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CCNP

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the commands to configure a BGP peer group?
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
'Periodic Flood and Prune.' Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded. Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP

2. What is the difference between iBGP and eBGP?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward

3. What does the 'maximum-paths router' command facilitate?
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses. BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. BGP
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP

4. What is the command to configure a BGP RR? 
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
WM One of three values: IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i') EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e') Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP

5. Describe how PIM-SM operates.
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table) show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed. show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Session description & announcement. Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254. Creation of new sessions. Multicast
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast

6. Describe how PIM-DM operates.

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7. Name to enhancements to PIM.
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications. Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees. Multicast

8. What advantage does multicast offer?
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast

9. What entities are responsible for allocating BGP AS numbers?
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC BGP
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255 TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance. Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255 MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet Limited/

10. State how IGMPv1 operates.
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast

11. Explain the Origin attribute.

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12. What is the IOS command to check for IGMP group members? What info does it reveal?
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP
MOSPF DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast

13. Explain the IGMPv3 membership process and new features.
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
Default-Network Static route BGP
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP

14. Describe how and IGMPv2 host leaves. What is the interaction between host and router look like?
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications. Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees. Multicast

15. Name several common local scoped multicast addresses and their purpose.
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP

16. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol. Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems. BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP

17. Explain the path selection process for BGP? What is the order and what preference does it take?
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<

18. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received) By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
When using the classful method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table. When using the classless method the exact subne

19. What does IGMPv2 add?
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
RFC 2236 Leave and join latency resolved Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1 Leave group message Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers Multicast
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent

20. What is the BGP Synchronization requirement and What does is prevent? When should it be left disabled? When should it be enabled?

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21. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

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22. IOS command to configure router to be a member of an IGMP group or statically connected member.
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors IP Routing Table - Duh. BGP
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source. (* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar

23. What is the solution to establishing neighbor relationships when multiple paths exist? What are the command to establish this? What command to tell R1 to use its loopback0 interface as the update source neighbor 192.168.1.1.
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface) Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0 BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP

24. What is a BGP peer group?

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25. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received) By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP

26. What is the key difference between how a multicast routing protocol forwards packets versus a unicast routing protocol?
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses. BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being

27. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast

28. IOS command to dictate when a leaf router (in PIM-SM) will switch from shared to source tree.
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast

29. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Places it in the routing table. BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP

30. Explain the contents of the BGP update message.
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source. (* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
Variable length sequence of path attributes Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code Attribute Length Attribute Value Attribute flag field = 0000 0000 W | O - T | N - P | C BGP

31. Which IOS command shows what version of IGMP is running?
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
WM List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)' This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast

32. What command used to perform the following: A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce') B) Soft inbound reset C) Soft outbound reset D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1 R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP
O Cisco only. Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0. BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p

33. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface) Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0 BGP

34. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications. Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees. Multicast
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast

35. What command will produce the following output and What is it displaying? <img src='5d3c9233dd205ee4319ef0ac2fc07460.jpg' />
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP

36. Explain the Community attribute.

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37. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent

38. What are three different common ways to perform BGP multihoming with regard to routing table?
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
O Cisco only. Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0. BGP
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP

39. What config would be used to configured an outbound BGP distribute list to block all routes from being advertised except ones from 192.168.0.0 /24 network to neighbors 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2?
Default-Network Static route BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br

40. What command is used to override the Next-Hop attribute of BGP? What does this do and when would you use this?

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41. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP

42. What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states?
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent

43. What is a neighbor call in BGP?
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
Variable length sequence of path attributes Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code Attribute Length Attribute Value Attribute flag field = 0000 0000 W | O - T | N - P | C BGP
BGP peer BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an

44. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses. BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. BGP
BGP peer BGP
WM One of three values: IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i') EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e') Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows

45. Explain what role IGMP plays.
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses. BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. BGP

46. What is the command to enable BPG authentication?
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP

47. Explain the AS-Path attribute.

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48. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface Multi
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP
WM List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)' This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -

49. What is BGP multihoming and why would you want to do it?
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast

50. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP