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CCNP

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the two multicast distribution tree types models and differences?

2. What advantage is there it establishing a neighbor relationship using a loopback interface?
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP

3. What config would be used to configured an outbound BGP distribute list to block all routes from being advertised except ones from 192.168.0.0 /24 network to neighbors 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2?
Sends a leave message to 224.0.0.2 Router then sends a group specific query Remaining member(s) send a report so group remains active. Multicast
Cluster - combination of RR and its clients. Can have multiple clusters in an AS. Originator ID - carries router ID of the route's originator Cluster ID - configured when multiple RR in a cluster. Cluster list - sequence of cluster ID
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP
BPG will find an exact match. BGP

4. What does IGMPv2 add?
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
RFC 2236 Leave and join latency resolved Group specific query to G instead of 224.0.0.1 Leave group message Election of querier (lowest IP) on broadcast medium with multiple routers Multicast
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p

5. What does the 'maximum-paths router' command facilitate?
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
R2(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.1 distribute-list 1 out R1(config-router)# neighbor 10.1.1.2 distribute-list 1 out BGP
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP

6. What are some disadvantages of multicast?
SPT (S -G) consume more memory because there is an entry for each source BUT traffic is sent over optimal path to receiver. Shared distribution tree state entries (* -G) consume less CPU but may take suboptimal path to receiver. Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast

7. Explain the AS-Path attribute.

8. What effect will placing a route to null0 have on BGP?
'Periodic Flood and Prune.' Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded. Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP

9. What is the formula to determine number of links in a full mesh topology?
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
This router originated the route. BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent

10. What is the BGP Synchronization requirement and What does is prevent? When should it be left disabled? When should it be enabled?

11. What does PIM use for its multicast routing calculations?
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Router#(config) router bgp 1 Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1 Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
Routes learned through IBPG are never propogated to other IBGP speakers. This is a loop prevention mechanism. BGP

12. Name 4 verification commands for BGP and what they display?
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table) show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed. show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP

13. What is one mechanism that GURANTEES the BGP AS path is loop free?
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
WM One of three values: IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i') EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e') Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows

14. What command will produce the following output and What is it displaying? <img src='5d3c9233dd205ee4319ef0ac2fc07460.jpg' />
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP
It actually determines which networks are advertised. BGP
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p

15. Name what an update message may include.
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP

16. What is the command to configure a BGP RR? 
Works if router has multiple parallel paths to a destination. ONLY affect number of routes in IP routing table not the route selected at best in the BGP table. Will load balance across equal cost paths in EGP session. BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits One of three values: IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i') EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e') Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows

17. Explain the way RR handles route updates.
Router#show ip igmp group Group address - interface - uptime - expires - and last reporter. Multicast
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP

18. What is a BGP route reflector - What is it purpose?
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP
The BGP Table Command = show ip bgp BGP
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast

19. After the path selection process - What does BGP do with the route?
Well know predefined group Directory - sd / SDP Webpage/URL Email link Multicast
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
Places it in the routing table. BGP

20. Explain the Local Preference attribute. 

21. What does a 0.0.0.0 signify in the Next Hop column in the BGP Table?
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
This router originated the route. BGP
Update from client peer - sends update to all non-client peers and client peers except for originating peer. Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an

22. What are the 6 BGP Neighbor states?
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<
Source Tree - Source-based tree's are rooted at the source. Source tree created for each new group. Also called shortest path tree (SPT's). Shared Tree - Single tree that is shared between all sources; single common root called the rendezvous p

23. What type of protocol is BGP classified as? What is its decision engine?

24. What is the signifigance of the neighbor address when establishing BGP neighbor in the context of network that has multiple paths to the neighbor?
Variable length sequence of path attributes Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code Attribute Length Attribute Value Attribute flag field = 0000 0000 W | O - T | N - P | C BGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
The neighbor expects to see the updates from the source address configured in the neighbor statement. BGP

25. What is one method involving minimal configuration to prevent and multi-homed BGP network from becoming a transit AS?
Using a Distribute List to filter outbound routing updates. BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
Cisco Proprietary - between router and switch 'Client/Server': Router = CGMP Server - Switch = CGMP Client When router sees IGMP control message it creates a CGMP packet with the mutlicast MAC + client MAC; sends this to 'All CGMP Devices M
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<

26. Explain the MED attribute.

27. How does RPF avoid routing loops?
Use loopback interface to establish the neighbor. (i.e. peer to a loopback interface) Tell BGP to use the lookback interface as teh source of updates R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 update-source loopback0 BGP
Class D address space First bits are ALWAYS 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Multicast
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP

28. Explain the BGP route decision process? How many routes does it select? Where do they go? Where do the ones go that are not used?
WM One of three values: IGP - Route is interior to the originating AS. (BGP table shows 'i') EGP - Route learned via EGP. (BGP table shows 'e') Incomplete - Routes origin is unknown - usually when redistributed. (BGP table shows
The unicast routing table. No routing updates are sent between PIM routers. Multicast
Idle - Router looking in routing table to see if route exists to neighbor. [Active - When no response to Open message] Connect - Router found route to neighbor and has performed the TCP three-way handshake Open Sent
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p

29. What are the administrative distances of eBGP and iBGP?
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
EBGP = 20 iBGP = 200 BGP
AS-Path Next Hop Origin BGP
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP

30. When creating a BGP neighbor relationship to a loopback interface what must be remember in the context of routing?
BGP specifies that it can advertise to its peers in neighboring AS's only routes that it uses. BGP cannot influence how a neighboring AS will route your traffic BUT it can influence how your traffic gets to the neighboring AS. BGP
Must insure loopback is reachable in the routing table. BGP
Allow router to operate in sparse mode and dense mode at the same time. Supports multiple RP's and automatic RP selection for each multicast source. Support auto-RP - bootstrap router (BSR) or statically defined RP's with minimal configurat
16 bit number 1 to 65535 1-64511: Public AS 64512-6535: Reserved for private AS BGP

31. Explain the contents of the BGP update message.
<img src='9618cf01b9422f541fc213b74a3bd9de.png' /> Multicast
BGP Table - BGP topology database - information BGP Neighbor Table - list of connected neighbors IP Routing Table - Duh. BGP
Variable length sequence of path attributes Attribute Type -1 byte flag field - 1 byte type code Attribute Length Attribute Value Attribute flag field = 0000 0000 W | O - T | N - P | C BGP
R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 next-hop-self Cause each routers outgoing interface that the route traverse wihtin the AS (iBPG peers) to annouce itself as the 'next hop' instead of the next hop into the neighboring AS. 

32. What is BGP multihoming and why would you want to do it?
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
When AS has more than one connection to the Internet it is called multihoming. Inbound reliability Better performance by selecting more optimal paths Multihoming can be to one ISP or to several. BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being

33. What entities are responsible for allocating BGP AS numbers?
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC BGP
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 
Contains information on ONE path only Withdrawn routes - List of IP prefixes for routes being withdrawn. Path attributes - AS-Path - etc. Network layer reachability information - List of IP prefixes reachable by this path. BGP

34. What special consideration is there when peering to a eBGP neighbor using a loopback? What is the solution to this?
EBGP will only peer to direclty connected neighbors and a loopback is considered one hop away. With eBGP peering to a loopback you must enable eBGP Multihop. R1(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 ebgp-multihop 2 BGP
Router#show ip igmp interface fa0/0 Multicast
Since IBGP learned routes are never propagate to other IBGP peer - full mesh of IBPG peers is required within an AS. THIS IS NOT SCALABLE. RR allow the propagation of routes learned by IBGP to other IBGP peers without having a full mesh of IBGP
1. Weight - Administrative preference (Highest) 2. Local Preference - Communicated between peers within AS (Highest) 3. Self-originated - Prefer path originated locally (True) 4. AS Path - Minimize AS hops (Shortest)<

35. What is the layer 2 multicast address and how is it formed? What potential problem is there with this?
'Periodic Flood and Prune.' Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded. Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
Concatenation of the first (high order) 25 bits of the reserved MAC address range with the last (low order)23 bits of the multicast group IP address. 5 bits of overlap allowing for 32 address (2^5) for each multicast MAC address. 25 bits + 23 bits Update from non-client peer - send update to all clients in the cluster. Update from EBGP peer - update sent to all client peers an
IANA delegates to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): ARIN - AfriNIC - APNIC - LACNIC and RIPE NCC BGP

36. Explain the methods of advertising networks in BGP.
Local preference Atomic Aggregate BGP
This will advertise the entire classful network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 This will advertise the the classless network: R1(config-router)# network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
Loopback more resilient than physical interfaces. BGP

37. What is a BGP peer group?

38. IOS command to configure a rendezvous point .
BGP not designed for load balancing (by default). BGP selected the SINGLE best path to a destination and places it in the routing table; the rest are kept in the BGP Table. Paths are chosen based on policy. BGP eliminates paths until one p
R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeers peer-group R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 64513 R1(config-router)#neighbor 10.1.1.1 peer-group MyPeers BGP
Router#(config) ip pim send-rp-announce interface_type scope ttl group-list access-list Multicast
Determines upstream and downstream interfaces. Uses the unicast routing table to insure that only one interface is considered to be and incoming interface for the source. RPF makes sure that if data is looped around is not forwarded. 

39. Explain the Community attribute.

40. Describe how PIM-DM operates.

41. IOS command to dictate when a leaf router (in PIM-SM) will switch from shared to source tree.
Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 65000 Router(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.1 route-reflector-client BGP
Router#(config) ip pim spt-threshold {rate | infinity} [group-list access-list] Multicast
ON Displayed as metric in Cisco IOS; lower is preferred. Default is 0. Indicated to external AS the preferred path into the AS. 'Influence inbound traffic to an AS' By default ONLY compares if neighbors AS is same for all routes being
Rule: Router must be known by an IGP before it may be advertised by BGP peers. Prevents 'blackholes' when AS is a transit network and not all speaker are running BGP Should be left on it AS is a transit AS and not all routers run BGP. 

