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Test your basic knowledge |
Cardiology
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
health-sciences
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Which enzyme rises after 4 hours and is elevated for 7 to 10 days after an MI?
Persistant truncus arteriosus
Troponin I
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
No - no pressure gradient
2. In an EKG - What is the QRS complex?
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
10%
Hematocrit
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
3. Does eccentric hypertrophy or concentric hypertrophy cause systolic disfunction
Atherosclerosis
Mitral>aortic>>tricuspid - high pressure valves affected most
Eccentric - concentric hypertrophy causes diastolic disfunction
Inc RA pressure - due to filling against closed tricupsid valve
4. failure of truncus arteriosus to divide?
Cherry hemangioma
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
During diastole
Persistant truncus arteriosus
5. sudden death in young atheletes - S4 - apical impulses - outflow obstruction
Mean arterial pressure
The aortic before pulmonic - inspiration increases diff
Hypertrophied cardiomyopathy
RCA - II - III - aVF
6. what conditions are associated with pulsus paradoxus
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Eisenmenger's syndrome
Inc central venous pressure - inc resistance to portal flow
Maintain blood flow to organ over wide range of perfussion pressures
7. What does increasing intracellular Ca do?
R to L shunt caused by stenoic pulmonic valve
Increase contractility
Liver
Wegener's
8. disruption of the vasa vasorum of aorta - dilation of aorta and valve ring - tree bark appearance (calcifications on aortic root)
3rd degree syphillus - syphillit heart disease can lead to aortic valve incompetence
Wegener's
Kids
Posterior descending (80% off the RCA - 20% off the circumflex)
9. clinical signs of cardiac tamponade
Dec plasma proteins
Vasocxn
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Kussmaul's sign - cardiac tamponade - pulsus paradoxus
10. What does mitral prolapse predeispose to?
S. epidermidis
Non
Mechanican contraction of the ventricles
Infective endocarditis
11. If HR is too fast (V tach) what happens during diastole?
ANP
The plateau period
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
Filling is incomplete and CO falls
12. Right to left shunts are more common in babies or kids?
Arteriorles
MI
Babies
V fib arrhythima
13. dilated tortous veins due to chronically inc venous pressure - poor wound healing - varicose ulcers
Varicose veins - thromboembolism rare
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Vasocxn
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
14. bening capillary hemangioma of elderly - does not regress
Left atrial pressure
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Cherry hemangioma
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
15. When does EF decrease
P02
In HF
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
Prinzmetal angina
16. What does HTN predispose to?
CO
Atherosclerosis - LVH - stroke - CHF - renal failure - retinopathy - aortic dissection
Aortic stenosis or LBBB
S. epidermidis
17. What kind of dysfunction ensues in restrictive cardiomyopathy
Atrial fiutter - identical back to back atrial depol's - convert to sinus - cal IA - IC or III antiarrhythmics
Holosystoiic
Diastolic
Henoch - Schlonlein purpura
18. Which area of the endocardium is especially vulnerable to infarction? Why?
Inc afterload - inc contractility - inc heart rate - inc heart size (inc wall tension)
Subendocardial - fewer collaterals and higher pressure
MI
Venodilators (nitrogylcerine)
19. What are common causes of mitral regurg?
Mitral stenosis
CK- MB
Ischemic heart dz - mitral valve prolapse - LV dilation
Aneurysms - ischemia - infarcts - peripheral vasc dz - thromboemboli
20. Which class of drugs decreases afterload?
Shunt - VSD - PDA or patent foramen ovale - due to failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
Sturge weber - vasculitis of caps
Vasodilators - (hydrAlAzine)
Myxomatous degeneration - RF - chordae rupture
21. Which organ has the largest arteriovenous difference
Adult type aortic coarctation
LAD - V1- V2
Granulomatous vasculitis with eosinophilia. Asthma - sinusitis - skin lesions and periphereal neuropathy (wrist/foot drop) heart - GI - kidneys
Heart - 02 extraction is always around 100%
22. When do you find hemosiderin laden macrophages in the lungs?
Decreased
During HF from microhemorrhages from inc pulm cap pressure
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
Stroke volume
23. Which murmur is heard with mitral prolapse?
Cardiac tamponade - asthma - obstructive sleep apnea - pericarditis and croup
Fetal right to left - neonate left to right leading to RVH and failure
Tricuspid - don't tri drugs - S. aureus - pseudomonas - candida
Late systolic crescendo murmur with a midsystolic click
24. pulseless disease - granulomatous thickening of the aortic arch and/or proximal great vessels - elev ESR - asian females > 40
