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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
The relaxation phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid
Before the third week of gestation

2. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

3. What are acyanotic defects
Mitral valve
Water
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

4. What is systole
Pericardial fluid
Right atrium or venae cavae
The contraction phase of the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

5. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Lower chambers - ventricles
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

6. What is the most common chest deformity
Mechanical or biologic
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ductus venosus

7. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Lower chambers - ventricles
Mechanical or biologic
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

8. what covers the heart
Lower chambers - ventricles
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Sternal notch

9. which chambers receive blood from the veins
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
The relaxation phase of the heart
Upper chambers - atria
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

10. What is coarctation of the aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle

11. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Water
Mechanical or biologic
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

12. What does the umbilical vein become
Ductus venosus
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

13. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
From the ascending aorta
Pericardial fluid
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

14. What is an atrial septal defect
4
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

15. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
The contraction phase of the heart
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Atria

16. What is cardiomyopathy
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Disease of the heart muscle
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

17. What are cyanotic defects
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
72 bpm
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

18. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
From the ascending aorta
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

19. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Right atrium or venae cavae
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

20. What is a ventricular septal defect
Atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
72 bpm
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

21. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
The relaxation phase of the heart
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

22. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Sternal notch
There are 4
Before the third week of gestation
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

23. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Chordae tendineae
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

24. What is the name for the lower chambers
Disease of the heart muscle
Ventricles
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Right atrium or venae cavae

25. How many pulmonary veins are there
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
There are 4
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Ductus venosus

26. Where does the coronary artery arise
Atria
From the ascending aorta
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ductus venosus

27. What is the circulation through the heart
Mechanical or biologic
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Water
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

28. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

29. What arteries supply the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Water
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

30. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
72 bpm
Localized narrowing of the aorta

31. What is cardiac tamponade
4
Mechanical or biologic
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
There are 4

32. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

33. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Ductus venosus
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity

34. What is the location of the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
The contraction phase of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

35. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Chordae tendineae
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Generator and electrode
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

36. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
Ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
The contraction phase of the heart
Pericardial fluid

37. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Chordae tendineae
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
From the ascending aorta
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

38. What are non-sterile procedures
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Lower chambers - ventricles
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Sternal notch

39. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

40. What is the name for the upper chambers
Chordae tendineae
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Atria
Disease of the heart muscle

41. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
The relaxation phase of the heart

42. What are the layers of the heart
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Lower chambers - ventricles
Pericardial fluid

43. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Water
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Disease of the heart muscle

44. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Generator and electrode
From the ascending aorta
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

45. What is pulmonary stenosis
The contraction phase of the heart
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

46. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

47. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Right atrium or venae cavae
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Ligamentum venosum

48. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ligamentum venosum
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator

49. What is diastole
Mechanical or biologic
Disease of the heart muscle
The relaxation phase of the heart
Ligamentum venosum

50. what vessels are used for CPBG
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
The relaxation phase of the heart

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