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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Open
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

2. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Border Gateway Protocol

3. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

4. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP peers
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

5. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

6. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peers
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

7. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

8. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

9. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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10. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

11. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

12. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

13. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
200
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Manually configured

14. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

15. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

16. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

17. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

18. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

19. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP peers
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

20. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

21. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

22. Neighbor database
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

23. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

24. Describe Internal BGP.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

25. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
20
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

26. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

27. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

28. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Border Gateway Protocol
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

29. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

30. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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31. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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32. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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33. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

34. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Border Gateway Protocol
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

35. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

36. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

37. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

38. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

39. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

40. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

41. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

42. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

43. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

44. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Manually configured
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

45. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP peers
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

46. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

47. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

48. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

49. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

50. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.