25. What does the U wave indicated?
HypoK and bradycardia
Aortic/pulmonic regurg and mitral/tricuspid stenosis
Atrial contraction
LAD - V1 - V4
26. most common primary cardiac tumor in adults - ball - valve obstruction in left atrium
Myxoma
Postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Vasocxn - while other tissues it causes vasodilation
Fluid movement through capillaries
27. How does digitatlis increase contractility?
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
V fib
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
28. What causes aortic regurg
Aortic dilation - bicuspid aortic valve - RF -
Increase intracellular Na - resulting in increased Ca
If sodium channel
Late diastolic murmur following an opening snap
29. Exercise - overtransfusiion and excitiment causes and increase in...?
Dec plasma proteins
Decreases
In parallel
Preload
30. machine murmer
PDA
Arteriolosclerosis in malignant hypertension
CHF
Normal in children and pregs - assoc with inc filling pressures - early in diastole during rapid ventricular filling
31. polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Acute thrombosis of coronary artery
Increased SV
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
Decreased
32. In an EKG - What is the T wave?
RF
Aburpt halting of valve leaflets
Purkingee>atria>ventricles>AV node
Ventricular repolarization
33. How does a patient with Tet of fallot learn to improve symptoms?
No
Squat. Compression of femoral arteries - inc TPR - dec
Ventricular depolarization - nl < 120 msec
SV/ EDV
34. How are cadiac myocytes eltrically coupled?
Gap junctions
Left heart failure
V fib arrhythima
Pyogenic granuloma - associated with trauma and pregnancy
35. Which valve is most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis?
Fick principle
A fib - beta block or ca channel block - warfarin - thromboembolism prophylaxis
Mitral valve
Increased efferent SANS and decreased efferent PANS
36. Weak pulses - notching of the ribs on xray - HTN in upper extremeties and weak peripheral pulses
Patent ductus arteriosus - congenital rubella or prematurity
LV failure - pulm venous distention transudation of fluid
Adult type aortic coarctation
Persistant truncus arteriosus
37. dyspnea - fatigue - edema and rales - multiple causes
Mitral valve
CHF
Unstable/crescendo angina
Vasocxn
38. What causes ankle - sacral edema - jugular venous distention
TAPVR
RV failure - in venous pressure
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
Afterload (proportional to peripheral resistance)
39. prolonged PR interval
Preload
1st degree AV blodck
Mitral valve
Lymphangiosarcoma
40. Why is there edema after burns or during infection
Inc Kf - capillary perm
Neg inotropy - HF - narcotic overdose
Pulse pressure
Wolff - Parkinson white syndrome
41. What do the carotid and aortic bodies respond to?
Dec P02 - inc PC02 and dec pH
Sensironeural deafness - defects in sodium and potassium channels - jervell and lange - neilsen syndrome
SA and AV nodes
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
42. Which sympathetic receptors raise MAP
Beta 1 inc HR and cont - alpha 1 venocxn - alpha 1 arteriolar vascxn
Abdominal aorta>coronary artery>popliteal artery>carotid artery ACoPCa
Fever - Arthritis - Night sweats - Myalgia - SKIN nodules - Ocular disturbances - Weak pulses in upper extremities
Hypotension - inc venous pressure - distant heart sounds - inc HR - pulsus paradoxus
43. What does an isoelectric ST segment indicate?
Dressler's - autoimmune
If sodium channel
Ventricles are depolarized
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis and mitral/tricuspid regurg
44. When and why do you hear the S4 sound
Plateau - influx of calcium through voltage gated ca channels - ca release from SR and contraction
Late in diastole - high atrial pressure - pushing against a stiff LV wall - associated with ventricular hypertrophy
Septal defects - PDA - pulm art stenosis
140/90
45. What is association with fixed S2 splitting - does not increase with inspiration
In series
Fast volatge gated Na channels
ASD
Wegener's
46. How do beta blockers decrease contractility?
EKG
Preload
Decrease in cAMP
Cherry hemangioma
47. What is the difference between adult and infantile type aortic coarctation?
Infantile is proximal to ductus arteriosus and adult is distal. Infantile In and aDult is Distal to Ductus
Vagus to medulla
LCX - V4- V6
Polycythemia - hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma) - hereditary spherocytosis
48. absecnce of tricuspid valve - hypoplastic RV
CFX
ASD
Tricuspid atresia - requires ASD and VSD
MAP
49. Given P = QR - what factors influence resistance?
Mitral valve prolapse
2nd degree AV block - mobitz type 2 - may progess to 3rd degree block
CO
Proportional to viscosity and inversely proportional to the radius to the 4th power
50. Do you see elevaged ASO titers in rheumatic heart disease
Isovolumetric contraction
Infective endocarditis
Yes
Granuloma with giant cells