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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Explain the contents of the BGP update message.
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />


2. What advantage is there it establishing a neighbor relationship using a loopback interface?
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP


3. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. <br />Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. <br />Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP


4. What does the 'maximum-paths router' command facilitate?
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination.<br />ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table.<br />Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session.<br /> BGP
BGP peer BGP
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


5. Name 6 multicast routing protocols.
The is the multicast bit. Multicast
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent


6. What are the administrative distances of eBGP and iBGP?
This router originated the route. BGP
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
EBGP = 20<br />iBGP = 200<br /> BGP
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP


7. What does BGP use for communication? What advantage does it offer?
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self<br /><br />Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS.<br /><br />
TCP port 179<br />Reliability; uses sliding window<br />Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient<br /> BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP


8. What is the hop-by-hop routing paradigm of BGP?

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9. Explain how the multicast routing table is populated.
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming.<br />Inbound reliability<br />Better performance by selecting more optimal paths<br />Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several.<br /> BGP
Dense mode interfaces are always added to the table. <br /><br />Sparse mode interfaces are added to the table only when periodic join messages are received from downstream routers - or when a directly connected member is on the interface<br /> Multi
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
ON<br />Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS.<br />'Influence inbound traffic to an AS'<br />By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being


10. What is a BGP peer group?

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11. What command used to perform the following:<br />A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce')<br />B) Soft inbound reset<br />C) Soft outbound reset<br />D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1<br /><br />R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft
R1# clear ip bgp <br />R1# clear ip bgp soft in<br />R1# clear ip bgp * soft out<br />R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in<br /><br /> BGP
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP


12. How does Source and Shared Distribution Tree models related to PIM-DM and PIM-SM?

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13. What are some of the obstacles with IGMP and multicast in general as it relates to layer 2/switches?
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy.<br />Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group.<br /> BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela


14. Explain the AS format and ranges?
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table)<br /><br />show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed.<br /><br />show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP


15. What command will produce the following output and What is it displaying?<br /><br /><img src='5d3c9233dd205ee4319ef0ac2fc07460.jpg' />
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
ISP passes only default route to AS.<br />ISP passes default route and provider owned select routes to AS.<br />ISP passes all routes to AS.<br /> BGP
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast


16. How does a host learn about available multicast streams?
WM<br />One of three values: <br />IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i')<br />EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e')<br />Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Places it in the routing table. BGP
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast


17. Explain the concept of RPF.
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast


18. What are the basic commands to enable BGP - define a BGP peer relationship and advertise a network?
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
WM<br /><br />List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)'<br /><br />This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a
Router#(config) router bgp 1<br />Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1<br />Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0<br /> BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast


19. What advantage does multicast offer?
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
This should only be for ISP's<br />An improperly configured AS (that is not meant to be a transit) could inadvertently become one.<br /> BGP


20. IOS command to configure router to be a member of an IGMP group or statically connected member.
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface)<br />Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0<br /> BGP
This should only be for ISP's<br />An improperly configured AS (that is not meant to be a transit) could inadvertently become one.<br /> BGP
Variable length sequence of path attributes<br />Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code<br />Attribute Length <br />Attribute Value<br />Attribute flag field = 0000 0000<br />W | O - T | N - P | C<br /> BGP
Member of a group:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />Statically connected:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group


21. Describe how PIM-SM operates.
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
When not all routers within a transit AS have consistent routing information - due to not running BGP or misconfiguration or BPG speakers. Routing information is advertised but since not all routers within AS can reach the destination traffic is halt
The is the multicast bit. Multicast


22. What are the methods to control multicast within the layer 2 domain? What are some benefits &amp; drawbacks of each?
Places it in the routing table. BGP
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors.<br />CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly<br />GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure<br />Manually - Performance


23. What is a BGP route reflector - What is it purpose?
RFC 2362<br />Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members.<br />Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest)<br /><br />2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest)<br /><br />3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True)<br /><br />4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. <br />RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP


24. What config would be used to configured an outbound BGP distribute list to block all routes from being advertised except ones from 192.168.0.0 /24 network to neighbors 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2?
Places it in the routing table. BGP
The BGP Table<br /><br />Command = show ip bgp BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classful</span> method - at least one subnet of the classful range must reside in the IP routing table.<br /><br />When using the <span style='font-style:italic;'>classless</span> method the exact subne


25. What special consideration is there when peering to a eBGP neighbor using a loopback? What is the solution to this?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters<br />Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds.<br />Update - Information on only ONE path; <br />Notification - When error condition detected<br /> BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses.<br />BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. <br /> BGP
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast


26. Explain the relationship between MBone - DVMRP - PIM - IGMP - CGMP hosts - routers and switches?

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27. Name to enhancements to PIM.
Bidirection PIM mode - designed for many to many applications.<br />Source Specific Multicast (SSM) ; builds only source specific shortest path trees.<br /> Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol<br />Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received)<br />By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
OT<br />Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag.<br /> BGP


28. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Most applications rely on UDP<br />Security issues<br />Out of order delivery &amp; duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes.<br />Lack of windowing/congestion control.<br /> Multicast


29. Explain the Community attribute.

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30. Describe 4 multicast application models and give an example of each?
Contains information on ONE path only<br /><br />Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn.<br />Path attributes - AS-Path - etc.<br />Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP
Member of a group:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />Statically connected:<br />Router#(config) ip igmp join-group group-address<br />In this mode router forwards (fast switches) group packets but itself does not accept group
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast
MOSPF<br />DVMRP<br />CBT<br />PIM Dense Mode<br />PIM Sparse Mode<br />PIM Sparse-Dense Mode<br /> Multicast


31. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Globally:<br />Router(config)# ip multicast-routing<br />Per Interface:<br />Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode<br />Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface.<br /> Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast


32. Explain the Local Preference attribute.<br />

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33. What command is used to override the Next-Hop attribute of BGP? What does this do and when would you use this?

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34. What are the 3 BGP tables and What is in them?
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information <br />BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors<br />IP Routing Table - Duh.<br /> BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time.<br />Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source.<br />Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Unicast uses a routing table looking and forwards towards the destination address.<br />Multicast forwards out multiple interfaces and away from the source and towards multiple destinations using a distribution tree.<br /> Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -


35. What are the commands to configure a BGP peer group?
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513<br />R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers<br /> BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. <br />It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver.<br /> Multicast
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br


36. What is the BGP Synchronization requirement and What does is prevent? When should it be left disabled? When should it be enabled?

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37. Within the layer 3 multicast address space - name 3 reserved scopes and their purpose.
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol.<br />Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. <br />Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems.<br /> BGP
Local scoped: 224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255<br />TTL of 1; Never to leave local network - for routing protocols and other network maintenance.<br />Global scoped: 224.0.1.0 - 238.255.255.255<br />MBone dynamically allocate throughout Internet<br />Limited/
(S -G) - 'S comma G'; Source sending to the group. Typically reflect a source tree but can appear on a shared tree. Traffic forwarded via the shortest path from the source.<br />(* -G) - 'Star comma G'; Any source sending to the group. Traffic forwar


38. Name the Well-known mandatory attributes.
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver.<br />Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver.<br /> Multicast
BGP peer BGP
AS-Path<br />Next Hop<br />Origin BGP
The unicast routing table.<br />No routing updates are sent between PIM routers.<br /> Multicast


39. What is the command to configure a BGP RR?<br />
Places it in the routing table. BGP
WM<br /><br />List of AS numbers pre-pended with a list of AS numbers that the route has traversed and the originating AS at the end. 'Path to 192.168.1.0 is (65500 - 65420 - 65874)'<br /><br />This insures a loop-free environment. If BGP receives a
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
Well know predefined group<br />Directory - sd / SDP<br />Webpage/URL<br />Email link<br /> Multicast


40. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors.<br />CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly<br />GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure<br />Manually - Performance
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
Default-Network<br />Static route<br /> BGP
16 bit number 1 to 65535<br />1-64511: Public AS<br />64512-6535: Reserved for private AS<br /> BGP


41. What is the IOS command to check for IGMP group members? What info does it reveal?
Language between local router interface and hosts.<br />IGMP - ICMP - similarities <br />TTL is usually 1; RFC states it should never leave local subnet.<br />Creates and maintains group membership for hosts wishing to participate in a multicast grou
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
Router#show ip igmp group<br />Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter.<br /> Multicast
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy.<br />Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group.<br /> BGP


42. Explain the MED attribute.

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43. Explain the Next-Hop attribute. How does this differ from IGP's? In what environment might this be problematic?
WM<br />Next hop address is entry point into the next AS along the path to that destination network. It does a recursive lookup to the routing table which should have learned the route from its IGP.<br />in IBGP the next hop advertised by EBGP should
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
BGP peer BGP
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast


44. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
Efficiency<br />Performance<br />Scalability with applications<br /> Multicast
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer.<br />Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster.<br />Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
One-to-many: video distribution<br />Many-to-many: Collaboration<br />Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection<br />Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection<br /> Multicast


45. What is the multicast IP address space?
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out<br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out<br /> BGP
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). <br />BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table.<br />Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast


46. What are 2 stipulations of advertising networks BGP?

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47. What does IGMPv2 add?
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces.<br />Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source.<br />RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. <br />
RFC 2236<br />Leave and join latency resolved<br />Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1<br />Leave group message<br />Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers <br /> Multicast
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. <br /><br />[Active - When no response to Open message] <br /><br />Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake<br /><br />Open Sent
RFC 1112<br />Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1<br />Hosts send membership report in response to the query<br /> Multicast


48. What is the difference between iBGP and eBGP?
EBGP is an adjacency between BGP peers in different AS; iBGP peers are in same AS. BGP
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits<br
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000<br />Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client<br /> BGP
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away.<br /><br />With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop.<br /><br />R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP


49. What block of multicast MAC addresses belong to multicast?
0100.5e00.0000 - 0100.5e7f.ffff - IANA reserved. Multicast
Class D address space<br />First bits are ALWAYS 1110<br />224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255<br /> Multicast
224.0.0.1 - All systems<br />224.0.0.2 - All routers<br />224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers<br />224.0.0.5 - All OSPF<br />224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR<br />224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers<br />224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers<br />224.0.0.13 - PIM routers<br />224.0.0.15 -
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0<br /> Multicast


50. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

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