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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Which murmur is heard in aortic stenosis?
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Greater ventricular EDV
Stable angina
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
2. no relation between p waves and QRS intervals - treatment and predisposing factor
Stable angina
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
3rd degree block - pacemaker - Lyme disease
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
3. Which murmur is characteristic of mitral/tricuspid regurg?
Holosystoiic
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Volatage gated Ca channels
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
4. What cardiac change occurs in pregnancy?
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
Increased SV
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Granuloma with giant cells
5. Central chemoreceptors do not respond directly to which parameter?
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
P02
During diastole
Inc Kf - capillary perm
6. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
S. aureus
Dilated cardiomyopathy
7. Which artery supplies the inferior portion of the left ventricle and posterior septum?
Decrease in cAMP
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
8. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
Greater ventricular EDV
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
9. MAP is also known as
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Takayasu's arteritis
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
ASD
10. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
Black > white > asian
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
The operating point of the heart
11. In terms of starling forces - why does heart failure cause edema?
Mitral and tricuspid closure
S. aureus
Increase in Pc
Activated histiocytes
12. What is indicated when CO and venous return are equal?
The operating point of the heart
Raynaud's
Mitral stenosis
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
13. What other sign is often present with congenital long QT syndrome - why?
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Early deaths from myocarditis
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
14. Equilibration of diastolic pressures in all 4 chambers - decreased CO from compression of heart by fluid in pericardium
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Cardiac tamponde
15. in the JVP - What is the v wave?
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Wegener's
Diastolic
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
16. What is association with fixed S2 splitting - does not increase with inspiration
ASD
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
17. in the JVP - What is the c wave?
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
Adult type aortic coarctation
Atherosclerosis
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
18. most common primary cardiac tumor in children - associated with tuberous sclerosis
Rhabdomyomas
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
19. What are the complications from bacterial endocarditis?
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Activated histiocytes
20. which ethnic groups have higher association with HTN?
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Fluid movement through capillaries
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Black > white > asian
21. What does the LAD supply?
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Resting potential high K perm
Fluid movement through capillaries
22. immune mediated transmural vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis - small and medium vessels - renal and viscera - not pulm arteries - hep B seropos in 30% of pts
Polyarteritis nodosum
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Torsades de pointes
Fast volatge gated Na channels
23. What does the atria release in response to inc blood volume and atrial pressure
LCX - I - aVL
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
Temporal arteritis
ANP
24. In an anteroseptal infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
Atherosclerosis
Can progess to V fib
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
LAD - V1- V2
25. In normal S2 splitting - which valve closes first? What increases it?
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
In HF
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
26. Which valve is most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis?
Mitral valve
Atherosclerosis
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Hematocrit
27. Which enzyme rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7 to 10 days after an MI?
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Fluid movement through capillaries
Troponin I
Myxoma
28. How are sarcomeres added in concentric hypertrophy?
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
140/90
The operating point of the heart
In parallel
29. Which class of drugs decreases afterload?
Troponin I
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
CK- MB
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
30. What is the machine like murmur? What is the heart pathology and the predisposing causes
Yes
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
31. segmental thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium vessels in smokers with intermittent claudication - superficial nodular phlebitis - raynaud's - gangrene and severe pain - autoamputation of digits is possible
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32. In what disease states is blood viscosity increased?
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
Mitral stenosis
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
33. What are aschoff bodies
Granuloma with giant cells
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
If sodium channel
EKG
34. When is the scar completely formed in an MI?
Truncus - tet of fallot
7 weeks
LAD - V1 - V4
S. aureus
35. Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
RCA
Holosystoiic
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
36. dyspnea - fatigue - edema and rales - multiple causes
CHF
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Cystic hygroma
LAD > RCA > circumflex
37. Which sympathetic receptors raise MAP
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
At least 55%
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Holosystoiic
38. EDV - ESV
Stroke volume
Fick principle
Cherry hemangioma
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
39. When during cardiac nodal cells depolarize?
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
During diastole
40. Most common vasculitis affecting medium and large arteries
In series
MI
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
Temporal arteritis
41. with what heart sounds do ASD usually present?
MI
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
1st degree AV blodck
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
42. What is the gold standard for dx of MI in the first 6 hours
EKG
TAPVR
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
MI
43. When does extracellular calcium enter the cardiac muscle cells during contraction?
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
The plateau period
Transmural
If sodium channel
44. What causes tet of fallot?
CFX
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
45. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by catecholamines and
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
TAPVR
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
46. systolic - diastolic
S. bovis
Pulse pressure
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
47. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Unstable/crescendo angina
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
48. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
Pos inotropy - exercise
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
SV/ EDV
Atherosclerosis
49. In an anterior wall infarct - which artery is effected and which leads show Q waves
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
LAD - V1 - V4
Fluid movement through capillaries
3rd degree block - pacemaker - Lyme disease
50. What is the cushing triad?
Myxoma
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve