Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP


2. What are the 4 BGP packet types? What do they contain?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast


3. Explain what role IGMP plays.
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP


4. What type of protocol is BGP classified as? What is its decision engine?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


5. What is the key difference between how a multicast routing protocol forwards packets versus a unicast routing protocol?
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP


6. What does IGMPv2 add?
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast


7. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
RFC - 3376<br />Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky)<br />IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny.<br /> Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />


8. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
BGP peer BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast
This router originated the route. BGP


9. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


10. What is the command to enable BPG authentication?
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy.<br />Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group.<br /> BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP


11. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP


12. What are the two multicast distribution tree types models and differences?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


13. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou


14. Explain the Community attribute.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


15. What is the difference between iBGP and eBGP?
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
BGP peer BGP


16. What is the significance of an AS being a transit AS?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


17. What is the IOS command to check for IGMP group members? What info does it reveal?
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
BGP peer BGP


18. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP


19. Explain the contents of the BGP update message.
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP


20. Explain CGMP.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


21. What are the 3 BGP tables and What is in them?
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i


22. What is the significance of the 8th bit in the MAC address?
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
The is the multicast bit. Multicast


23. What is the multicast IP address space?
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP


24. Describe how PIM-DM operates.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


25. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP


26. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast


27. What is the signifigance of the neighbor address when establishing BGP neighbor in the context of network that has multiple paths to the neighbor?
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent


28. Explain the Next-Hop attribute. How does this differ from IGP's? In what environment might this be problematic?
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP


29. Name 6 multicast routing protocols.
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor


30. What does a '*' and '&gt;' mean in the BGP table?
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP


31. What entities are responsible for allocating BGP AS numbers?
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
'Periodic Flood and Prune.'<br />Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded.<br />Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP


32. State how IGMPv1 operates.
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP


33. What command is used to override the Next-Hop attribute of BGP? What does this do and when would you use this?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


34. Explain the concept of RPF.
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast


35. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP


36. Explain the multicast routing table distribution tree notations.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


37. What config would be used to configured an outbound BGP distribute list to block all routes from being advertised except ones from 192.168.0.0 /24 network to neighbors 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2?
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers.<br />Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP<br />Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP.<br />
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP


38. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP


39. State 3 functions SDR performs?
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
BGP peer BGP


40. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP


41. What advantage does multicast offer?
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast


42. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP


43. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP


44. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat


45. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest)<br /><br />2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest)<br /><br />3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True)<br /><br />4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<


46. Explain the MED attribute.

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


47. How does Source and Shared Distribution Tree models related to PIM-DM and PIM-SM?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


48. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


49. What is a neighbor call in BGP?
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers.<br />Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP<br />Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP.<br />
BGP peer BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/


50. What are the commands to configure a BGP peer group?
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP