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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. L to R shunt becomes R to L due to increase pulm pressures from original congenital heart defect
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2. Where does coronary artery occlusion occur most commonly?
SA>AV>bundle of His>ventricles
P02
LAD
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
3. What does mitral prolapse predeispose to?
Infective endocarditis
Fick principle
No - no pressure gradient
EKG
4. Right to left shunts are more common in babies or kids?
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Babies
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Arteriorles
5. What kind of dysfunction ensues in restrictive cardiomyopathy
Diastolic
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
EtOh - wet Beriberi - Coxsackie B - cocaine - chagas - doxorubicin - hemochromatosis - peripartum cardiomyopathy
6. dilated tortous veins due to chronically inc venous pressure - poor wound healing - varicose ulcers
Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
HypoK and bradycardia
Strawberry hemangioma
7. benign - painful - red - blue tumor under fingernails from smooth muscle cells
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Glomus tumor
Early deaths from myocarditis
Mitral and tricuspid closure
8. decrease blood flow to the skin due to arteriolar vasospasm in cold temp - emotional stress - also in SLE and CREST
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9. What is the effect on the slope of phase 4 in pacemaker cells by Ach or adenosine?
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
The operating point of the heart
Decreases
10. What does FEVERSS stand for in rheumatic heart disease
3rd degree block - pacemaker - Lyme disease
...
HypoK and bradycardia
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
11. Mitral stenosis is most often secondary to which condition?
RF
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Fluid movement through capillaries
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
12. benign capillary skin papules in AIDS patients mistaken for kaposi sarcoma - caused by bartonella henselae
ASD
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
...
Transmural
13. What causes the cushing reflex and why
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
Inc ICP - cerebral ischemia - inc SANS tone (HTN) and reflex bradycardia
Preload
During diastole
14. In terms of starling forces - why does heart failure cause edema?
Increase in Pc
RF
PDA
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
15. Which murmur do you hear in mitral stenosis?
Systolic dysfunction
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
ANP
16. necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airways - nectrotizing GN - small vessel vasculitis
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17. What happens in phase 2 of the cardiac ventricular action potential?
Ventricular repolarization
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
Inc blood volume
18. Which bacteria can cause endocarditis from prosthetic valves?
Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids
Arrhythmia - LV failure and pulm edema - cardiogenic shock - free wall rupture - aneurysm - postinfarcation fibrinous pericarditis - dressler's
S. epidermidis
Decreased
19. What are the complications from bacterial endocarditis?
Extracellular calcium - calcium induced calcium release
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
Fick principle
Chordae rupture - GN - suppurative pericarditis - emboli
20. Which vessels account for the most total peripheral resistance
Fever - erythema marginatum - valvular damage - ESR - red hot joints - subQ nodules - St. vitus dance (chorea)
7 weeks
Arteriorles
Unstable/crescendo angina
21. How does acidosis affect contractility?
10%
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Decreased
22. The carotid sinus transmits along which nerve?
Early deaths from myocarditis
7 weeks
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
23. congenital heart defect with 22q11
Left heart failure
Truncus - tet of fallot
Mean arterial pressure
Glossopharyngeal to soliary nucleus of medulla
24. stroke volume x HR =?
Isovolumetric contraction
CO
Atherosclerosis
5-10 days - macs have degraded structural components
25. congenital heart defect withdown syndrome
ASD - VSD - AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
V fib arrhythima
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
26. Which artery supplies the inferior portion of the left ventricle and posterior septum?
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Aortic insuffic - late
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
27. p - anca
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28. decrease stretch in baroreceptors leads to what response?
Increase - increase the chance the If are open
Vagus to medulla
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
HTN - bradycardia - and respiratory depression
29. Which bacteria causes endocarditis in the presence of colon cancer
Left atrial pressure
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
HypoK and bradycardia
S. bovis
30. What does prolonged QT predispose to?
CO
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
Torsades de pointes
S. aureus
31. What supplies the posterior left ventricle?
CFX
Decrease in cAMP
Coarcation of aorta
LCX - V4- V6
32. highly lethal malignancy of the liver - associated with vinyl chloride - arsenic - and thorosrast exposure
Angiosarcoma
Liver
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Increasing activity of Ca pump in SR
33. Unilateral headache - jaw claudication - impaired vision
In series
V fib arrhythima
S. aureus
Tempral arteritis - may cause irreversible blindness
34. retrosternal chest main with exertion - ST depression on ECG - likely due atherosclerosis
The plateau period
Stable angina
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
35. The aortic arch receptors transmit along which nerve?
Vagus to medulla
In series
Group a beta hemolytic strep
Rapid repol - massive K influx - opening of voltage gated slow K channels and closure of Ca channels
36. What is associated with paradoxical spliting of S2
Atrial contraction
HypoK and bradycardia
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
37. Where are pacemaker cells?
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
Cystic hygroma
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
SA and AV nodes
38. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
Vasocxn
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
Initial repol - inactivation of of voltage gated Na channels - voltage gated K channels begin to open
Medullary vasomotor center senses baroreceptors and JGA
39. smaller vegetations - congenitally abnormal or diseased valves - sequela of dental procedures. Insidious onset
Subendocardial
Stable angina
SA and AV nodes
Viridans streptococci
40. rate of 02 consumption/ arterial 02 - venous 02 ccontent=CO
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Fick principle
MI
Hemoptysis - hematuria - perforation of nasal septum - chronic sinusitis - otitis media - mastoiditis - cough dyspnea
41. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
7 weeks
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Inc Kf - capillary perm
42. what conditions are associated with pulsus paradoxus
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Libman - sacks endocarditis
Viridans streptococci
43. Why is contractility decreased in heart failure?
Systolic dysfunction
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
Aortic disecction - intraluminal tear forming false lumen
Kaposi's sarcoma
44. In an EKG - What is the QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
Pulsus parvus and tardus - weak - can lead to syncope
7 weeks
Transfusion
45. What is the S2 sound?
Aortic and pulmonary closing
MAP
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
Transmural
46. Which artery supplies the SA and AV nodes?
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
RCA
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
47. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 1
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
Increase contractility
48. When does extracellular calcium enter the cardiac muscle cells during contraction?
Truncus - tet of fallot
LCX - V4- V6
The plateau period
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
49. machine murmer
Kids
Microscopic polyangiitis - like wegener's without granulomas
PDA
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
50. wartiike - sterile vegetations occur on both sides of the valve - commonly causes mitral regurg. SLE causes it
During diastole
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
Libman - sacks endocarditis
RV failure - in venous pressure