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Cardiology
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Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. dyspnea - fatigue - edema and rales - multiple causes
Buerger's disease
CHF
LAD - V1 - V4
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
2. Does eccentric hypertrophy or concentric hypertrophy cause systolic disfunction
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
3. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
Kidney
At least 55%
Unstable/crescendo angina
Pos inotropy - exercise
4. highly lethal malignancy of the liver - associated with vinyl chloride - arsenic - and thorosrast exposure
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Angiosarcoma
The operating point of the heart
Diastolic
5. fibrous plaques and atheromas in intima of arteries
Atherosclerosis
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Infective endocarditis
EKG
6. How do catecholamines increase contractility?
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
SA and AV nodes
Transposition of great vessels
7. What does HTN predispose to?
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Increased SV
8. What is the definition of HTN?
140/90
Pos inotropy - exercise
Buerger's disease
Rhabdomyomas
9. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
No
Babies
RF
10. What happens in phase 3 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Adult type aortic coarctation
Atherosclerosis
Preload
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
11. What is a normal EF
Stable angina
At least 55%
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Holosystoiic
12. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Hyperlipidemia
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
13. In an EKG - What is the p wave?
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Atrial contraction
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
14. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
HypoK and bradycardia
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Vagus to medulla
15. Which vessels account for the most total peripheral resistance
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
Arteriorles
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
16. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Mean arterial pressure
Dressler's - autoimmune
Polyarteritis nodosum
17. clinical signs of cardiac tamponade
QRS complex
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
Yes
18. What causes the cushing reflex and why
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Myxoma
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Mitral valve
19. which ethnic groups have higher association with HTN?
Glomus tumor
Fluid movement through capillaries
Black > white > asian
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
20. Chronic mitral stenosis can lead to what changes in size of the LA
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Takayasu's arteritis
Dilation
21. Exercise - overtransfusiion and excitiment causes and increase in...?
In parallel
Stable angina
LCX - I - aVL
Preload
22. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
PDA
In RA return (inspiration)
23. What do the starling forces determine
S. epidermidis
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Activated histiocytes
Fluid movement through capillaries
24. congenital heart defect with 22q11
Truncus - tet of fallot
Transmural
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Can progess to V fib
25. Which bacteria can cause endocarditis from prosthetic valves?
Diastolic
S. epidermidis
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
26. What is associated with paradoxical spliting of S2
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Liver
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
27. What causes hepatomegaly?
Lymphangiosarcoma
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
28. What causes the murmur heard in tricuspid regurg to enhance
In RA return (inspiration)
EKG
Rhabdomyomas
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
29. How are cadiac myocytes eltrically coupled?
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Gap junctions
EKG
If sodium channel
30. list the coronary vessels most likely to be occluded
Buerger's disease
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Decreased
LAD > RCA > circumflex
31. What murmur is heard with aortic regurg?
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Resting potential high K perm
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
32. PROVe
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Temporal arteritis
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
Black > white > asian
33. MAP is also known as
RV failure - in venous pressure
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
The plateau period
34. Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
RCA
Adult type aortic coarctation
In HF
35. What are the complications from bacterial endocarditis?
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Boot shaped heart
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
36. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
SV/ EDV
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
37. Wegener's tx
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
C - ANCA
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Preload
38. What is the early and late lesion in rheumatic heart disease
The first 4 days
Mitral valve prolapse
Turners
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
39. prolonged PR interval
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
1st degree AV blodck
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
40. Which organ has the largest arteriovenous difference
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
RCA - II - III - aVF
41. What does FEVERSS stand for in rheumatic heart disease
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
42. Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Unstable/crescendo angina
43. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
44. What causes the CO curve to shift downwards?
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Babies
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
45. What is the S1 sound?
Arteriorles
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Mitral and tricuspid closure
46. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
Stroke volume
SV/ EDV
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
47. Which murmur is heard with VSD?
Transmural
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Infective endocarditis
48. What does the LAD supply?
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Fluid movement through capillaries
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Fast volatge gated Na channels
49. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the right?
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Lymphangiosarcoma
Transfusion
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
50. What is the result of not have fast sodium channels in pacemaker cells?
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Torsades de pointes
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
Truncus - tet of fallot
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