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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Name the Well-known discretionary attributes.
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
Local preference<br />Atomic Aggregate BGP


2. What is the terminology for BGP route reflector?

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3. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP
'Periodic Flood and Prune.'<br />Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded.<br />Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an


4. Explain the Origin attribute.

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5. What are the 4 categories of BGP attributes and what do they mean?
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/


6. Explain the Community attribute.

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7. Name a significant inefficiency with IGMPv1.
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. <br />RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
BGP peer BGP
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP


8. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?<br />
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP


9. IOS command to dictate when a leaf router (in PIM-SM) will switch from shared to source tree.
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela


10. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays


11. What are the methods to control multicast within the layer 2 domain? What are some benefits &amp; drawbacks of each?
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors.<br />CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly<br />GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure<br />Manually - Performance
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP


12. Explain CGMP.

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13. What are three different common ways to perform BGP multihoming with regard to routing table?
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP


14. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
Places it in the routing table. BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should


15. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?

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16. Explain the relationship between MBone - DVMRP - PIM - IGMP - CGMP hosts - routers and switches?

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17. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


18. What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states?
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


19. What is the significance of the 8th bit in the MAC address?
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2<br />Router then sends a group specific query<br />Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active.<br /> Multicast
'Periodic Flood and Prune.'<br />Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded.<br />Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
The is the multicast bit. Multicast


20. What are the 4 BGP packet types? What do they contain?
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent


21. Explain the concept of RPF.
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />


22. What is the multicast IP address space?
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP


23. What effect does (S -G) and (* -G) entries have on router CPU?
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast


24. What is BGP multihoming and why would you want to do it?
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP


25. Explain the IGMPv3 membership process and new features.
RFC - 3376<br />Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky)<br />IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny.<br /> Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou


26. Name to enhancements to PIM.
'Periodic Flood and Prune.'<br />Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded.<br />Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP


27. What advantage does multicast offer?
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being


28. How is the BGP network command differ from IGP's?
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
BGP peer BGP


29. Explain the Weight attribute.
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP


30. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP


31. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast
BGP peer BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP


32. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch<br />'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client<br />When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. <br />RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne


33. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. <br />RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP


34. Which IOS command shows what version of IGMP is running?
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. <br />RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP


35. What special consideration is there when peering to a eBGP neighbor using a loopback? What is the solution to this?
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast


36. What is the BGP Synchronization requirement and What does is prevent? When should it be left disabled? When should it be enabled?

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37. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP


38. What does IGMPv2 add?
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast


39. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP


40. What is a BGP peer group?

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41. What are the basic commands to enable BGP - define a BGP peer relationship and advertise a network?
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast


42. What are 2 stipulations of advertising networks BGP?

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43. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
BGP peer BGP
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast


44. Name several common local scoped multicast addresses and their purpose.
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch<br />'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client<br />When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M


45. Explain the MED attribute.

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46. What does a 0.0.0.0 signify in the Next Hop column in the BGP Table?
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP


47. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination.<br />ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table.<br />Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session.<br /> BGP
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP


48. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

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49. What are some of the obstacles with IGMP and multicast in general as it relates to layer 2/switches?
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
The unicast routing table.<br />No routing updates are sent between PIM routers.<br /> Multicast


50. Describe how PIM-DM operates.

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