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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Upper chambers - atria
Mechanical or biologic
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Ductus venosus

2. How many chambers in the heart
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Localized narrowing of the aorta
4
Disease of the heart muscle

3. What is a ventricular septal defect
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

4. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

5. What is tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ductus venosus
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

6. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
The relaxation phase of the heart
Water
Generator and electrode

7. What is the circulation through the heart
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
There are 4
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

8. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

9. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Done on the aerodigestive tract
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

10. What is pulmonary stenosis
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right atrium or venae cavae
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

11. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Sternal notch
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

12. What is the name for the lower chambers
Upper chambers - atria
Ventricles
The contraction phase of the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles

13. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Ligamentum venosum
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Disease of the heart muscle

14. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Chordae tendineae

15. How many pulmonary veins are there
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
There are 4

16. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Chordae tendineae
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Mitral valve
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

17. what vessels are used for CPBG
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

18. What does the umbilical vein become
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ventricles
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus

19. What is the rastelli procedure
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

20. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ductus venosus
Generator and electrode

21. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
From the ascending aorta
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Mechanical or biologic
Pericardial fluid

22. What arteries supply the heart
72 bpm
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
4
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

23. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Right atrium or venae cavae
Pericardial fluid
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
A single artery arising from both ventricles

24. What is the bundle of his
Ligamentum venosum
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
The contraction phase of the heart
Ductus venosus

25. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

26. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Mechanical or biologic
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

27. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

28. What is the name for the upper chambers
Ligamentum venosum
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Atria

29. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Before the third week of gestation
Mitral valve
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

30. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Atria
Ligamentum venosum
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

31. What is the location of the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

32. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Ductus venosus
Right atrium or venae cavae
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

33. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Water
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

34. What are the layers of the heart
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Mitral valve
The contraction phase of the heart
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

35. What is an atrial septal defect
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

36. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Lower chambers - ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

37. What is the most common chest deformity
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

38. What are cyanotic defects
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

39. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Sternal notch
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

40. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

41. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Generator and electrode
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

42. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ventricles
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

43. When does development of the heart begin
From the ascending aorta
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Before the third week of gestation
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

44. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Mechanical or biologic
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Atria

45. Where does the coronary artery arise
Chordae tendineae
From the ascending aorta
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Mechanical or biologic

46. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
72 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

47. What is cardiac tamponade
Upper chambers - atria
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

48. What is coarctation of the aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Chordae tendineae
Pericardial fluid

49. What is systole
Done on the aerodigestive tract
The contraction phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum
Mechanical or biologic

50. What does the cardiac cycle include
From the ascending aorta
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity