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CCNP

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is the BGP network command differ from IGP's?
BGP peer BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat

2. Explain what role IGMP plays.
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP

3. Explain the MED attribute.

4. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
This router originated the route. BGP

5. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol. Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems. BGP
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster. Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP

6. Explain CGMP.

7. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast

8. What are the commands to enable multicast routing on a router?
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast
WM Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP. in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
'Periodic Flood and Prune.' Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded. Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int

9. Explain the AS-Path attribute.

10. Explain the path selection process for BGP? What is the order and what preference does it take?
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<

11. Name to enhancements to PIM.
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications. Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees. Multicast
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface) Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0 BGP
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -

12. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP

13. Describe how and IGMPv2 host leaves. What is the interaction between host and router look like?
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
When using the classful method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table. When using the classless method the exact subne
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast

14. What are three different common ways to perform BGP multihoming with regard to routing table?
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP

15. What is a neighbor call in BGP?
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
BGP peer BGP
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group

16. What are 2 stipulations of advertising networks BGP?

17. What advantage is there it establishing a neighbor relationship using a loopback interface?
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 

18. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP

19. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface Multi
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
Variable length sequence of path attributes Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code Attribute Length Attribute Value Attribute flag field = 0000 0000 W | O - T | N - P | C BGP

20. What does IGMPv2 add?
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
RFC 2236 Leave and join latency resolved Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1 Leave group message Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers Multicast
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface) Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0 BGP

21. What config would be used to configured an outbound BGP distribute list to block all routes from being advertised except ones from 192.168.0.0 /24 network to neighbors 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2?
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast
Default-Network Static route BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor

22. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast

23. What is the terminology for BGP route reflector?

24. Name a significant inefficiency with IGMPv1.
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP

25. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Performance Scalability with applications Multicast
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol. Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems. BGP

28. What special consideration is there when peering to a eBGP neighbor using a loopback? What is the solution to this?
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster. Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast

29. What is the IOS command to check for IGMP group members? What info does it reveal?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast

30. What advantage does multicast offer?
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast

31. What is the solution to establishing neighbor relationships when multiple paths exist? What are the command to establish this? What command to tell R1 to use its loopback0 interface as the update source neighbor 192.168.1.1.
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface) Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0 BGP
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 

32. What command used to perform the following: A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce') B) Soft inbound reset C) Soft outbound reset D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1 R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Session description & announcement. Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254. Creation of new sessions. Multicast
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast

33. What are two methods of establishing a gateway of last resort?
Default-Network Static route BGP
When using the classful method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table. When using the classless method the exact subne
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast

34. Explain the IGMPv3 membership process and new features.
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
OT Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag. BGP

35. How does Source and Shared Distribution Tree models related to PIM-DM and PIM-SM?

36. What effect does (S -G) and (* -G) entries have on router CPU?
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast
WD Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS. Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco. Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route. 'Influences outbound traffic for an AS' PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast

37. What does a '*' and '>' mean in the BGP table?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Static route BGP
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers. This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP

38. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

39. What are some of the obstacles with IGMP and multicast in general as it relates to layer 2/switches?
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source. (* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received) By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela

40. What is a BGP route reflector - What is it purpose?
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 
Places it in the routing table. BGP
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP

41. What is a BGP peer group?

42. Name 6 multicast routing protocols.
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
This should only be for ISP's An improperly configured AS (that is not meant to be a transit) could inadvertently become one. BGP

43. What is the layer 2 multicast address and how is it formed? What potential problem is there with this?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Multicast
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
Places it in the routing table. BGP

44. IOS command to configure router to be a member of an IGMP group or statically connected member.
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 

45. After the path selection process - What does BGP do with the route?
MOSPF DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Places it in the routing table. BGP
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward

46. What is the IBGP Split Horizon rule? What does this accomplish?
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers. This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP

47. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
MOSPF DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
WM One of three values: IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i') EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e') Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP

48. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table) show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed. show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP

49. What is the full mesh versus partial mesh IBGP and What are the implications of each?
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP

50. What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states?
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table) show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed. show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors. CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure Manually - Performance