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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What does hypoxia cause in the lung versus other tissues?
RCA - II - III - aVF
RCA
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
CHF
2. What causes ankle - sacral edema - jugular venous distention
During diastole
RV failure - in venous pressure
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Myxoma
3. What causes aortic stenosis
At least 55%
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Changes in CO as a function of preload
4. The cause of cardiac dilation?
Subendocardial
Greater ventricular EDV
Liver
Wegener's
5. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Ventricular repolarization
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Torsades de pointes
6. in the JVP - What is the v wave?
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Pulse pressure
Mitral valve
Mitral valve prolapse
7. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the left?
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
TAPVR
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Hemorrhage
8. What are the 5 T's of cyanoitc babies
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Kids
HypoK and bradycardia
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
9. What is the difference between adult and infantile type aortic coarctation?
Decrease in cAMP
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Inc blood volume
Transposition of great vessels
10. In an EKG - What is the PR interval?
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
1st degree AV blodck
In RA return (inspiration)
Kidney
11. Wegener's tx
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
Stable angina
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
12. benign capillary skin papules in AIDS patients mistaken for kaposi sarcoma - caused by bartonella henselae
Eisenmenger's syndrome
MAP
...
Greater ventricular EDV
13. Which valve is most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis?
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Ventricular repolarization
Mitral valve
14. diaphoresis - N/V - severe retrosternal pain - pain in left arm/jaw - SOB - fatigue - adrenergic symptoms
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Adult type aortic coarctation
SA and AV nodes
MI
15. Which organ has ht highest blood flow per gram of tissue
MAP
Kidney
Activated histiocytes
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
16. fibrinous pericarditis several weeks post MI
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17. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
Cherry hemangioma
Increase contractility
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Fluid movement through capillaries
18. What is the machine like murmur? What is the heart pathology and the predisposing causes
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Preload
19. What are anitschkow's cells
Activated histiocytes
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Raynaud's
V fib arrhythima
20. fibrous plaques and atheromas in intima of arteries
Atherosclerosis
Infective endocarditis
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
21. failure of truncus arteriosus to divide?
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Infective endocarditis
22. What masks atrial repolarization?
QRS complex
Decreases
Viridans streptococci
Can progess to V fib
23. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
Kaposi's sarcoma
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Vasodilators
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
24. What other syndrom is associated with infantile aortic coarctation
Turners
Fast volatge gated Na channels
QRS complex
Persistant truncus arteriosus
25. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Torsades de pointes
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Hemorrhage
26. Which organ gets the largest share of systemic cardiac output
Liver
Transfusion
Turners
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
27. Which class of drugs decrease the murmur heard in aortic regurg?
Vasodilators
QRS complex
Kaposi's sarcoma
Myxoma
28. Central chemoreceptors do not respond directly to which parameter?
P02
LAD - V1- V2
No - no pressure gradient
Resting potential high K perm
29. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
At least 55%
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
30. prolonged PR interval
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
1st degree AV blodck
Early deaths from myocarditis
31. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Arteriorles
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Preload
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
32. What are the complications of atherosclerosis?
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
C - ANCA
33. In terms of starling forces - why does nephrotic syndrome or liver failure cause edems
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Dec plasma proteins
Transfusion
34. What does an isoelectric ST segment indicate?
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Ventricles are depolarized
Kaposi's sarcoma
S. bovis
35. most common primary cardiac tumor in adults - ball - valve obstruction in left atrium
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Dec plasma proteins
Myxoma
36. congenital heart defect with 22q11
Truncus - tet of fallot
MAP
Volatage gated Ca channels
During diastole
37. What can cause mitral prolapse?
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Raynaud's
38. list the coronary vessels most likely to be occluded
Unstable/crescendo angina
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
LAD > RCA > circumflex
39. What does HTN predispose to?
During diastole
CO
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Increased SV
40. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Pos inotropy - exercise
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
41. What causes the CO curve to shift downwards?
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Temporal arteritis
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
42. S3 - dilated heart on US - balloon appearance on CXR - eccentric hypertrophy
Mitral valve prolapse
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Truncus - tet of fallot
43. What do the starling forces determine
Right sided
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Fluid movement through capillaries
44. no change in PR interval followed by dropped beat
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
1st degree AV blodck
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
45. SV CAP means?
Eisenmenger's syndrome
Viridans streptococci
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
46. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
MI
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Rhabdomyomas
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
47. What is the formula for EF?
LAD - V1 - V4
SV/ EDV
Non
No - no pressure gradient
48. Unilateral headache - jaw claudication - impaired vision
Polyarteritis nodosum
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
Cherry hemangioma
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
49. What is indicated when CO and venous return are equal?
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
V fib
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
The operating point of the heart
50. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Takayasu's arteritis
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Mitral and tricuspid closure
In RA return (inspiration)