta


10. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Upper chambers - atria
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
72 bpm
Lower chambers - ventricles


11. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Water
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus


12. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
The contraction phase of the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle


13. what vessels are used for CPBG
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery


14. What is cardiac tamponade
Sternal notch
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery


15. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Generator and electrode


16. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles


17. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
The contraction phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid
Chordae tendineae
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery


18. How many chambers in the heart
Ventricles
4
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers


19. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ventricles
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator


20. What is cardiomyopathy
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Disease of the heart muscle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis


21. what covers the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery


22. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Water


23. Where is the bicuspid valve located
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat


24. What are the layers of the heart
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Water
The relaxation phase of the heart


25. What is the name for the upper chambers
Atria
The relaxation phase of the heart
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
4


26. What is a ventricular septal defect
There are 4
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
From the ascending aorta


27. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle


28. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Right atrium or venae cavae
Done on the aerodigestive tract


29. What is diastole
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Generator and electrode
Water
The relaxation phase of the heart


30. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Right atrium or venae cavae
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium


31. What is systole
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Mitral valve
The contraction phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum


32. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Mechanical or biologic
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium


33. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Water
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium


34. What is tricuspid atresia
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Pericardial fluid
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice


35. What is the location of the heart
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat


36. What is the rastelli procedure
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ligamentum venosum


37. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
4
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ligamentum venosum


38. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery


39. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium


40. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Mitral valve


41. What is coarctation of the aorta
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis


42. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ductus venosus
Generator and electrode
Water
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy


43. What is bradycardia
From the ascending aorta
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery


44. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Mechanical or biologic
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Before the third week of gestation


45. What are cyanotic defects
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pericardial fluid
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium


46. When does development of the heart begin
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Before the third week of gestation


47. What is the circulation through the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta


48. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Chordae tendineae


49. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery


50. What are acyanotic defects
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Chordae tendineae
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis