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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Right to left shunts are more common in babies or kids?
Preload
Hyperlipidemia
Mitral stenosis
Babies
2. What do the carotid and aortic bodies respond to?
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
TAPVR
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
3. What is the association with wide S2 splitting?
SV/ EDV
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Coarcation of aorta
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
4. list the coronary vessels most likely to be occluded
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Ventricular repolarization
ASD
5. What does TAPVR stand for
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
7 weeks
Hematocrit
6. What is the S2 sound?
Aortic and pulmonary closing
In parallel
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Babies
7. Which kind of infarct show ST elevation - and/or pathologic Q waves
C - ANCA
Transmural
Liver
1st degree AV blodck
8. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
RF
Preload
Fick principle
9. What channels do the the pacemaker cells lack?
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Raynaud's
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
10. congenital heart defect withdown syndrome
Increase contractility
Decreased
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
11. Which class of drugs decrease preload
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Pulse pressure
12. Where is the most posterior portion of the heart and What can it cause?
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
QRS complex
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
If sodium channel
13. friction rub - 3-5 days post MI
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Coarcation of aorta
14. What does an isoelectric ST segment indicate?
Polyarteritis nodosum
Ventricles are depolarized
Decreases
Infective endocarditis
15. Expiration causes an increase in which sided heart sounds
Kaposi's sarcoma
Transmural
Viridans streptococci
Left sided
16. What cardiac change occurs in pregnancy?
Increased SV
Kaposi's sarcoma
Henoch - Schlonlein purpura
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
17. fibrous plaques and atheromas in intima of arteries
In series
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Can progess to V fib
Atherosclerosis
18. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Holosystoiic
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
RCA
19. What does HTN predispose to?
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Gap junctions
ANP
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
20. PCWP is an estimate of...
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Left atrial pressure
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
21. 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic
MAP
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
LAD - V1 - V4
22. In an inferior wall infarct - which artery is affected and which leads show Q waves
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Polyarteritis nodosum
RCA - II - III - aVF
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
23. What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
Wegener's
24. Chronic mitral stenosis can lead to what changes in size of the LA
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
Dilation
If sodium channel
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
25. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by catecholamines and
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
ANP
26. In an EKG - What is the PR interval?
Strawberry hemangioma
Transmural
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
27. When and why is the S3 sound heard?
Liver
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
28. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Cystic hygroma
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
29. Which enzyme rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7 to 10 days after an MI?
Unstable/crescendo angina
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Troponin I
Preload
30. What do patients die early from in rheumatic heart disease?
No - no pressure gradient
The operating point of the heart
CO
Early deaths from myocarditis
31. What are the four most common locations for atherosclerosis?
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Mitral and tricuspid closure
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Inc Kf - capillary perm
32. rate of 02 consumption/ arterial 02 - venous 02 ccontent=CO
Myxoma
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Fick principle
Mitral stenosis
33. in the JVP - What is the a wave?
Atrial contraction
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
MI
34. How are cadiac myocytes eltrically coupled?
Gap junctions
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Preload
Inc Kf - capillary perm
35. what happens to capillaries in lymphatic blockage
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
Unstable/crescendo angina
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
36. congenital heart defect with marfan's
Rhabdomyomas
Aortic insuffic - late
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
37. In an EKG - What is the QT interval?
Changes in CO as a function of preload
RCA - II - III - aVF
CK- MB
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
38. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
S. aureus
Aortic insuffic - late
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
39. Which class of drugs decreases afterload?
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
RCA - II - III - aVF
S. bovis
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
40. What are the diastolic heart sounds?
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Lymphangiosarcoma
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
41. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
Henoch - Schlonlein purpura
Dec plasma proteins
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
RCA
42. What causes tet of fallot?
Pulse pressure
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
43. serum marker for wegener's
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
Infective endocarditis
C - ANCA
Persistant truncus arteriosus
44. Why is contractility decreased in heart failure?
Systolic dysfunction
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
CK- MB
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
45. What is the difference between the fetal and neonatal direction of blood flow in a patent ductus arteriosus
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
46. What is the time frame for arrhythmia risk in the evolution of MI
No - no pressure gradient
Cystic hygroma
Wegener's
The first 4 days
47. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
SV/ EDV
48. Equilibration of diastolic pressures in all 4 chambers - decreased CO from compression of heart by fluid in pericardium
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
LAD - V1- V2
During diastole
Cardiac tamponde
49. dyspnea - fatigue - edema and rales - multiple causes
Dilated cardiomyopathy
CHF
Lymphangiosarcoma
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
50. What is the cushing triad?
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
EKG
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS