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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. what percentage of HTN is secondary to renal disease?
10%
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Vagus to medulla
LCX - I - aVL
2. pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC - coronary sinus)
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Resting potential high K perm
TAPVR
Truncus - tet of fallot
3. What causes tet of fallot?
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Adult type aortic coarctation
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
4. diaphoresis - N/V - severe retrosternal pain - pain in left arm/jaw - SOB - fatigue - adrenergic symptoms
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
Increase contractility
MI
5. EDV - ESV
Stroke volume
Black > white > asian
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
CFX
6. What happens in phase 0 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Vasocxn
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
7. What 4 things drive myocardial 02 demand?
7 weeks
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
The first 4 days
Polyarteritis nodosum
8. acute - self limiting necrotizing vasculitis in children associated with fever - conjunctivitis - strawberry tongue - desquamatous skin rash - lymphadenitis - coronary sinus aneurysms. Seen in asians
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Torsades de pointes
Kawasaki
Atrial contraction
9. The cause of cardiac dilation?
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
Greater ventricular EDV
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
10. What other syndrom is associated with infantile aortic coarctation
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Mean arterial pressure
Turners
11. How are sarcomeres added in concentric hypertrophy?
Temporal arteritis
In parallel
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Turners
12. How are the sarcomeres added in eccentric hypertrophy?
In series
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
Decrease in cAMP
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
13. What is indicated when CO and venous return are equal?
Arteriorles
The operating point of the heart
Early deaths from myocarditis
Polyarteritis nodosum
14. Which bacteria causes endocarditis in the presence of colon cancer
Angiosarcoma
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
S. bovis
15. benign capillary skin papules in AIDS patients mistaken for kaposi sarcoma - caused by bartonella henselae
RV failure - in venous pressure
SV/ EDV
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
...
16. What does HTN predispose to?
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
CK- MB
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
17. S3 - dilated heart on US - balloon appearance on CXR - eccentric hypertrophy
V fib
Early deaths from myocarditis
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Dilated cardiomyopathy
18. What is the result of not have fast sodium channels in pacemaker cells?
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
19. What is the S1 sound?
Babies
Mitral and tricuspid closure
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
Resting potential high K perm
20. What causes ankle - sacral edema - jugular venous distention
RV failure - in venous pressure
Volatage gated Ca channels
CFX
Group a beta hemolytic strep
21. What is the S2 sound?
Aortic and pulmonary closing
Dilation
Black > white > asian
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
22. Rank the following by speed of conduction - av node - atria - purkinjee - ventricles
Fick principle
Left atrial pressure
Aortic insuffic - late
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
23. In an EKG - What is the QT interval?
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
RV failure - in venous pressure
MAP
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
24. SV CAP means?
RCA - II - III - aVF
Ventricular repolarization
Yes
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
25. What happends in phase 1 of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Inc Kf - capillary perm
26. If HR is too fast (V tach) what happens during diastole?
Pulse pressure
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Atherosclerosis
27. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
S. epidermidis
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Arteriorles
7 weeks
28. When do you find hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs?
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Dressler's - autoimmune
Decreases
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
29. When during cardiac nodal cells depolarize?
Eisenmenger's syndrome
In series
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
During diastole
30. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by Ach or adenosine?
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Pos inotropy - exercise
Decreases
LCX - V4- V6
31. Rank the pacemakers cells
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
RCA - II - III - aVF
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
32. necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airways - nectrotizing GN - small vessel vasculitis
33. Hyperplastic onion skinning
S. aureus
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
34. Which organ gets the largest share of systemic cardiac output
Liver
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
S. aureus
Greater ventricular EDV
35. Left to right shunts are more common in babies or kids?
Group a beta hemolytic strep
Kids
Angiosarcoma
Black > white > asian
36. In the evolution of an MI - when the risk for free wall rupture - tamponade - papillary muscle rupture - or interventricular septal rupture the hightest? Why?
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
37. What kind of infarct show ST depression
Subendocardial
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
MI
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
38. When does EF decrease
QRS complex
Fluid movement through capillaries
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
In HF
39. cavernous lymphangioma of the neck - associated with turner's
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Turners
Isovolumetric contraction
Cystic hygroma
40. Which murmur do you hear in mitral stenosis?
RF
Decreased
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
41. Which enzymes are useful for diagnosing reinfarction
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Truncus - tet of fallot
CK- MB
In series
42. What kind of dysfunction ensues in restrictive cardiomyopathy
Diastolic
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Black > white > asian
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
43. What causes the early cyanosis in Tet of Fallot?
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
44. In the cardiac cycle - which period has the highest 02 consumption?
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Kids
Isovolumetric contraction
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
45. dyspnea - fatigue - edema and rales - multiple causes
LCX - V4- V6
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
CHF
Transposition of great vessels
46. What is the early and late lesion in rheumatic heart disease
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Mitral valve prolapse
Non
47. What does hypoxia cause in the lung versus other tissues?
If sodium channel
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Kidney
Dec plasma proteins
48. What do the starling forces determine
Fluid movement through capillaries
Lymphangiosarcoma
RCA
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
49. What constitues the upstroke in pacemaker cells?
During diastole
Volatage gated Ca channels
Cardiac tamponde
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
50. When and why is the S3 sound heard?
MI
Non
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Right sided