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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
BGP peer BGP


2. Explain the multicast routing table distribution tree notations.

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3. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2<br />Router then sends a group specific query<br />Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active.<br /> Multicast
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy.<br />Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group.<br /> BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays


4. State 3 functions SDR performs?
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP


5. IOS command to dictate when a leaf router (in PIM-SM) will switch from shared to source tree.
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP


6. How does Source and Shared Distribution Tree models related to PIM-DM and PIM-SM?

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7. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP


8. What is the command to enable BPG authentication?
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
RFC - 3376<br />Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky)<br />IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny.<br /> Multicast
Member of a group:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />Statically connected:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group


9. Explain the path selection process for BGP? What is the order and what preference does it take?
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest)<br /><br />2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest)<br /><br />3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True)<br /><br />4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should


10. Explain the relationship between MBone - DVMRP - PIM - IGMP - CGMP hosts - routers and switches?

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11. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP


12. What does a '*' and '&gt;' mean in the BGP table?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP


13. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP


14. What are the 3 BGP tables and What is in them?
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID


15. What block of multicast MAC addresses belong to multicast?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP


16. Within the layer 3 multicast address space - name 3 reserved scopes and their purpose.
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br


17. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
WM<br />One of three values: <br />IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i')<br />EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e')<br />Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP


18. Explain the MED attribute.

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19. After the path selection process - What does BGP do with the route?
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
Places it in the routing table. BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being


20. Explain the Community attribute.

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21. What are the basic commands to enable BGP - define a BGP peer relationship and advertise a network?
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />


22. Describe how and IGMPv2 host leaves. What is the interaction between host and router look like?
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2<br />Router then sends a group specific query<br />Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active.<br /> Multicast
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast


23. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP


24. Explain the contents of the BGP update message.
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP


25. What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states?
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent


26. What are the administrative distances of eBGP and iBGP?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP
'Periodic Flood and Prune.'<br />Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded.<br />Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP


27. What does PIM use for its multicast routing calculations?
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest)<br /><br />2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest)<br /><br />3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True)<br /><br />4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
The unicast routing table.<br />No routing updates are sent between PIM routers.<br /> Multicast
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP


28. Explain the Local Preference attribute.<br />

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29. What advantage does multicast offer?
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
WM<br /><br />List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)'<br /><br />This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a


30. What is BGP multihoming and why would you want to do it?
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch<br />'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client<br />When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor


31. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

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32. What is a BGP route reflector - What is it purpose?
This should only be for ISP's<br />An improperly configured AS (that is not meant to be a transit) could inadvertently become one.<br /> BGP
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. <br />RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
Places it in the routing table. BGP
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP


33. What are two methods of establishing a gateway of last resort?
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


34. What are 2 stipulations of advertising networks BGP?

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35. Which IOS command shows what version of IGMP is running?
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
This router originated the route. BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
BGP peer BGP


36. IOS command to configure a rendezvous point .
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP


37. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent


38. Explain the Origin attribute.

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39. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2<br />Router then sends a group specific query<br />Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active.<br /> Multicast
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP


40. What are the 4 BGP packet types? What do they contain?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP


41. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent


42. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?<br />
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar


43. What is the full mesh versus partial mesh IBGP and What are the implications of each?
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
Member of a group:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />Statically connected:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group


44. What is the layer 2 multicast address and how is it formed? What potential problem is there with this?
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should


45. Explain CGMP.

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46. What does the 'maximum-paths router' command facilitate?
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Places it in the routing table. BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination.<br />ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table.<br />Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session.<br /> BGP


47. Explain the AS-Path attribute.

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48. What is the terminology for BGP route reflector?

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49. Explain the AS format and ranges?
WM<br /><br />List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)'<br /><br />This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch<br />'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client<br />When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP


50. How is the BGP network command differ from IGP's?
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
WM<br />One of three values: <br />IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i')<br />EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e')<br />Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /