CCNP

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What advantage does multicast offer?
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast


2. After the path selection process - What does BGP do with the route?
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Places it in the routing table. BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP


3. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.


4. What does a 0.0.0.0 signify in the Next Hop column in the BGP Table?
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors.<br />CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly<br />GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure<br />Manually - Performance


5. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP


6. Explain the MED attribute.


7. What is the key difference between how a multicast routing protocol forwards packets versus a unicast routing protocol?
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP


8. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP


9. What special consideration is there when peering to a eBGP neighbor using a loopback? What is the solution to this?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP


10. What is the full mesh versus partial mesh IBGP and What are the implications of each?
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i


11. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP


12. Describe how PIM-DM operates.


13. Explain the AS format and ranges?
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


14. What are the basic commands to enable BGP - define a BGP peer relationship and advertise a network?
Member of a group:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />Statically connected:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP


15. What are three different common ways to perform BGP multihoming with regard to routing table?
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne


16. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />


17. What are the commands to configure a BGP peer group?
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast


18. Explain the Community attribute.


19. What command will produce the following output and What is it displaying?<br /><br /><img src='5d3c9233dd205ee4319ef0ac2fc07460.jpg' />
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i


20. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest)<br /><br />2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest)<br /><br />3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True)<br /><br />4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2<br />Router then sends a group specific query<br />Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active.<br /> Multicast


21. What are some of the obstacles with IGMP and multicast in general as it relates to layer 2/switches?
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an


22. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p


23. Name a significant inefficiency with IGMPv1.
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors.<br />CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly<br />GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure<br />Manually - Performance
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast


24. Explain the Origin attribute.


25. How is the BGP network command differ from IGP's?
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
WM<br />One of three values: <br />IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i')<br />EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e')<br />Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows


26. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP


27. Describe how PIM-SM operates.
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP


28. What advantage is there it establishing a neighbor relationship using a loopback interface?
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela


29. What is the BGP Synchronization requirement and What does is prevent? When should it be left disabled? When should it be enabled?


30. IOS command to configure a rendezvous point .
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP


31. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
This should only be for ISP's<br />An improperly configured AS (that is not meant to be a transit) could inadvertently become one.<br /> BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP


32. What are the 3 BGP tables and What is in them?
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP
Local preference<br />Atomic Aggregate BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast


33. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers.<br />Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP<br />Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP.<br />
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP


34. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?


35. Within the layer 3 multicast address space - name 3 reserved scopes and their purpose.
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP


36. What does a '*' and '&gt;' mean in the BGP table?
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
RFC - 3376<br />Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky)<br />IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny.<br /> Multicast


37. IOS command to dictate when a leaf router (in PIM-SM) will switch from shared to source tree.
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2<br />Router then sends a group specific query<br />Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active.<br /> Multicast
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast


38. Explain the multicast routing table distribution tree notations.


39. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP


40. Explain the path selection process for BGP? What is the order and what preference does it take?
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers.<br />Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP<br />Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP.<br />
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest)<br /><br />2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest)<br /><br />3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True)<br /><br />4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<


41. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP


42. What is the command to enable BPG authentication?
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy.<br />Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group.<br /> BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP


43. How does Source and Shared Distribution Tree models related to PIM-DM and PIM-SM?


44. What are the commands to enable multicast routing on a router?
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should


45. What command used to perform the following:<br />A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce')<br />B) Soft inbound reset<br />C) Soft outbound reset<br />D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1<br /><br />R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


46. Name several common local scoped multicast addresses and their purpose.
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -


47. State 3 functions SDR performs?
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP


48. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast


49. Explain the IGMPv3 membership process and new features.
BGP peer BGP
WM<br />One of three values: <br />IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i')<br />EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e')<br />Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
RFC - 3376<br />Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky)<br />IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny.<br /> Multicast


50. Explain the Weight attribute.
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP