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CCNP Route

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1. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

2. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

3. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

4. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

5. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Manually configured
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

6. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

7. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

8. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

9. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

10. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP peers

11. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
20
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

12. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

13. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
200
The correct command is show ip bgp.

14. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

15. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Interdomain routing
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

16. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

17. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

18. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
20
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

20. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

21. The four types of BGP messages.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

22. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Aggregator - Community

23. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Aggregator - Community
Manually configured
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP speakers

24. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

25. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Interdomain routing
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with a single ISP connection.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

26. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

27. Describe Internal BGP.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

28. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

29. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site with a single ISP connection.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

30. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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31. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
200
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

32. What does BGP stand for?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Border Gateway Protocol
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

33. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

34. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

35. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

36. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

37. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
200

38. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

39. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

40. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

41. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

42. Describe a single-homed network.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Manually configured
A site with a single ISP connection.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

43. Describe a transit AS.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

44. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

45. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

46. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

47. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

48. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

49. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

50. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP speakers
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

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