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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What causes the early cyanosis in Tet of Fallot?
S. bovis
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
2. moncekberg
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
Calcification in media of arteries esp radial and ulnar - does not obstruct blood flow - intima not involved
S. epidermidis
RF
3. What does mitral prolapse predeispose to?
RCA
Infective endocarditis
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
LAD - V1 - V4
4. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by catecholamines and
During diastole
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
5. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Lymphangiosarcoma
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
6. What stimulates release of calcium from the SR?
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
7. in the JVP - What is the v wave?
Fever - roth's spots - osler's nodes - murmur - janeway lesions - anemia - nail - bed hemorrhages - emboli
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
Fluid movement through capillaries
8. Where is the most posterior portion of the heart and What can it cause?
The LA - can cause dysphagia because of compression of the esophageal nerve or hoarseness by compressing the the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
9. What kind of dysfunction ensues in restrictive cardiomyopathy
Left atrial pressure
Unstable/crescendo angina
Diastolic
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
10. Rank the following by speed of conduction - av node - atria - purkinjee - ventricles
Diastolic
MI
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
11. clinical signs of cardiac tamponade
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Failure of LV to in CO during exercise
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Holosystolic - harsh sounding murmur - loudest over tricuspid area
12. How do catecholamines increase contractility?
The plateau period
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
13. What kind of infarct show ST depression
Dilated cardiomyopathy
RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulding into atrium
Subendocardial
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
14. exaggerated decrease in pulse during inspiration.
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15. In an anteroseptal infarct - which artery is effected - and which leads show Q waves?
Mitral and tricuspid closure
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Babies
LAD - V1- V2
16. What does FAN MY SKIN On Wednesday stand for?
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
Diastolic
17. In normal S2 splitting - which valve closes first? What increases it?
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
If sodium channel
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
18. In an EKG - What is the QT interval?
Vagus to medulla
ANP
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Atherosclerosis
19. list the coronary vessels most likely to be occluded
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
LAD > RCA > circumflex
LAD - V1- V2
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
20. stroke volume x HR =?
Sarcoid - amyloid - postradiation fibrosis - endocardial fibroelastosis - Loffler - hemochromatosis
Decreased
CO
LCX - V4- V6
21. What is the danger of torsades to pointes?
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Indomethacin closes - and pge keeps it open
Can progess to V fib
If sodium channel
22. What are the 5 T's of cyanoitc babies
Tetralogy of fallot - transposition of great vessels - truncus arteriosus - tricuspid atresia - TAPVR
Liver
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Yes
23. In terms of starling forces - why does nephrotic syndrome or liver failure cause edems
Greater ventricular EDV
Liver
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Dec plasma proteins
24. what conditions are associated with pulsus paradoxus
Increase in Pc
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Mitral valve
Adult type aortic coarctation
25. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
V fib
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Pos inotropy - exercise
26. lymphatic malignancy associated with persistant lymphadema - post radical mastectomy
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
Lymphangiosarcoma
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
27. Which channel accounts for automaticity of the SA and AV nodes?
ANP
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
If sodium channel
Crescendo - decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
28. The cause of cardiac dilation?
V fib arrhythima
Early deaths from myocarditis
Greater ventricular EDV
Polyarteritis nodosum
29. What can cause mitral prolapse?
The plateau period
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
Black > white > asian
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
30. Irregularly irregular ECG - no p waves: dx and treatment
1st degree AV blodck
RCA - II - III - aVF
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Polyarteritis nodosum
31. 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic
MAP
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
32. MAP is also known as
No
Total anomalous pulmonary trunk venous return
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
Vasocxn
33. What happens in phase 2 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Babies
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Troponin I
34. What causes aortic stenosis
Dec plasma proteins
Fluid movement through capillaries
Age related calcifications or bicuspid aortic valve
Inc interstitial osmotic pressure pulling fliud out of capillaries
35. What is the machine like murmur? What is the heart pathology and the predisposing causes
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
36. How does aldosterone raise MAP
Inc blood volume
Fluid movement through capillaries
Dressler's - autoimmune
Pulmonary flow murmur and diastolic rumble
37. Exercise - overtransfusiion and excitiment causes and increase in...?
Preload
Myxoma
Atrial contraction
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
38. What is associated with paradoxical spliting of S2
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
The plateau period
Libman - sacks endocarditis
39. What channels do the the pacemaker cells lack?
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
In series
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
Fast volatge gated Na channels
40. Where are pacemaker cells?
SA and AV nodes
Lower right - MC - upper right - AO - upper right AC - lower left MO
In RA return (inspiration)
Can progess to V fib
41. failure of truncus arteriosus to divide?
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Decrease in cAMP
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Decrease in activity of Na/Ca exhanger and increase in contractility
42. acute - self limiting necrotizing vasculitis in children associated with fever - conjunctivitis - strawberry tongue - desquamatous skin rash - lymphadenitis - coronary sinus aneurysms. Seen in asians
The first 4 days
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Kawasaki
Truncus - tet of fallot
43. What causes hepatomegaly?
Decreased
The operating point of the heart
...
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
44. Wegener's presentation
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
Viridans streptococci
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
45. Which organ has the largest arteriovenous difference
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
V fib
Stroke volume affected by contractility - afterload - and preload
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
46. What causes orthopnea?
Inc venous return exaccerbates pulm vasc congestion
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Atherosclerosis
Takayasu's arteritis
47. Which vessels account for the most total peripheral resistance
Arteriorles
Gap junctions
SA and AV nodes
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
48. In an inferior wall infarct - which artery is affected and which leads show Q waves
Glomus tumor
Transmural
Babies
RCA - II - III - aVF
49. When is the scar completely formed in an MI?
7 weeks
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
The operating point of the heart
50. Chronic mitral stenosis can lead to what changes in size of the LA
Transmural
Raynaud's
Turners
Dilation