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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What does the U wave indicated?
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Pos inotropy - exercise
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
HypoK and bradycardia
2. What happens with a decrease of extracellular Na
MAP
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
CK- MB
3. clinical signs of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Polyarteritis nodosum
Apex and anterior interventricular septum
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
4. What does the starling curve show?
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Changes in CO as a function of preload
Decreased
5. What causes the CO curve to shift upwards?
Turners
Pos inotropy - exercise
Can progess to V fib
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
6. in the JVP - What is the a wave?
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
MI
Atrial contraction
7. Which class of drugs decrease the murmur heard in aortic regurg?
Vasodilators
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
V fib arrhythima
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
8. decrease blood flow to the skin due to arteriolar vasospasm in cold temp - emotional stress - also in SLE and CREST
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9. What is a normal EF
Gap junctions
The operating point of the heart
At least 55%
Babies
10. What is the danger of torsades to pointes?
Liver
Decrease in cAMP
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Can progess to V fib
11. What does the atria release in response to inc blood volume and atrial pressure
If sodium channel
Pos inotropy - exercise
Unstable/crescendo angina
ANP
12. Which lab value indicates blood viscosity?
During diastole
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Isovolumetric contraction
Hematocrit
13. What is the S2 sound?
Infective endocarditis
Aortic and pulmonary closing
CFX
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
14. congenital heart defect with 22q11
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
Truncus - tet of fallot
Fluid movement through capillaries
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
15. Which kind of infarct show ST elevation - and/or pathologic Q waves
Transmural
Hyperlipidemia
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
16. MAP is also known as
Early deaths from myocarditis
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Rhabdomyomas
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
17. Churg Strauss - presentation and test
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
RF
In parallel
18. which ethnic groups have higher association with HTN?
Systolic dysfunction
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
Black > white > asian
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
19. absecnce of tricuspid valve - hypoplastic RV
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Preload
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
20. decrease stretch in baroreceptors leads to what response?
Left sided
S. aureus
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
LAD - V1 - V4
21. If HR is too fast (V tach) what happens during diastole?
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Vagus to medulla
22. most common heart tumor
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Metastasis from melanoma or lymphoma
Decreased
Persistant truncus arteriosus
23. When during cardiac nodal cells depolarize?
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
If sodium channel
During diastole
24. retrosternal chest main with exertion - ST depression on ECG - likely due atherosclerosis
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
EKG
Stable angina
Dressler's - autoimmune
25. coronary artery spasm - ST elevation
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Prinzmetal angina
26. What masks atrial repolarization?
QRS complex
Black > white > asian
Mitral valve
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
27. In what disease states is blood viscosity increased?
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Liver
Atherosclerosis
Rhabdomyomas
28. SV CAP means?
Greater ventricular EDV
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
MI
29. How does acidosis affect contractility?
Cystic hygroma
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
Decreased
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
30. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
31. machine murmer
Decreased
Kawasaki
PDA
7 weeks
32. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by catecholamines and
S. bovis
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
33. What do the carotid and aortic bodies respond to?
Strawberry hemangioma
Vasocxn
Right sided
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
34. exaggerated decrease in pulse during inspiration.
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35. What is the result of not have fast sodium channels in pacemaker cells?
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Rapid upstroke - voltage gated Na channels open
Inc blood volume
Slow conduction velocity - used by AV node prolongs transmission from atria to ventrical
36. sudden death in young atheletes - S4 - apical impulses - outflow obstruction
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
Gap junctions
Pulmonic stenosis and RBBB
37. What happends in phase 1 of the ventricular cardiac action potential?
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Inc TPR and LA return (expiration)
Dressler's - autoimmune
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
38. no change in PR interval followed by dropped beat
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Right sided
Atherosclerosis
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
39. What causes aortic stenosis
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
P02
40. In an acute MI - are there any visible changes via LM in the first 2-4 hours
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
140/90
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
No
41. with what heart sounds do ASD usually present?
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Aortic and pulmonary closing
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
42. What is the difference between the fetal and neonatal direction of blood flow in a patent ductus arteriosus
7 weeks
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
43. what happens to capillaries in lymphatic blockage
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Fast volatge gated Na channels
44. Which enzyme rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7 to 10 days after an MI?
Troponin I
Granuloma with giant cells
In RA return (inspiration)
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
45. Left to right shunts are more common in babies or kids?
SV/ EDV
Fick principle
ASD
Kids
46. What 4 things drive myocardial 02 demand?
140/90
In HF
Viridans streptococci
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
47. What is associated with paradoxical spliting of S2
Turners
S. bovis
Dressler's - autoimmune
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
48. What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
Endothelial cell dysfxn - mac and LDL accum - foam cell - fatty streaks - smooth muscle cell migration - fibrous plaque - comlex atheromas
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
49. What causes tet of fallot?
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
2-4 day - early coag necrosis on the first day
Can progess to V fib
Anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
50. In a lateral wall infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
LCX - I - aVL