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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Where is the most posterior portion of the heart and What can it cause?
CK- MB
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Atherosclerosis
2. acute - self limiting necrotizing vasculitis in children associated with fever - conjunctivitis - strawberry tongue - desquamatous skin rash - lymphadenitis - coronary sinus aneurysms. Seen in asians
Cardiac tamponde
Kawasaki
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
3. Which murmur is heard in aortic stenosis?
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
LCX - V4- V6
4. thrombosis w/o necrosis - ST elevation - worsening chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Inc blood volume
Unstable/crescendo angina
Temporal arteritis
5. What happens in phase 0 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Increased SV
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
6. What kind of infarct show ST depression
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
CK- MB
Subendocardial
7. Which two mechanisms sense decrease MAP?
No - no pressure gradient
Fast volatge gated Na channels
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
RF
8. In a lateral wall infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
Liver
LCX - I - aVL
The first 4 days
LAD - V1- V2
9. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the right?
Transfusion
Myxoma
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
Atherosclerosis
10. dilated tortous veins due to chronically inc venous pressure - poor wound healing - varicose ulcers
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Inc blood volume
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
11. The aortic arch receptors transmit along which nerve?
S. bovis
Vagus to medulla
Unstable/crescendo angina
LAD > RCA > circumflex
12. How does aldosterone raise MAP
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Inc blood volume
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
1st degree AV blodck
13. Which bacteria can cause endocarditis from prosthetic valves?
Hemorrhage
S. epidermidis
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
The operating point of the heart
14. Which murmur is heard with VSD?
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
Fast volatge gated Na channels
In parallel
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
15. What is the classic X ray finding for tet of fallot?
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
Stable angina
Mitral valve
Boot shaped heart
16. What does HTN predispose to?
Boot shaped heart
Wegener's
Left sided
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
17. What are the four most common locations for atherosclerosis?
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Dilation
CK- MB
LAD - V1- V2
18. The carotid sinus transmits along which nerve?
Atherosclerosis
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
19. What are tendinous xanthoma - atheromas - and corneal arcus signs of?
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Increase in Pc
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Hyperlipidemia
20. segmental thrombosing vasculitis of small and medium vessels in smokers with intermittent claudication - superficial nodular phlebitis - raynaud's - gangrene and severe pain - autoamputation of digits is possible
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21. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
LAD - V1- V2
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
No
22. Irregularly irregular ECG - no p waves: dx and treatment
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
At least 55%
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
23. The 7 complications of MI
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24. Mitral stenosis is most often secondary to which condition?
Holosystoiic
1st degree AV blodck
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
RF
25. What are aschoff bodies
RCA
Granuloma with giant cells
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
26. Equilibration of diastolic pressures in all 4 chambers - decreased CO from compression of heart by fluid in pericardium
C - ANCA
Left heart failure
Cardiac tamponde
Dec plasma proteins
27. EDV is also known as
Preload
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Dressler's - autoimmune
28. In an EKG - What is the PR interval?
Increased SV
Conduction delay through AV node - nl < 200 msec
Aortic insuffic - late
Liver
29. What do patients die early from in rheumatic heart disease?
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Early deaths from myocarditis
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
30. In the cardiac and vascular function curves - In what instance is the vascular curve shifted to the left?
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
Hemorrhage
31. How do beta blockers decrease contractility?
Decrease in cAMP
Volatage gated Ca channels
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Immediate high pitched blowing diasystolic murmur with a wide pulse pressure
32. Which enzyme rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7 to 10 days after an MI?
In HF
V fib
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Troponin I
33. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Hemorrhage
34. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
Dressler's - autoimmune
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Strawberry hemangioma
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
35. On the cardiac cycle graph - on which corners do the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves occur?
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
36. What are the different etiologies of dialted cardiomyopathy
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
37. When during cardiac nodal cells depolarize?
During diastole
Fluid movement through capillaries
Transmural
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
38. Hyperplastic onion skinning
Viridans streptococci
Non
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Decrease in cAMP
39. Which murmur is heard with mitral prolapse?
MI
Lymphangiosarcoma
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
At least 55%
40. How does a patient with Tet of fallot learn to improve symptoms?
LCX - V4- V6
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Volatage gated Ca channels
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
41. Which artery supplies the inferior portion of the left ventricle and posterior septum?
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
S. epidermidis
Kawasaki
42. L to R shunt becomes R to L due to increase pulm pressures from original congenital heart defect
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43. Does eccentric hypertrophy or concentric hypertrophy cause systolic disfunction
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
HypoK and bradycardia
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
44. Exercise - overtransfusiion and excitiment causes and increase in...?
CFX
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
Preload
45. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
46. What kind of dysfunction ensues in restrictive cardiomyopathy
Diastolic
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Stable angina
47. What is sudden cardiac death most commonly due to...
V fib arrhythima
SA and AV nodes
Preload
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
48. Which organ gets the largest share of systemic cardiac output
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Atrial contraction
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Liver
49. Most common vasculitis affecting medium and large arteries
Ventricles are depolarized
Temporal arteritis
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
50. decrease stretch in baroreceptors leads to what response?
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
140/90