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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is a normal EF
At least 55%
P02
Transmural
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
2. Which enzymes are useful for diagnosing reinfarction
CFX
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
CK- MB
Takayasu's arteritis
3. What is the result of not have fast sodium channels in pacemaker cells?
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
The first 4 days
4. bacterial endocarditis - previously normal valves - rapid onset - Which bacteria?
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
S. aureus
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Fast volatge gated Na channels
5. pulseless disease - granulomatous thickening of the aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels - elev ESR - asian females > 40
6. In the evolution of an MI - when the risk for free wall rupture - tamponade - papillary muscle rupture - or interventricular septal rupture the hightest? Why?
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
MI
7. fibrinous pericarditis several weeks post MI
8. When is the scar completely formed in an MI?
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
7 weeks
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
Vasocxn
9. list the coronary vessels most likely to be occluded
In parallel
During diastole
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
10. When during cardiac nodal cells depolarize?
10%
During diastole
Inc Kf - capillary perm
In HF
11. What is the most common cause of right heart failure
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Left heart failure
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
12. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Libman - sacks endocarditis
13. What causes ankle - sacral edema - jugular venous distention
Aortic insuffic - late
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
MI
RV failure - in venous pressure
14. What is sudden cardiac death most commonly due to...
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
V fib arrhythima
15. The 7 complications of MI
16. What causes the early cyanosis in Tet of Fallot?
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
Atherosclerosis
HypoK and bradycardia
17. What happens in phase 2 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
LCX - V4- V6
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
18. diaphoresis - N/V - severe retrosternal pain - pain in left arm/jaw - SOB - fatigue - adrenergic symptoms
C - ANCA
Boot shaped heart
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
MI
19. what percentage of HTN is secondary to renal disease?
10%
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Systolic dysfunction
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
20. which ethnic groups have higher association with HTN?
Black > white > asian
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
21. Which valve is commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis from IV drug use and Which bacteria are most common?
22. Which murmur is characteristic of mitral/tricuspid regurg?
Diastolic
Wegener's
Holosystoiic
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
23. In terms of starling forces - why does nephrotic syndrome or liver failure cause edems
Pos inotropy - exercise
Dec plasma proteins
Vasodilators
During diastole
24. What causes the CO curve to shift downwards?
Transmural
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
25. moncekberg
Angiosarcoma
In series
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
CK- MB
26. How do beta blockers decrease contractility?
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
Decrease in cAMP
EKG
27. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Ventricles are depolarized
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Dilated cardiomyopathy
28. What does the U wave indicated?
Decreased
HypoK and bradycardia
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
Stroke volume
29. How are cadiac myocytes eltrically coupled?
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
During diastole
Gap junctions
30. How does angiotensin II raise MAP
Hematocrit
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Mitral stenosis
Vasocxn
31. Wegener's presentation
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
EKG
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
32. In an EKG - What is the PR interval?
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
Prinzmetal angina
33. Which murmur is heard in aortic stenosis?
Prinzmetal angina
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
CO
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
34. What does FROM JANE stand for in bacterial endocarditis?
35. What does TAPVR stand for
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Inc blood volume
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
36. What does prolonged QT predispose to?
Torsades de pointes
If sodium channel
In parallel
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
37. The cause of cardiac dilation?
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
LCX - I - aVL
Greater ventricular EDV
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
38. immune mediated transmural vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis - small and medium vessels - renal and viscera - not pulm arteries - hep B seropos in 30% of pts
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Polyarteritis nodosum
Granuloma with giant cells
39. In the cardiac cycle - which period has the highest 02 consumption?
Isovolumetric contraction
In HF
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
40. What happens in phase 4 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Infective endocarditis
Resting potential high K perm
Mitral and tricuspid closure
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
41. sawtooth wave
42. EDV is also known as
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Eisenmenger's syndrome
Preload
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
43. Which class of drugs decreases afterload?
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Atherosclerosis
Kawasaki
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
44. rate of 02 consumption/ arterial 02 - venous 02 ccontent=CO
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Fick principle
Mitral stenosis
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
45. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
No
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
46. Left to right shunts are more common in babies or kids?
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
Kids
MI
ANP
47. When and why do you hear the S4 sound
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
48. What does HTN predispose to?
SV/ EDV
SA and AV nodes
During diastole
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
49. absecnce of tricuspid valve - hypoplastic RV
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Non
50. What does mitral prolapse predeispose to?
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Granuloma with giant cells
Arteriorles
Infective endocarditis