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CCNP

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. State how IGMPv1 operates.
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
RFC 2236 Leave and join latency resolved Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1 Leave group message Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers Multicast
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast

2. Explain what role IGMP plays.
This router originated the route. BGP
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol. Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems. BGP

3. Describe how and IGMPv2 host leaves. What is the interaction between host and router look like?
WM List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)' This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast

4. Explain the concept of RPF.
BGP peer BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast

5. What command used to perform the following: A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce') B) Soft inbound reset C) Soft outbound reset D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1 R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol. Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems. BGP

6. What is the significance of the 8th bit in the MAC address?
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
Places it in the routing table. BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast

7. What does a '*' and '>' mean in the BGP table?
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP

8. Which IOS command shows what version of IGMP is running?
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP

9. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP

10. How is the BGP network command differ from IGP's?
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p

11. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP

12. What is the significance of an AS being a transit AS?

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13. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors IP Routing Table - Duh. BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 

14. IOS command to configure router to be a member of an IGMP group or statically connected member.
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
When using the classful method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table. When using the classless method the exact subne
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group

15. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent

16. What command is used to override the Next-Hop attribute of BGP? What does this do and when would you use this?

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17. What is the terminology for BGP route reflector?

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18. What are the commands to enable multicast routing on a router?
Default-Network Static route BGP
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast

19. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP

20. Name 6 multicast routing protocols.
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
MOSPF DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
Places it in the routing table. BGP

21. Explain CGMP.

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22. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
WM Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP. in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
MOSPF DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP

23. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
WM Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP. in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should

24. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?

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25. Explain the AS format and ranges?
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 
When using the classful method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table. When using the classless method the exact subne
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP

26. What effect does (S -G) and (* -G) entries have on router CPU?
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
OT Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag. BGP

27. What are two methods of establishing a gateway of last resort?
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Default-Network Static route BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers. This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP

28. What does IGMPv2 add?
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
RFC 2236 Leave and join latency resolved Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1 Leave group message Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers Multicast
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast

29. Name several common local scoped multicast addresses and their purpose.
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 

30. What command will produce the following output and What is it displaying? <img src='5d3c9233dd205ee4319ef0ac2fc07460.jpg' />
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP

31. What block of multicast MAC addresses belong to multicast?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
BGP peer BGP
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP

32. What is the layer 2 multicast address and how is it formed? What potential problem is there with this?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP

33. What are the 4 BGP packet types? What do they contain?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
WM Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP. in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast

34. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Default-Network Static route BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table) show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed. show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Places it in the routing table. BGP

35. What are the methods to control multicast within the layer 2 domain? What are some benefits & drawbacks of each?
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors. CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure Manually - Performance
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast

36. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast

37. Describe how PIM-SM operates.
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M

38. Explain the Origin attribute.

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39. What type of protocol is BGP classified as? What is its decision engine?

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40. Name what an update message may include.
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received) By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat

41. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface Multi
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP

42. Name a significant inefficiency with IGMPv1.
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP

43. Explain the Local Preference attribute. 

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44. Name the Well-known discretionary attributes.
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast

45. What are three different common ways to perform BGP multihoming with regard to routing table?
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source. (* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
Router#(config) router bgp 1 Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1 Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP

46. What is a BGP black hole and how is it avoided?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast

47. Explain the Next-Hop attribute. How does this differ from IGP's? In what environment might this be problematic?
WM Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP. in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 

48. What is the key difference between how a multicast routing protocol forwards packets versus a unicast routing protocol?
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP

49. What are the two multicast distribution tree types models and differences?

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50. What is the IOS command to check for IGMP group members? What info does it reveal?
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast