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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Can progess to V fib
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Right sided
Ventricular repolarization
2. lymphatic malignancy associated with persistant lymphadema - post radical mastectomy
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Lymphangiosarcoma
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Raynaud's
3. What causes tet of fallot?
PDA
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
4. What 4 things drive myocardial 02 demand?
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
The first 4 days
5. What do the starling forces determine
Fluid movement through capillaries
Hemorrhage
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
In RA return (inspiration)
6. What is the definition of HTN?
140/90
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Fluid movement through capillaries
7. Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes
Inc blood volume
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
8. cavernous lymphangioma of the neck - associated with turner's
Increase contractility
Increase in Pc
Cystic hygroma
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
9. bacterial endocarditis - previously normal valves - rapid onset - Which bacteria?
S. aureus
The operating point of the heart
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Myxoma
10. Which bacteria can cause endocarditis from prosthetic valves?
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
In RA return (inspiration)
S. epidermidis
11. In an anterior wall infarct - which artery is effected and which leads show Q waves
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
No - no pressure gradient
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
LAD - V1 - V4
12. In an EKG - What is the QT interval?
Preload
Babies
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
PDA
13. The carotid sinus transmits along which nerve?
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Infective endocarditis
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
14. What happens in phase 4 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Resting potential high K perm
Takayasu's arteritis
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
15. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
Temporal arteritis
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
16. fibrous plaques and atheromas in intima of arteries
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Atherosclerosis
ASD
Liver
17. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
No
Fast volatge gated Na channels
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
18. Exercise - overtransfusiion and excitiment causes and increase in...?
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Preload
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
SA and AV nodes
19. What is the S1 sound?
Mitral and tricuspid closure
Rhabdomyomas
S. aureus
Eisenmenger's syndrome
20. The aortic arch receptors transmit along which nerve?
Mitral stenosis
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Vagus to medulla
21. acute - self limiting necrotizing vasculitis in children associated with fever - conjunctivitis - strawberry tongue - desquamatous skin rash - lymphadenitis - coronary sinus aneurysms. Seen in asians
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Preload
Kawasaki
22. In an inferior wall infarct - which artery is affected and which leads show Q waves
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
RCA - II - III - aVF
Decrease in cAMP
23. What are the different etiologies of dialted cardiomyopathy
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Atrial contraction
Kaposi's sarcoma
24. What does the LAD supply?
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Kawasaki
25. What is the danger of torsades to pointes?
Inc blood volume
Can progess to V fib
LAD - V1- V2
7 weeks
26. What is association with fixed S2 splitting - does not increase with inspiration
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
ASD
27. in the JVP - What is the v wave?
Diastolic
Truncus - tet of fallot
V fib arrhythima
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
28. What supplies the posterior left ventricle?
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
CFX
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
S. epidermidis
29. What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Inc blood volume
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
Left sided
30. Rank the pacemakers cells
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
Left atrial pressure
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
31. What happens in phase 3 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Increase contractility
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
CFX
Troponin I
32. What is the most common cause of MI
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
LAD - V1- V2
Mean arterial pressure
Mitral and tricuspid closure
33. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
Left atrial pressure
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
34. What does FEVERSS stand for in rheumatic heart disease
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
Prinzmetal angina
35. Does blood flow across the actual ASD account for abnormal heart sounds? What is the reason?
Glomus tumor
No - no pressure gradient
In parallel
Granuloma with giant cells
36. what percentage of HTN is secondary to renal disease?
10%
Kids
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
During diastole
37. SV CAP means?
Infective endocarditis
At least 55%
3rd degree block - pacemaker - Lyme disease
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
38. What causes the early cyanosis in Tet of Fallot?
Holosystoiic
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
140/90
Babies
39. thrombosis w/o necrosis - ST elevation - worsening chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Unstable/crescendo angina
MI
Cardiac tamponde
40. How are sarcomeres added in concentric hypertrophy?
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
In parallel
No
41. What happends in phase 1 of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
The first 4 days
42. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
ASD
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
43. In the cardiac cycle - which period has the highest 02 consumption?
Isovolumetric contraction
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
V fib arrhythima
44. S3 - dilated heart on US - balloon appearance on CXR - eccentric hypertrophy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
Lymphangiosarcoma
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
45. What is indicated when CO and venous return are equal?
V fib arrhythima
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
The operating point of the heart
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
46. what conditions are associated with pulsus paradoxus
LAD - V1- V2
Black > white > asian
Ventricular repolarization
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
47. What does an isoelectric ST segment indicate?
Ventricles are depolarized
V fib arrhythima
Can progess to V fib
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
48. What causes the cushing reflex and why
Decreased
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Fluid movement through capillaries
49. When does EF decrease
Fluid movement through capillaries
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
In HF
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
50. What other syndrom is associated with infantile aortic coarctation
Can progess to V fib
Turners
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
S. aureus