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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
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Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What are tendinous xanthoma - atheromas - and corneal arcus signs of?
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
Hyperlipidemia
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
2. Given P = QR - what factors influence resistance?
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
3. Expiration causes an increase in which sided heart sounds
Left sided
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
4. moncekberg
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
Preload
Systolic dysfunction
Troponin I
5. Which class of drugs decreases afterload?
Fast volatge gated Na channels
CHF
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
6. How does angiotensin II raise MAP
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Vasocxn
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
Ventricular repolarization
7. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Hemorrhage
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
8. Which channel accounts for automaticity of the SA and AV nodes?
If sodium channel
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
Truncus - tet of fallot
9. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the right?
MAP
Transfusion
Glomus tumor
Kawasaki
10. CO x Total peripheral resistance
Mean arterial pressure
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
11. What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Cardiac tamponde
12. highly lethal malignancy of the liver - associated with vinyl chloride - arsenic - and thorosrast exposure
Angiosarcoma
Volatage gated Ca channels
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
13. What is a normal EF
TAPVR
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Systolic dysfunction
At least 55%
14. The cause of pulmonary edema - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Vasodilators
MI
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
15. Which valve is commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis from IV drug use and Which bacteria are most common?
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16. Left to right shunts are more common in babies or kids?
LCX - I - aVL
Kids
Transfusion
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
17. What happends in phase 1 of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Left heart failure
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
18. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Ventricles are depolarized
Coarcation of aorta
No
19. sudden death in young atheletes - S4 - apical impulses - outflow obstruction
Activated histiocytes
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
20. What are the systolic heart sounds
Mean arterial pressure
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
21. L to R shunt becomes R to L due to increase pulm pressures from original congenital heart defect
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22. When and why is the S3 sound heard?
Early deaths from myocarditis
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
23. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
PDA
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
24. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by Ach or adenosine?
...
Ventricles are depolarized
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
Decreases
25. How does acidosis affect contractility?
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Greater ventricular EDV
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Decreased
26. The 7 complications of MI
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27. retrosternal chest main with exertion - ST depression on ECG - likely due atherosclerosis
Stable angina
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Granuloma with giant cells
28. What are aschoff bodies
Left heart failure
Granuloma with giant cells
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
29. What causes tet of fallot?
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
30. delta wave on ECG - accesory conduction pathway from atria to ventricles - reentry leading to supraventricular tachycardia
LCX - I - aVL
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Stable angina
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
31. The carotid sinus transmits along which nerve?
Eisenmenger's syndrome
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Transposition of great vessels
32. What channels do the the pacemaker cells lack?
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
LCX - I - aVL
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Fast volatge gated Na channels
33. What murmur is heard with aortic regurg?
The operating point of the heart
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
34. exaggerated decrease in pulse during inspiration.
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35. What causes the cushing reflex and why
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Infective endocarditis
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
V fib
36. Does eccentric hypertrophy or concentric hypertrophy cause systolic disfunction
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
P02
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Decrease in cAMP
37. lymphatic malignancy associated with persistant lymphadema - post radical mastectomy
Polyarteritis nodosum
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Lymphangiosarcoma
38. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
SA and AV nodes
CFX
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
39. acute - self limiting necrotizing vasculitis in children associated with fever - conjunctivitis - strawberry tongue - desquamatous skin rash - lymphadenitis - coronary sinus aneurysms. Seen in asians
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
Mitral valve
Babies
Kawasaki
40. 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic
MAP
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
41. absecnce of tricuspid valve - hypoplastic RV
Mitral and tricuspid closure
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Fast volatge gated Na channels
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
42. benign - painful - red - blue tumor under fingernails from smooth muscle cells
Increase contractility
Glomus tumor
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
43. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
Pulse pressure
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Greater ventricular EDV
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
44. benign cap hemangioma of infancy - spont regresses
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
7 weeks
At least 55%
Strawberry hemangioma
45. What causes the early cyanosis in Tet of Fallot?
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
46. Weak pulses - notching of the ribs on xray - HTN in upper extremeties and weak peripheral pulses
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Vasodilators
Adult type aortic coarctation
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
47. What causes orthopnea?
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
LAD - V1- V2
48. How do beta blockers decrease contractility?
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Fick principle
Decrease in cAMP
At least 55%
49. What cardiac change occurs in pregnancy?
Increased SV
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Truncus - tet of fallot
50. If HR is too fast (V tach) what happens during diastole?
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Right sided
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