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CCNP

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the administrative distances of eBGP and iBGP?
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
The is the multicast bit. Multicast

2. Explain the Community attribute.

3. What is BGP multihoming and why would you want to do it?
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors IP Routing Table - Duh. BGP

4. What are 2 stipulations of advertising networks BGP?

5. What are the methods to control multicast within the layer 2 domain? What are some benefits & drawbacks of each?
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors. CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure Manually - Performance
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors IP Routing Table - Duh. BGP

6. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
Default-Network Static route BGP

7. IOS command to dictate when a leaf router (in PIM-SM) will switch from shared to source tree.
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast

8. What is the multicast IP address space?
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast

9. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast

10. Name 6 multicast routing protocols.
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
MOSPF DVMRP CBT PIM Dense Mode PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse-Dense Mode Multicast
Session description & announcement. Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254. Creation of new sessions. Multicast

11. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source. (* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP

12. What are the commands to enable multicast routing on a router?
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
WM List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)' This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a

13. Explain the Origin attribute.

14. What is a neighbor call in BGP?
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
BGP peer BGP

15. What block of multicast MAC addresses belong to multicast?
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat

16. What is the command to configure a BGP RR? 
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
When using the classful method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table. When using the classless method the exact subne

17. What are the basic commands to enable BGP - define a BGP peer relationship and advertise a network?
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1 Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
Places it in the routing table. BGP

18. What does PIM use for its multicast routing calculations?
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast

19. What is the terminology for BGP route reflector?

20. What does a '*' and '>' mean in the BGP table?
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP

21. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC BGP

22. What are the commands to configure a BGP peer group?
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP

23. Name to enhancements to PIM.
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications. Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees. Multicast
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast

24. Name what an update message may include.
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -
RFC 2236 Leave and join latency resolved Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1 Leave group message Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast

25. State how IGMPv1 operates.
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast

26. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
This should only be for ISP's An improperly configured AS (that is not meant to be a transit) could inadvertently become one. BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP

27. After the path selection process - What does BGP do with the route?
Places it in the routing table. BGP
OT Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag. BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
WD Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS. Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco. Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route. 'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /

28. What is a BGP black hole and how is it avoided?
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP

29. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast

30. What is the significance of the 8th bit in the MAC address?
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source. (* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
* = Best route > = Route has been inserted into the routing table BGP

31. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address. Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree. Multicast
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP

32. What advantage is there it establishing a neighbor relationship using a loopback interface?
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP

33. What is the layer 2 multicast address and how is it formed? What potential problem is there with this?
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Multicast
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 

34. IOS command to configure router to be a member of an IGMP group or statically connected member.
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Member of a group: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address Statically connected: Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors IP Routing Table - Duh. BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i

35. Explain the AS format and ranges?
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
Places it in the routing table. BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor

36. What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states?
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP

37. Describe how and IGMPv2 host leaves. What is the interaction between host and router look like?
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast

38. What is the BGP Synchronization requirement and What does is prevent? When should it be left disabled? When should it be enabled?

39. Explain the Weight attribute.
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
O Cisco only. Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0. BGP
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP

40. Explain what role IGMP plays.
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors. CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure Manually - Performance
BGP peer BGP
Language between local router interface and hosts. IGMP - ICMP - similarities TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet. Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP

41. Explain the Next-Hop attribute. How does this differ from IGP's? In what environment might this be problematic?
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
WM Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP. in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP

42. Within the layer 3 multicast address space - name 3 reserved scopes and their purpose.
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
This router originated the route. BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255 TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance. Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255 MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet Limited/

43. What are three different common ways to perform BGP multihoming with regard to routing table?
WD Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS. Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco. Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route. 'Influences outbound traffic for an AS' ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP

44. What are two methods of establishing a gateway of last resort?
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated. Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional. Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor. Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Default-Network Static route BGP

45. What special consideration is there when peering to a eBGP neighbor using a loopback? What is the solution to this?
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
Variable length sequence of path attributes Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code Attribute Length Attribute Value Attribute flag field = 0000 0000 W | O - T | N - P | C BGP
Default-Network Static route BGP

46. What is the signifigance of the neighbor address when establishing BGP neighbor in the context of network that has multiple paths to the neighbor?
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP

47. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?

48. What are the two multicast distribution tree types models and differences?

49. Explain the Local Preference attribute. 

50. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
ISP passes only default route to AS. ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS. ISP passes all routes to AS. BGP
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP