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Cardiac Surgery

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. what covers the heart
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

2. What is an atrial septal defect
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
Ventricles

3. What is diastole
From the ascending aorta
Water
The relaxation phase of the heart
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery

4. How many chambers in the heart
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
4
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Mitral valve

5. What are acyanotic defects
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Ligamentum venosum
4

6. when should coarctation of the aorta be repaired
Pericardial fluid
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age

7. What is the bundle of his
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
Ligamentum venosum
Generator and electrode
There are 4

8. What is pulmonary stenosis
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

9. Where does the coronary artery arise
From the ascending aorta
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Chordae tendineae
Ligamentum venosum

10. What are the characteristics of truncus arteriosus
Disease of the heart muscle
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Water

11. what vessels are used for CPBG
Disease of the heart muscle
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
Chordae tendineae
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest

12. What is the most common chest deformity
From the ascending aorta
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
The electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

13. What is the circulation through the heart
Ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
Lower chambers - ventricles

14. What are the two types of valves used in valve replacement
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Mechanical or biologic
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
From the ascending aorta

15. what solution is NOT used during CPB
Water
Chordae tendineae
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
A single artery arising from both ventricles

16. What are the two branches of the left coronary artery
Water
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

17. Where is the bicuspid valve located
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Sternal notch
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

18. What is tricuspid atresia
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
4
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery

19. what structure is at the superior part of the sternum
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side
There are 4
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Sternal notch

20. What does the cardiac cycle include
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Upper chambers - atria
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays

21. What is coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Pectus excavatum - funnel chest
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
From the ascending aorta

22. What arteries supply the heart
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice
Before the third week of gestation
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery

23. What is between the fibrous and serous pericardium
There are 4
The contraction phase of the heart
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Pericardial fluid

24. What are the layers of the heart
The contraction phase of the heart
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
Disease of the heart muscle

25. What attaches to the cusps of the valves to prevent them from folding back to prevent regurgitation
Ligamentum venosum
Upper chambers - atria
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
Chordae tendineae

26. How is the heart muscle preserved during cardiac surgery
Mitral valve
Lower chambers - ventricles
A single artery arising from both ventricles
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

27. What is the location of the heart
Water
Superior vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta
The relaxation phase of the heart
In the mediastinum - behind the sternum - 2/3 on the left side

28. Where is the tricuspid valve located
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
Ligamentum venosum

29. What is systole
4
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Lower chambers - ventricles
The contraction phase of the heart

30. What is the rastelli procedure
Pericardial fluid
For transpositon of the great vessels - a teflon patch is used to close the ventricular septal defect & a channel is placed from the right ventricular outflow to the pulmonary artery
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Heart beat less than 62 bpm

31. What is the phase of cardiac conduction
Localized narrowing of the aorta
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

32. Where is the cannula placed for venous cannulation in CPB
Right atrium or venae cavae
Done on the aerodigestive tract
4
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium

33. which chambers pump blood through the arteries
Mitral valve
Chordae tendineae
Lower chambers - ventricles
An absence of the tricuspid valve and orifice

34. What are cyanotic defects
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Water
Before the third week of gestation

35. What is bradycardia
Heart beat less than 62 bpm
Recommended at 3 to 6 months of age
A single artery arising from both ventricles
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle

36. What are the two branches of the right coronary artery
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus
Pericardial fluid
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

37. What is a ventricular septal defect
Chordae tendineae
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Atria
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

38. When does development of the heart begin
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Right coronary artery and the left coronary artery
Before the third week of gestation

39. what defects are included in tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Disease of the heart muscle
Starts at the SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery

40. which chambers receive blood from the veins
Mitral valve
Chordae tendineae
Upper chambers - atria
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of the great vessels - tricuspid atresia - truncus ateriosus

41. What is the best way to view the overall size of the heart and vessel configuration
Anteroposterior and lateral X-rays
Ventricular septal defect - infundibular or pulmonary valve stenosis - aorta overrides the ventricular septal defect - and right ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricular septal and atrial septal defects - patent ductus arteriosus - coarctation of the aorta - and pulmonary stenosis
Atria

42. What are the two parts of the pacemaker
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery
Generator and electrode
4
Sternal notch

43. What is cardiac tamponade
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Compression of the heart due to a collection of blood or flluid within the pericardium
All physiological actions that occur during a single heartbeat

44. Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Saphenous vein or the internal mammary artery
At the base of the aorta in the left ventricle
Ventricles
Before the third week of gestation

45. What are some risk factors in coronary artery disease
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Age - gender; males more than females - genetics - hypertension - cigarette smoking - diet - obesity
Pericardial fluid
Posterior descending artery and the marginal artery

46. What is the name for the lower chambers
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Ventricles
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium
Ligamentum venosum

47. What is the name for the upper chambers
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Chordae tendineae
Upper chambers - atria
Atria

48. What does the ductus venosus become after the fetus is born
The relaxation phase of the heart
Done on the aerodigestive tract
Ligamentum venosum
An abnormal opening in the wall between the right and left ventricles

49. What is the name for the machine used for cardiac support
Epicardium - myocardium - endocardium
At the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle
Heart-lung machine - pump oxygenator
Hypothermia - ice shlush or ice cold saline (4 C)

50. Where is the pacemaker electrode placed
From the ascending aorta
Ventricles
An abnormal opening in the wall between the two atria
Into the right ventricle or the right atrium