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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. PCWP > LV diastolic pressure
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Mitral stenosis
Systolic dysfunction
No
2. failure of truncus arteriosus to divide?
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Left sided
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Pulse pressure
3. What masks atrial repolarization?
QRS complex
Increase contractility
Atherosclerosis
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
4. congenital heart defect withdown syndrome
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
5. What is the S1 sound?
The plateau period
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Mitral and tricuspid closure
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
6. When during cardiac nodal cells depolarize?
Rhabdomyomas
During diastole
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
7. EDV - ESV
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Stroke volume
In parallel
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
8. Where are pacemaker cells?
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
SA and AV nodes
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Inc blood volume
9. Which sympathetic receptors raise MAP
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
Eisenmenger's syndrome
10. Why is there edema after burns or during infection
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
11. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
Pos inotropy - exercise
Left heart failure
Mitral and tricuspid closure
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
12. S3 - dilated heart on US - balloon appearance on CXR - eccentric hypertrophy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Buerger's disease
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
13. What is the most common cause of MI
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Polyarteritis nodosum
Decreased
14. In a lateral wall infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
SA and AV nodes
LCX - I - aVL
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
15. What causes the murmur heard in MR to enhance?
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Atrial contraction
16. When and why do you hear the S4 sound
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
The plateau period
Greater ventricular EDV
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
17. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
PDA
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
18. What are the 5 T's of cyanoitc babies
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
Kaposi's sarcoma
CHF
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
19. Which kind of infarct show ST elevation - and/or pathologic Q waves
Greater ventricular EDV
PDA
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Transmural
20. What happens in phase 3 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Buerger's disease
Hemorrhage
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
21. What does an isoelectric ST segment indicate?
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Ventricles are depolarized
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
22. How do beta blockers decrease contractility?
Decrease in cAMP
Arteriorles
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
23. Fatal arrhythmia
CK- MB
V fib
Atherosclerosis
Activated histiocytes
24. port wine stains on face - intracerebral AVM - siezures - early onset glaucoma - congenital
Kaposi's sarcoma
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
ANP
25. What are the systolic heart sounds
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
Boot shaped heart
26. Which class of drugs decrease preload
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Decreases
27. prolonged PR interval
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
At least 55%
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
1st degree AV blodck
28. in the JVP - What is the c wave?
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
CK- MB
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
29. most common primary cardiac tumor in adults - ball - valve obstruction in left atrium
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Atherosclerosis
Myxoma
Decreases
30. EDV is also known as
Atherosclerosis
Preload
Stable angina
SV/ EDV
31. What is the time frame for arrhythmia risk in the evolution of MI
The first 4 days
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
32. The cause of pulmonary edema - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Greater ventricular EDV
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Coarcation of aorta
33. skin rash on buttocks and legs - arthralgia - intestinal hemorrhage - abdominal pain - melena. Follows URI - IgA immune complex - most common childhood systemic vasculitis
Early deaths from myocarditis
Henoch - Schlonlein purpura
Myxoma
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
34. benign capillary skin papules in AIDS patients mistaken for kaposi sarcoma - caused by bartonella henselae
...
7 weeks
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
35. What are the four most common locations for atherosclerosis?
RCA - II - III - aVF
Early deaths from myocarditis
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
36. Right to left shunts are more common in babies or kids?
Mitral valve
Babies
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
Raynaud's
37. Which channel accounts for automaticity of the SA and AV nodes?
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Dec plasma proteins
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
If sodium channel
38. Which murmur is characteristic of mitral/tricuspid regurg?
Holosystoiic
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Turners
Non
39. What channels do the the pacemaker cells lack?
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
40. sudden death in young atheletes - S4 - apical impulses - outflow obstruction
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
41. What does increasing intracellular Ca do?
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
7 weeks
Increase contractility
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
42. What is the classic X ray finding for tet of fallot?
LAD > RCA > circumflex
MI
Boot shaped heart
ANP
43. What happends in phase 1 of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
C - ANCA
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Holosystoiic
44. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
1st degree AV blodck
LAD - V1 - V4
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
45. What causes the early cyanosis in Tet of Fallot?
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
The plateau period
46. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Myxoma
47. retrosternal chest main with exertion - ST depression on ECG - likely due atherosclerosis
HypoK and bradycardia
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Stable angina
48. Where does coronary artery occlusion occur most commonly?
LAD
Left sided
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Aortic and pulmonary closing
49. What causes hepatomegaly?
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
LAD - V1- V2
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Kids
50. What is the early and late lesion in rheumatic heart disease
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
RF
Mitral valve prolapse
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)