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Cardiology
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Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
RF
Dec plasma proteins
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
2. What is the cushing triad?
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Atrial contraction
Dec plasma proteins
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
3. Where are pacemaker cells?
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
SA and AV nodes
4. MAP is also known as
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
RCA - II - III - aVF
LAD
Hemorrhage
5. What causes ankle - sacral edema - jugular venous distention
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
RV failure - in venous pressure
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Vasocxn
6. What murmur is heard with aortic regurg?
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
RF
7. What is indicated when CO and venous return are equal?
In HF
QRS complex
Mean arterial pressure
The operating point of the heart
8. Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
RCA
Atherosclerosis
9. What are aschoff bodies
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Granuloma with giant cells
Infective endocarditis
10. Which valve is most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis?
Mitral valve
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Inc Kf - capillary perm
11. Which kind of infarct show ST elevation - and/or pathologic Q waves
Hemorrhage
Cardiac tamponde
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Transmural
12. In an anterior wall infarct - which artery is effected and which leads show Q waves
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
LAD - V1 - V4
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
Mitral valve prolapse
13. What other congenital abnormality is necessary for life for a patient with transposition of the great vesses?
Coarcation of aorta
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
14. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
15. Which two mechanisms sense decrease MAP?
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
16. What is sudden cardiac death most commonly due to...
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
V fib arrhythima
Dilation
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
17. When do you find hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs?
Volatage gated Ca channels
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
18. decrease stretch in baroreceptors leads to what response?
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
RCA
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
19. Which sympathetic receptors raise MAP
During diastole
The operating point of the heart
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
20. Why is contractility decreased in heart failure?
Infective endocarditis
Systolic dysfunction
Stable angina
Persistant truncus arteriosus
21. What is the most common cause of right heart failure
S. aureus
Left heart failure
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
CHF
22. Does eccentric hypertrophy or concentric hypertrophy cause systolic disfunction
...
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Adult type aortic coarctation
23. what percentage of HTN is secondary to renal disease?
At least 55%
S. bovis
10%
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
24. lymphatic malignancy associated with persistant lymphadema - post radical mastectomy
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Cherry hemangioma
Gap junctions
Lymphangiosarcoma
25. Hyperplastic onion skinning
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Babies
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
26. What is the association with wide S2 splitting?
During diastole
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
27. Which class of drugs decrease the murmur heard in aortic regurg?
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
Vasodilators
Temporal arteritis
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
28. What causes tet of fallot?
CK- MB
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Non
29. What is the definition of HTN?
Mean arterial pressure
Transposition of great vessels
140/90
In parallel
30. Central chemoreceptors do not respond directly to which parameter?
P02
Inc blood volume
CFX
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
31. When do you see extensive coagulative necrosis in an MI
Strawberry hemangioma
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Viridans streptococci
32. absecnce of tricuspid valve - hypoplastic RV
Can progess to V fib
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
33. SV CAP means?
Mean arterial pressure
Increase contractility
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
Cherry hemangioma
34. What is the characteristic pulse in aortic stenosis?
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
35. How are sarcomeres added in concentric hypertrophy?
Kids
In parallel
Changes in CO as a function of preload
In HF
36. benign cap hemangioma of infancy - spont regresses
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Hemorrhage
Strawberry hemangioma
Mitral stenosis
37. What is the machine like murmur? What is the heart pathology and the predisposing causes
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
LAD - V1- V2
10%
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
38. Which murmur do you hear in mitral stenosis?
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
The first 4 days
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
39. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Ventricular repolarization
Decreases
RF
40. pulmonary veins drain into right heart circulation (SVC - coronary sinus)
The first 4 days
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
TAPVR
Strawberry hemangioma
41. How does angiotensin II raise MAP
Wegener's
Vasocxn
The operating point of the heart
Subendocardial
42. What is the danger of torsades to pointes?
Can progess to V fib
The plateau period
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
43. failure of truncus arteriosus to divide?
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Kidney
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
44. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
Isovolumetric contraction
CHF
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
45. What causes the murmur heard in tricuspid regurg to enhance
EKG
In RA return (inspiration)
MAP
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
46. Rank the following by speed of conduction - av node - atria - purkinjee - ventricles
Left sided
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Boot shaped heart
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
47. fibrous plaques and atheromas in intima of arteries
Atherosclerosis
Isovolumetric contraction
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Torsades de pointes
48. Which enzymes are useful for diagnosing reinfarction
CK- MB
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
LCX - V4- V6
SV/ EDV
49. no change in PR interval followed by dropped beat
Stroke volume
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Cherry hemangioma
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
50. coronary artery spasm - ST elevation
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Stroke volume
Prinzmetal angina
Glomus tumor
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