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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What happens in phase 4 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
In HF
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Resting potential high K perm
2. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Mitral valve
Ventricular repolarization
Wegener's
Left heart failure
3. What does the LAD supply?
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
S. epidermidis
Activated histiocytes
Gap junctions
4. Do dihydropyridine or non - dihyrdropyridine Ca channel blockers decrease contractility
Non
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Polyarteritis nodosum
5. coronary artery spasm - ST elevation
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Mitral stenosis
Prinzmetal angina
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
6. In a lateral wall infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
Myxoma
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
LCX - I - aVL
Kids
7. What is the definition of HTN?
140/90
Liver
TAPVR
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
8. What is indicated when CO and venous return are equal?
Subendocardial
The operating point of the heart
LAD - V1- V2
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
9. What causes the murmur heard in MR to enhance?
The first 4 days
Takayasu's arteritis
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
CO
10. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
S. aureus
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
11. What is the classic X ray finding for tet of fallot?
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Boot shaped heart
In RA return (inspiration)
Vagus to medulla
12. What do patients die early from in rheumatic heart disease?
Early deaths from myocarditis
EKG
Boot shaped heart
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
13. highly lethal malignancy of the liver - associated with vinyl chloride - arsenic - and thorosrast exposure
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Angiosarcoma
Dilation
14. What happens in phase 0 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Changes in CO as a function of preload
RV failure - in venous pressure
In series
15. Which lab value indicates blood viscosity?
Dressler's - autoimmune
Increase in Pc
Hematocrit
If sodium channel
16. Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
RCA
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
17. Inspiration causes an increase in which sided heart sounds?
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Right sided
LAD
Torsades de pointes
18. In terms of starling forces - why does heart failure cause edema?
Increase in Pc
...
V fib
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
19. Where does coronary artery occlusion occur most commonly?
EKG
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
Fick principle
LAD
20. Which bacteria can cause endocarditis from prosthetic valves?
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Kids
LAD
S. epidermidis
21. Why is contractility decreased in heart failure?
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Systolic dysfunction
1st degree AV blodck
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
22. Which enzyme rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7 to 10 days after an MI?
Gap junctions
Troponin I
Left heart failure
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
23. with what heart sounds do ASD usually present?
Volatage gated Ca channels
In HF
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
Stroke volume
24. serum marker for wegener's
The first 4 days
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
C - ANCA
25. What does the U wave indicated?
No
CHF
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
HypoK and bradycardia
26. Most common vasculitis affecting medium and large arteries
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Temporal arteritis
Pos inotropy - exercise
27. In an EKG - What is the PR interval?
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
28. What is the cushing triad?
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
29. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
Raynaud's
No
Kaposi's sarcoma
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
30. Which class of drugs decreases afterload?
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
ASD
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
31. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
1st degree AV blodck
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
32. What causes tet of fallot?
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
33. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Left atrial pressure
Pos inotropy - exercise
34. S3 - dilated heart on US - balloon appearance on CXR - eccentric hypertrophy
No - no pressure gradient
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Dilated cardiomyopathy
ASD
35. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
Hyperlipidemia
ANP
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
36. What does increasing intracellular Ca do?
CFX
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
Liver
Increase contractility
37. progressive lengthening of PR until beat is dropped - a p wave not followed by QRS
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
Raynaud's
LAD
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
38. Does eccentric hypertrophy or concentric hypertrophy cause systolic disfunction
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
Decrease in cAMP
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
39. what percentage of HTN is secondary to renal disease?
Transposition of great vessels
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Temporal arteritis
10%
40. What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
The plateau period
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
41. in the JVP - What is the a wave?
Pos inotropy - exercise
The plateau period
Decreases
Atrial contraction
42. in the JVP - What is the c wave?
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Kids
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
43. What cardiac change occurs in pregnancy?
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
In RA return (inspiration)
Hematocrit
Increased SV
44. Where are pacemaker cells?
Isovolumetric contraction
Early deaths from myocarditis
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
SA and AV nodes
45. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Mitral valve prolapse
Preload
46. The cause of pulmonary edema - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Strawberry hemangioma
47. Mitral stenosis is most often secondary to which condition?
RV failure - in venous pressure
RF
Dilation
1st degree AV blodck
48. Which murmur is heard with mitral prolapse?
Increase in Pc
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Persistant truncus arteriosus
RF
49. What is the most common cause of right heart failure
Mitral valve
Left heart failure
Preload
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
50. How are sarcomeres added in concentric hypertrophy?
In parallel
SA and AV nodes
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
V fib arrhythima