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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. rate of 02 consumption/ arterial 02 - venous 02 ccontent=CO
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Fick principle
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Increase contractility
2. When and why do you hear the S4 sound
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
3. fibrinous pericarditis several weeks post MI
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4. coronary artery spasm - ST elevation
MI
Prinzmetal angina
Systolic dysfunction
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
5. What channels do the the pacemaker cells lack?
The operating point of the heart
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Inc blood volume
6. bening capillary hemangioma of elderly - does not regress
Cherry hemangioma
Changes in CO as a function of preload
V fib
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
7. machine murmer
PDA
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Arteriorles
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
8. What does hypoxia cause in the lung versus other tissues?
In parallel
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
V fib arrhythima
Group a beta hemolytic strep
9. Chronic mitral stenosis can lead to what changes in size of the LA
No - no pressure gradient
Left sided
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Dilation
10. What is sudden cardiac death most commonly due to...
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
Stable angina
V fib arrhythima
Takayasu's arteritis
11. moncekberg
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
Granuloma with giant cells
12. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Vasocxn
Non
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
13. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
Hematocrit
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
14. stroke volume x HR =?
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
CO
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
15. Which organ has the largest arteriovenous difference
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
RCA - II - III - aVF
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Mitral stenosis
16. congenital heart defect withdown syndrome
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
S. epidermidis
17. What masks atrial repolarization?
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
If sodium channel
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
QRS complex
18. Unilateral headache - jaw claudication - impaired vision
Adult type aortic coarctation
CFX
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
19. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Vagus to medulla
Pulse pressure
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Cherry hemangioma
20. Left to right shunts are more common in babies or kids?
MAP
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Kids
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
21. skin rash on buttocks and legs - arthralgia - intestinal hemorrhage - abdominal pain - melena. Follows URI - IgA immune complex - most common childhood systemic vasculitis
Henoch - Schlonlein purpura
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Right sided
Fick principle
22. thrombosis w/o necrosis - ST elevation - worsening chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion
Troponin I
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
Aortic insuffic - late
Unstable/crescendo angina
23. In an anteroseptal infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
LAD - V1- V2
Fluid movement through capillaries
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
24. most common heart tumor
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Turners
Left heart failure
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
25. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Pos inotropy - exercise
Troponin I
26. Which organ has ht highest blood flow per gram of tissue
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
RV failure - in venous pressure
Kidney
27. PROVe
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Pulse pressure
28. In an anterolateral infarct - which artery is effected and which leads show Q waves
LCX - V4- V6
RV failure - in venous pressure
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
29. What is the S1 sound?
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Coarcation of aorta
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Mitral and tricuspid closure
30. What is the danger of torsades to pointes?
EKG
MAP
Can progess to V fib
Vasodilators
31. What causes hepatomegaly?
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
In parallel
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
32. congenital heart defect in an infant with a diabetic mother?
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Transposition of great vessels
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
33. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the right?
Right sided
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Transfusion
34. necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airways - nectrotizing GN - small vessel vasculitis
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35. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Mitral valve prolapse
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
LAD - V1 - V4
Ventricular repolarization
36. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
Vagus to medulla
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
37. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
P02
Transmural
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Stroke volume
38. What are the complications from bacterial endocarditis?
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
HypoK and bradycardia
39. What does the atria release in response to inc blood volume and atrial pressure
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
ANP
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
40. congenital heart defect with turner's
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Increase contractility
Coarcation of aorta
SV/ EDV
41. What does increasing intracellular Ca do?
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Increase contractility
42. What are the four most common locations for atherosclerosis?
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
C - ANCA
Increase in Pc
43. in the JVP - What is the c wave?
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Arteriorles
44. decrease stretch in baroreceptors leads to what response?
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Kawasaki
45. What is the result of not have fast sodium channels in pacemaker cells?
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Right sided
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
46. disease of elastic arteries and large and medium sized muscular arteries
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Atherosclerosis
LCX - I - aVL
Angiosarcoma
47. EDV - ESV
EKG
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Stroke volume
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
48. What do the carotid and aortic bodies respond to?
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Subendocardial
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
49. what conditions are associated with pulsus paradoxus
LAD - V1- V2
Rhabdomyomas
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Cherry hemangioma
50. What happens in phase 0 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
The first 4 days
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open