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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Which murmur do you hear in mitral stenosis?
V fib
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
RCA - II - III - aVF
Stroke volume
2. What are the complications from bacterial endocarditis?
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Cherry hemangioma
Angiosarcoma
3. How does a patient with Tet of fallot learn to improve symptoms?
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Hyperlipidemia
Gap junctions
4. What causes orthopnea?
LAD - V1- V2
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
5. EDV is also known as
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Infective endocarditis
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Preload
6. What 4 things drive myocardial 02 demand?
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
In parallel
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
Hematocrit
7. Which class of drugs decrease the murmur heard in aortic regurg?
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Yes
Vasodilators
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
8. delta wave on ECG - accesory conduction pathway from atria to ventricles - reentry leading to supraventricular tachycardia
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
9. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the left?
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Hemorrhage
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
10. What happens in phase 2 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
S. bovis
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Preload
11. PCWP is an estimate of...
Left atrial pressure
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
12. Given P = QR - what factors influence resistance?
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
LCX - V4- V6
Left heart failure
13. What causes aortic regurg
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
In RA return (inspiration)
Hyperlipidemia
14. What causes tet of fallot?
In parallel
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
S. aureus
In HF
15. Which kind of infarct show ST elevation - and/or pathologic Q waves
Transmural
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Kawasaki
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
16. What causes the murmur heard in tricuspid regurg to enhance
RCA - II - III - aVF
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
In RA return (inspiration)
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
17. What is the most common cause of right heart failure
Hemorrhage
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
Left heart failure
Ventricular repolarization
18. In an EKG - What is the QRS complex?
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Increased SV
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
19. congenital heart defect with turner's
Viridans streptococci
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Coarcation of aorta
20. benign capillary skin papules in AIDS patients mistaken for kaposi sarcoma - caused by bartonella henselae
...
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
21. Does blood flow across the actual ASD account for abnormal heart sounds? What is the reason?
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
No - no pressure gradient
Kids
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
22. which medications are used to maintain patency or close the ductus arteriosus?
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
QRS complex
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
Ventricles are depolarized
23. What murmur is heard with aortic regurg?
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Greater ventricular EDV
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
Left sided
24. Which two mechanisms sense decrease MAP?
Decreased
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Atherosclerosis
Buerger's disease
25. In normal S2 splitting - which valve closes first? What increases it?
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Decreased
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Fluid movement through capillaries
26. S3 - dilated heart on US - balloon appearance on CXR - eccentric hypertrophy
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Non
Dilated cardiomyopathy
27. What does FROM JANE stand for in bacterial endocarditis?
28. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization
CFX
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
29. What is sudden cardiac death most commonly due to...
MAP
V fib arrhythima
Resting potential high K perm
Black > white > asian
30. What is the difference between adult and infantile type aortic coarctation?
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
...
Holosystoiic
31. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the right?
Kids
CFX
Transfusion
Subendocardial
32. What are the diastolic heart sounds?
In series
Mean arterial pressure
Pos inotropy - exercise
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
33. When does EF decrease
Greater ventricular EDV
CO
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
In HF
34. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Holosystoiic
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
35. necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airways - nectrotizing GN - small vessel vasculitis
36. What does autoregulation do?
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
Polyarteritis nodosum
Cystic hygroma
Arteriorles
37. When and why do you hear the S4 sound
Unstable/crescendo angina
MI
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Decrease in cAMP
38. pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC - coronary sinus)
LAD
Atrial contraction
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
TAPVR
39. The aortic arch receptors transmit along which nerve?
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Vagus to medulla
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
40. What is the time frame for arrhythmia risk in the evolution of MI
Atrial contraction
The first 4 days
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
41. How are cadiac myocytes eltrically coupled?
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Gap junctions
42. Which murmur is characteristic of mitral/tricuspid regurg?
Increased SV
Holosystoiic
Left sided
LAD
43. What constitues the upstroke in pacemaker cells?
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Volatage gated Ca channels
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Resting potential high K perm
44. EDV - ESV
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Holosystoiic
Stroke volume
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
45. What causes aortic stenosis
S. bovis
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Holosystoiic
46. most common heart tumor
Diastolic
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Hyperlipidemia
During diastole
47. What happends in phase 1 of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
Vagus to medulla
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
10%
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
48. What cardiac change occurs in pregnancy?
Babies
Increased SV
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
49. Where does coronary artery occlusion occur most commonly?
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
LAD
The operating point of the heart
50. What masks atrial repolarization?
RF
QRS complex
Arteriorles
Rhabdomyomas