42. What is the full mesh versus partial mesh IBGP and What are the implications of each?
Partial mesh iBPG is where not all BGP speaks within and AS have an established neighbor relationship. Full mesh is every BGP speaker has a neighbor (peer) with each other. Routing updates are not replcated in iBPG the peers do not pass i
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an

43. What command used to perform the following: A) Reset all neighbors session ('bounce') B) Soft inbound reset C) Soft outbound reset D) Soft inbound reset of neighbor 10.1.1.1 R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft
Open - Version - AS - Hold Time - BGP Router ID - Optional Parameters Keepalive - Sent every 60 seconds by default; hold time 180 Seconds. Update - Information on only ONE path; Notification - When error condition detected BGP
R1# clear ip bgp R1# clear ip bgp soft in R1# clear ip bgp * soft out R1# clear ip bgp 10.1.1.1 soft in BGP
'Periodic Flood and Prune.' Initially floods multicast traffic (received on its RPF) to all its PIM neighbors. Traffic that arrives back at the router via a non-RPF is discarded. Prune messages are sent on all non-RPF interfaces and RPF int
Router#(config) router bgp 1 Router#(config-router) neighbor 192.168.1.1 remote-as 1 Router#(config-router) network 192.168.0. mask 255.255.255.0 BGP

44. Name a significant inefficiency with IGMPv1.
Links = n(n-1)/2 BGP
Globally: Router(config)# ip multicast-routing Per Interface: Router(config-if)# ip pim dense-mode Enabling PIM on an interface also enables IGMP operation on that interface. Multicast
IGMP is a layer 3 protocol Switches treat multicast just like broadcast (forward out all ports except the one one which is was received) By definition a pure layer 2 devices do not have a mechanism to see IGMP packets or facilitate the rela
Members leave through attrition; no leave group message. This keep traffic flowing for a period of time even with no group members. Multicast

45. State how IGMPv1 operates.
Group of BGP routers being configured that have the same update policy. Similar to a 'template'; members then assigned to the peer group. BGP
BGP peer BGP
Efficiency Performance Scalability with applications Multicast
RFC 1112 Sends membership query every 60 - 120 seconds to 224.0.0.1 Hosts send membership report in response to the query Multicast

46. Name several common local scoped multicast addresses and their purpose.
OT Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag. BGP
The Source and Share Tree models are the working model of how the tree is built; all multicast routing protocols fit into one or both. This is the 'theory' or model. PIM-DM's operational falls in the source tree model and PIM-SM is classified an
BPG will find an exact match. BGP
224.0.0.1 - All systems 224.0.0.2 - All routers 224.0.0.4 - DVMRP routers 224.0.0.5 - All OSPF 224.0.0.6 - All OSPF DR 224.0.0.9 - RIP v2 routers 224.0.0.10 - EIGRP routers 224.0.0.13 - PIM routers 224.0.0.15 -

47. Explain the concept of RPF.
TCP port 179 Reliability; uses sliding window Triggered - incremental updates made very efficient BGP
Reverse Path Forwarding is the forwarding logic multicast of multicast. It is the opposite of unicast in that is forwards AWAY from source as opposed to towards the receiver. Multicast
OT Allows the router to 'tag' and thus implement policy based on this tag. BGP
Path Vector - policy based routing protocol. Uses BGP attributes are the 'metric'. Path it decides it based on 'hops' where hop is Autonomous Systems. BGP

48. Describe how PIM-Sparse-Dense operates.

49. What is the command to enable BPG authentication?
Most applications rely on UDP Security issues Out of order delivery & duplicate packets are a possibility during topology changes. Lack of windowing/congestion control. Multicast
Show ip bgp - Shows entire BGP topology database (BGP table) show ip bgp rib-failure - Displays BGP routes not installd into the routing information base (RIB) and reason they were not installed. show ip bgp neighbors - Displays
R1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.1 password MyPassword OR R1(config-router)#neighbor MyPeerGroup password MyPassword BGP
The router will not accept a routing update that includes its AS number in the path. BGP

50. What are the methods to control multicast within the layer 2 domain? What are some benefits & drawbacks of each?
RFC - 3376 Ability to filter multicast source (can be picky) IGMPv3 membership report goes to 224.0.0.22 and may include the multicast hosts it will accept or deny. Multicast
RFC 2362 Pull model - traffic only forwarded to the parts of the network that need it. Sender registers with the RP which is a proxy to group members. Last hop routers to receiver knows the group RP IP address and sends a (* -G) join toward
One-to-many: video distribution Many-to-many: Collaboration Many-to-one: auction - polling or data collection Few-to-many: auction - polling or data collection Multicast
IGMP Snooping - requires special ASICS can degrade performance with it; is supported by multiple vendors. CGMP - Cisco proprietary - only work on Cisco hardware; resource friendly GMRP - Replaced by MRP; obscure Manually - Performance