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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What other congenital abnormality is necessary for life for a patient with transposition of the great vesses?
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
LAD - V1 - V4
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Increase in Pc
2. What are the four most common locations for atherosclerosis?
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
3. What causes the midsystolic click
Boot shaped heart
Mean arterial pressure
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Decrease in cAMP
4. benign - painful - red - blue tumor under fingernails from smooth muscle cells
Glomus tumor
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
5. What causes the cushing reflex and why
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
P02
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
6. Equilibration of diastolic pressures in all 4 chambers - decreased CO from compression of heart by fluid in pericardium
MI
Strawberry hemangioma
Cardiac tamponde
Polyarteritis nodosum
7. What is the difference between the fetal and neonatal direction of blood flow in a patent ductus arteriosus
Preload
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Lymphangiosarcoma
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
8. In an inferior wall infarct - which artery is affected and which leads show Q waves
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
RCA - II - III - aVF
...
9. In an anterolateral infarct - which artery is effected and which leads show Q waves
LCX - V4- V6
Granuloma with giant cells
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
10. What happens in phase 0 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
LCX - V4- V6
Mean arterial pressure
Prinzmetal angina
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
11. What causes the murmur heard in MR to enhance?
Left heart failure
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
HypoK and bradycardia
12. When and why do you hear the S4 sound
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Temporal arteritis
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
13. disease of elastic arteries and large and medium sized muscular arteries
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Atherosclerosis
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
14. When and why is the S3 sound heard?
Dressler's - autoimmune
Stable angina
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
15. In an anterior wall infarct - which artery is effected and which leads show Q waves
SA and AV nodes
Strawberry hemangioma
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
LAD - V1 - V4
16. What does the starling curve show?
Dressler's - autoimmune
Group a beta hemolytic strep
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Changes in CO as a function of preload
17. exaggerated decrease in pulse during inspiration.
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18. in the JVP - What is the a wave?
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Atrial contraction
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
19. most common heart tumor
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Vasodilators
20. 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic
MAP
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Can progess to V fib
Aortic insuffic - late
21. no change in PR interval followed by dropped beat
PDA
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Systolic dysfunction
Buerger's disease
22. What causes the murmur heard in tricuspid regurg to enhance
LAD > RCA > circumflex
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
In RA return (inspiration)
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
23. What are the systolic heart sounds
Hyperlipidemia
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
10%
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
24. Which two mechanisms sense decrease MAP?
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
LAD - V1 - V4
Decreases
25. What are the 5 T's of cyanoitc babies
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
1st degree AV blodck
26. Unilateral headache - jaw claudication - impaired vision
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
Early deaths from myocarditis
Gap junctions
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
27. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
LAD - V1- V2
ASD
No
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
28. How does aldosterone raise MAP
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Greater ventricular EDV
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Inc blood volume
29. tearing chest pain radiation to the back - associated with marfan
Ventricular repolarization
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
30. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Dilation
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Right sided
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
31. The aortic arch receptors transmit along which nerve?
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
Vagus to medulla
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
32. systolic - diastolic
Takayasu's arteritis
CHF
V fib arrhythima
Pulse pressure
33. In what disease states is blood viscosity increased?
Pulse pressure
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
34. pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC - coronary sinus)
Ventricles are depolarized
TAPVR
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Dilation
35. What does increasing intracellular Ca do?
Transfusion
In series
Increase contractility
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
36. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
The operating point of the heart
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
37. PCWP > LV diastolic pressure
If sodium channel
Cardiac tamponde
Left atrial pressure
Mitral stenosis
38. segmental thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium vessels in smokers with intermittent claudication - superficial nodular phlebitis - raynaud's - gangrene and severe pain - autoamputation of digits is possible
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39. Which class of drugs decrease the murmur heard in aortic regurg?
Vasodilators
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
40. What is the cushing triad?
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Kawasaki
41. What do the starling forces determine
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Fluid movement through capillaries
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
42. What does the U wave indicated?
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
7 weeks
HypoK and bradycardia
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
43. Why is contractility decreased in heart failure?
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
Systolic dysfunction
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Liver
44. What cardiac change occurs in pregnancy?
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Hyperlipidemia
Increased SV
Rhabdomyomas
45. What is the association with wide S2 splitting?
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
46. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Torsades de pointes
Myxoma
1st degree AV blodck
47. congenital heart defect with turner's
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
Coarcation of aorta
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
S. aureus
48. failure of truncus arteriosus to divide?
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
49. What is association with fixed S2 splitting - does not increase with inspiration
ASD
Boot shaped heart
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
50. How do catecholamines increase contractility?
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
Resting potential high K perm
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
Kids