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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Which murmur do you hear in mitral stenosis?
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Aortic insuffic - late
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
QRS complex
2. How are sarcomeres added in concentric hypertrophy?
Dec plasma proteins
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
In parallel
3. machine murmer
No - no pressure gradient
PDA
Babies
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
4. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
...
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
5. How does a patient with Tet of fallot learn to improve symptoms?
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
The operating point of the heart
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
6. What is the difference between adult and infantile type aortic coarctation?
Atrial contraction
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Resting potential high K perm
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
7. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the right?
Transfusion
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
During diastole
8. What supplies the posterior left ventricle?
CFX
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
9. Which enzymes are useful for diagnosing reinfarction
Atrial contraction
CK- MB
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
10. prolonged PR interval
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
1st degree AV blodck
Left heart failure
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
11. What causes hepatomegaly?
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
Aortic and pulmonary closing
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
MI
12. What is sudden cardiac death most commonly due to...
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Transmural
Gap junctions
V fib arrhythima
13. What is the gold standard for dx of MI in the first 6 hours
EKG
Cystic hygroma
Vasodilators
P02
14. In normal S2 splitting - which valve closes first? What increases it?
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
15. Which kind of infarct show ST elevation - and/or pathologic Q waves
Transmural
In RA return (inspiration)
Cardiac tamponde
Activated histiocytes
16. When do you see extensive coagulative necrosis in an MI
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
V fib arrhythima
Turners
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
17. dilated tortous veins due to chronically inc venous pressure - poor wound healing - varicose ulcers
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Viridans streptococci
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
In RA return (inspiration)
18. Which organ gets the largest share of systemic cardiac output
Vagus to medulla
SV/ EDV
Liver
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
19. Fatal arrhythmia
V fib
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Babies
The operating point of the heart
20. What causes the ejection click in the Cres - decres murmur?
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Transfusion
10%
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
21. What causes tet of fallot?
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Glomus tumor
22. progressive lengthening of PR until beat is dropped - a p wave not followed by QRS
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
S. bovis
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Inc blood volume
23. Do dihydropyridine or non - dihyrdropyridine Ca channel blockers decrease contractility
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Non
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
LAD
24. Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
At least 55%
RCA
CHF
25. The cause of dyspnea on exertion?
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Aortic and pulmonary closing
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
ANP
26. smaller vegetations - congenitally abnormal or diseased valves - sequela of dental procedures. Insidious onset
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Viridans streptococci
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
27. absecnce of tricuspid valve - hypoplastic RV
Pos inotropy - exercise
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
QRS complex
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
28. congenital heart defect in an infant with a diabetic mother?
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Transposition of great vessels
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
29. Equilibration of diastolic pressures in all 4 chambers - decreased CO from compression of heart by fluid in pericardium
Vasocxn
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Cardiac tamponde
30. PROVe
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Tetrology of fallot - pulmonary stenosis - RVH - overiding aorta - VSD
31. rate of 02 consumption/ arterial 02 - venous 02 ccontent=CO
EKG
Viridans streptococci
Fick principle
Vagus to medulla
32. What happens in phase 2 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Decreased
33. lymphatic malignancy associated with persistant lymphadema - post radical mastectomy
Volatage gated Ca channels
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Turners
Lymphangiosarcoma
34. Which artery supplies the inferior portion of the left ventricle and posterior septum?
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
35. What are aschoff bodies
Ventricular repolarization
HypoK and bradycardia
Granuloma with giant cells
LAD > RCA > circumflex
36. most common heart tumor
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
37. What is association with fixed S2 splitting - does not increase with inspiration
ASD
Torsades de pointes
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
Decreased
38. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
PDA
Activated histiocytes
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
39. What does the atria release in response to inc blood volume and atrial pressure
Increase in Pc
ANP
Activated histiocytes
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
40. What kind of infarct show ST depression
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Subendocardial
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Raynaud's
41. most common primary cardiac tumor in adults - ball - valve obstruction in left atrium
In series
RF
Myxoma
Polyarteritis nodosum
42. What is the formula for EF?
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
SV/ EDV
Transmural
43. decrease stretch in baroreceptors leads to what response?
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Fluid movement through capillaries
In HF
44. What causes the midsystolic click
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
45. The carotid sinus transmits along which nerve?
10%
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
46. What is the machine like murmur? What is the heart pathology and the predisposing causes
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
47. When do you find hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs?
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
7 weeks
Lymphangiosarcoma
48. Which organ has the largest arteriovenous difference
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
LAD > RCA > circumflex
49. What does FAN MY SKIN On Wednesday stand for?
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
V fib
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
50. Chronic mitral stenosis can lead to what changes in size of the LA
Unstable/crescendo angina
Dilation
Preload
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB