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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What masks atrial repolarization?
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
QRS complex
2. Which murmur do you hear in mitral stenosis?
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
MI
Black > white > asian
3. cavernous lymphangioma of the neck - associated with turner's
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Kawasaki
Cystic hygroma
4. In terms of starling forces - why does nephrotic syndrome or liver failure cause edems
Dec plasma proteins
Dressler's - autoimmune
Can progess to V fib
Glomus tumor
5. dilated tortous veins due to chronically inc venous pressure - poor wound healing - varicose ulcers
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
6. What is the early and late lesion in rheumatic heart disease
Systolic dysfunction
Mitral valve prolapse
Mean arterial pressure
RCA
7. What does the U wave indicated?
Atherosclerosis
CO
HypoK and bradycardia
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
8. When do you find hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs?
Hematocrit
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Atrial contraction
9. What do the starling forces determine
Fluid movement through capillaries
Black > white > asian
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
10. What is the gold standard for dx of MI in the first 6 hours
EKG
Transposition of great vessels
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
11. Which murmur is heard with VSD?
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Aortic insuffic - late
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
12. How are cadiac myocytes eltrically coupled?
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
Gap junctions
In RA return (inspiration)
V fib arrhythima
13. What causes orthopnea?
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Non
Hematocrit
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
14. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Troponin I
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
HypoK and bradycardia
15. What murmur is heard with aortic regurg?
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
7 weeks
16. Which organ has ht highest blood flow per gram of tissue
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
C - ANCA
Kidney
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
17. list the coronary vessels most likely to be occluded
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
LAD > RCA > circumflex
If sodium channel
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
18. What constitues the upstroke in pacemaker cells?
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
During diastole
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Volatage gated Ca channels
19. immune mediated transmural vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis - small and medium vessels - renal and viscera - not pulm arteries - hep B seropos in 30% of pts
Polyarteritis nodosum
Fluid movement through capillaries
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
20. with what heart sounds do ASD usually present?
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Holosystoiic
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
S. epidermidis
21. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Unstable/crescendo angina
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
22. What does the LAD supply?
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
23. thrombosis w/o necrosis - ST elevation - worsening chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Kaposi's sarcoma
Unstable/crescendo angina
24. congenital heart defect with marfan's
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
S. bovis
Temporal arteritis
Aortic insuffic - late
25. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Prinzmetal angina
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Hematocrit
26. most common primary cardiac tumor in children - associated with tuberous sclerosis
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Rhabdomyomas
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
27. what happens to capillaries in lymphatic blockage
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
LCX - I - aVL
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
28. Fatal arrhythmia
V fib
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
Eisenmenger's syndrome
29. Does blood flow across the actual ASD account for abnormal heart sounds? What is the reason?
Decreases
No - no pressure gradient
Kaposi's sarcoma
Henoch - Schlonlein purpura
30. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
31. Which class of drugs decrease the murmur heard in aortic regurg?
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
The plateau period
Vasodilators
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
32. Do dihydropyridine or non - dihyrdropyridine Ca channel blockers decrease contractility
Non
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
SV/ EDV
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
33. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the left?
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Hemorrhage
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
34. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Ventricular repolarization
Takayasu's arteritis
35. What does autoregulation do?
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
In HF
Aortic and pulmonary closing
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
36. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Libman - sacks endocarditis
37. Which murmur is characteristic of mitral/tricuspid regurg?
Holosystoiic
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Activated histiocytes
38. Which valve is most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis?
Boot shaped heart
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Granuloma with giant cells
Mitral valve
39. highly lethal malignancy of the liver - associated with vinyl chloride - arsenic - and thorosrast exposure
During diastole
In RA return (inspiration)
Angiosarcoma
Activated histiocytes
40. fibrinous pericarditis several weeks post MI
41. What are the diastolic heart sounds?
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Increase in Pc
Kidney
42. retrosternal chest main with exertion - ST depression on ECG - likely due atherosclerosis
LAD - V1- V2
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Stable angina
Transmural
43. What causes hepatomegaly?
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
44. What causes the midsystolic click
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Yes
Aortic and pulmonary closing
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
45. What does the atria release in response to inc blood volume and atrial pressure
Inc blood volume
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
ANP
Gap junctions
46. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
Inc blood volume
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
47. When is the scar completely formed in an MI?
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Left heart failure
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
7 weeks
48. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
RCA
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
49. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
No
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Preload
Eisenmenger's syndrome
50. When does extracellular calcium enter the cardiac muscle cells during contraction?
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Aortic insuffic - late
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
The plateau period