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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Before the third week of gestation
Mechanical or biologic
Disease of the heart muscle

2. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Pericardial fluid
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

3. What are non-sterile procedures
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Sternal notch

4. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Generator and electrode
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
72 bpm

5. What is the bundle of his
Sternal notch
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Atria
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

6. What is a ventricular septal defect
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
A single artery arising from both ventricles
72 bpm
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

7. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

8. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
From the ascending aorta
Chordae tendineae

9. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

10. what vessels are used for CPBG
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ductus venosus

11. What does the umbilical vein become
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ductus venosus
Atria
Generator and electrode

12. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
The relaxation phase of the heart
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Localized narrowing of the aorta

13. What are the layers of the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

14. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
72 bpm
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae
The contraction phase of the heart

15. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Sternal notch
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

16. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Atria
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ligamentum venosum

17. What is tricuspid atresia
Ventricles
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Upper chambers - atria

18. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Upper chambers - atria
Pericardial fluid
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

19. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

20. What are cyanotic defects
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

21. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Ventricles
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
A single artery arising from both ventricles

22. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
The contraction phase of the heart
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
A single artery arising from both ventricles

23. what covers the heart
Ventricles
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

24. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
From the ascending aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Atria

25. What is an atrial septal defect
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
72 bpm

26. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
The contraction phase of the heart
Right atrium or venae cavae
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

27. When does development of the heart begin
Ligamentum venosum
Before the third week of gestation
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

28. What is the name for the upper chambers
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Atria
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

29. Where does the coronary artery arise
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
From the ascending aorta
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

30. How many chambers in the heart
Upper chambers - atria
4
There are 4
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

31. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Mitral valve
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
The contraction phase of the heart

32. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Mitral valve
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

33. What is the name for the lower chambers
Ductus venosus
Ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

34. What is diastole
The relaxation phase of the heart
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Upper chambers - atria
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

35. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
From the ascending aorta
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Chordae tendineae

36. What is bradycardia
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ventricles

37. What is the circulation through the heart
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Mechanical or biologic

38. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
72 bpm
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

39. What is systole
Ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

40. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Generator and electrode
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

41. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

42. What is the most common chest deformity
Ligamentum venosum
Chordae tendineae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

43. What is cardiomyopathy
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve
Disease of the heart muscle

44. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Sternal notch
Before the third week of gestation
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

45. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Ductus venosus
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Upper chambers - atria

46. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Ligamentum venosum
From the ascending aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles
Sternal notch

47. What is the rastelli procedure
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Lower chambers - ventricles
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ventricles

48. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Ligamentum venosum
Before the third week of gestation
Upper chambers - atria
Chordae tendineae

49. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

50. What is coarctation of the aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Localized narrowing of the aorta