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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Before the third week of gestation
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

2. What is the normal heart rate for an adult
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Mitral valve
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
72 bpm

3. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
The contraction phase of the heart
Disease of the heart muscle
Upper chambers - atria
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

4. How many chambers in the heart
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
4
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Chordae tendineae

5. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Before the third week of gestation
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Mechanical or biologic

6. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Ligamentum venosum
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

7. What is systole
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Lower chambers - ventricles
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
The contraction phase of the heart

8. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Mechanical or biologic
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Water
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

9. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
The contraction phase of the heart
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

10. What is an atrial septal defect
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Disease of the heart muscle
Sternal notch
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

11. What is the rastelli procedure
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
The relaxation phase of the heart
Right atrium or venae cavae
Generator and electrode

12. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Generator and electrode
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

13. What is the circulation through the heart
Pericardial fluid
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Ligamentum venosum
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy

14. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Lower chambers - ventricles

15. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
Ligamentum venosum
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

16. What are acyanotic defects
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Chordae tendineae

17. What arteries supply the heart
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
72 bpm
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

18. What are cyanotic defects
Ligamentum venosum
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

19. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Upper chambers - atria
There are 4
72 bpm

20. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Lower chambers - ventricles
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

21. Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

22. What is the name for the lower chambers
Water
Ventricles
Right atrium or venae cavae
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

23. What does the umbilical vein become
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Right atrium or venae cavae
Ductus venosus

24. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Chordae tendineae
Before the third week of gestation
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Atria

25. What is coarctation of the aorta
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium

26. what covers the heart
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Upper chambers - atria
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium

27. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
72 bpm

28. What is the most common chest deformity
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium

29. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Disease of the heart muscle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Mitral valve

30. How many pulmonary veins are there
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
There are 4

31. When does development of the heart begin
Before the third week of gestation
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Localized narrowing of the aorta

32. What is cardiomyopathy
4
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Disease of the heart muscle
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

33. Where is the tricuspid valve located
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Ductus venosus

34. What is diastole
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Ligamentum venosum
Pericardial fluid
The relaxation phase of the heart

35. What is another name for the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Water
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

36. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria

37. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Atria
Pericardial fluid
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

38. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Pericardial fluid
4
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

39. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Mitral valve

40. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Generator and electrode

41. Where does the coronary artery arise
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
Pericardial fluid
From the ascending aorta
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

42. What is a ventricular septal defect
From the ascending aorta
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Mechanical or biologic

43. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
Sternal notch
Ligamentum venosum
There are 4
4

44. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Lower chambers - ventricles
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis

45. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta

46. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

47. What are the layers of the heart
Ventricles
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

48. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Upper chambers - atria
Right atrium or venae cavae
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

49. What is cardiac tamponade
Sternal notch
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Chordae tendineae
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

50. What is bradycardia
Ligamentum venosum
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery