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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

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2. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP


3. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP


4. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy.<br />Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group.<br /> BGP
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p


5. What config would be used to configured an outbound BGP distribute list to block all routes from being advertised except ones from 192.168.0.0 /24 network to neighbors 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2?
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
BGP peer BGP


6. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP


7. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP


8. Name a significant inefficiency with IGMPv1.
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP


9. Explain the Weight attribute.
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
O<br />Cisco only.<br />Routes with higher weight are preferred (0 - 65535) . Paths that the router originates have 32768; other paths have default of 0.<br /> BGP


10. What is the difference between iBGP and eBGP?
The unicast routing table.<br />No routing updates are sent between PIM routers.<br /> Multicast
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP


11. Explain the AS format and ranges?
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP


12. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP


13. Explain the Community attribute.

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14. What is BGP multihoming and why would you want to do it?
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
WM<br />One of three values: <br />IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i')<br />EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e')<br />Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows


15. Describe how PIM-SM operates.
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP


16. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP


17. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model.<br />PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


18. What advantage is there it establishing a neighbor relationship using a loopback interface?
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP


19. State how IGMPv1 operates.
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast


20. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast


21. What are some of the obstacles with IGMP and multicast in general as it relates to layer 2/switches?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela


22. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar


23. Explain the concept of RPF.
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors.<br />CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly<br />GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure<br />Manually - Performance
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
Local preference<br />Atomic Aggregate BGP


24. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast


25. What is the solution to establishing neighbor relationships when multiple paths exist? What are the command to establish this? What command to tell R1 to use its loopback0 interface as the update source neighbor 192.168.1.1.
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
BGP peer BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast


26. What is the significance of the 8th bit in the MAC address?
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
The is the multicast bit. Multicast


27. What is the IOS command to check for IGMP group members? What info does it reveal?
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast


28. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
Places it in the routing table. BGP
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers.<br />Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP<br />Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP.<br />


29. What command is used to override the Next-Hop attribute of BGP? What does this do and when would you use this?

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30. What is the full mesh versus partial mesh IBGP and What are the implications of each?
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
Well-known Mandatory - Must be supported and propagated.<br />Well-known Discretionary - Must be supported; propagation optional.<br />Optional Transitive - Marked as partial if unsupported by neighbor.<br />Option Nontransitive - Deleted is unsuppor


31. What is a neighbor call in BGP?
BGP peer BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). <br />Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should


32. How does Source and Shared Distribution Tree models related to PIM-DM and PIM-SM?

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33. What is the signifigance of the neighbor address when establishing BGP neighbor in the context of network that has multiple paths to the neighbor?
WD<br />Dictates which path is preferred to exit the AS.<br />Higher is is preferred - default is 100 on Cisco.<br />Obviously for this to be relevant there must be multiple exit points for the route.<br />'Influences outbound traffic for an AS'<br /
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP


34. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
This will advertise the entire classful network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0<br /><br />This will advertise the the classless network:<br />R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0<br /><br /> BGP
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -


35. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?

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36. What does a '*' and '&gt;' mean in the BGP table?
* = Best route<br />&gt; = Route has been inserted into the routing table<br /> BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou


37. What is the IBGP Split Horizon rule? What does this accomplish?
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers.<br /><br />This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being


38. What block of multicast MAC addresses belong to multicast?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
The is the multicast bit. Multicast


39. What entities are responsible for allocating BGP AS numbers?
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. <br />Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator<br />Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster.<br />Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):<br />ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC<br /> BGP
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP


40. What command used to perform the following:<br />A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce')<br />B) Soft inbound reset<br />C) Soft outbound reset<br />D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1<br /><br />R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast


41. Name several common local scoped multicast addresses and their purpose.
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers.<br />Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP<br />Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP.<br />
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP


42. What are the commands to configure a BGP peer group?
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast


43. What is the layer 2 multicast address and how is it formed? What potential problem is there with this?
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -


44. What type of protocol is BGP classified as? What is its decision engine?

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45. What is a BGP peer group?

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46. Describe how PIM-DM operates.

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47. State 3 functions SDR performs?
Session description &amp; announcement.<br />Transport session announcement via 224.2.127.254.<br />Creation of new sessions.<br /> Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP


48. Explain the multicast routing table distribution tree notations.

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49. What does PIM use for its multicast routing calculations?
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast
The unicast routing table.<br />No routing updates are sent between PIM routers.<br /> Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP


50. What is the command to enable BPG authentication?
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword<br /><br />OR<br /><br />R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword<br /> BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP