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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

2. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Updates are sent to the DR.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

3. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

4. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Updates are sent to the DR.

5. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Aggregator - Community
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
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6. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

7. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

8. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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9. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

10. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

11. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

12. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

13. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

14. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

15. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

16. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Aggregator - Community
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

17. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

18. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

19. Describe a dual-homed network.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

20. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

21. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

22. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
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10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

23. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

24. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

25. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

26. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
200
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

27. Keepalive
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

28. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

29. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
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30. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

31. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

32. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Border Gateway Protocol
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

33. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

34. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A site with a single ISP connection.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

35. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default cost of the default route is 1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

36. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP peers
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

37. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site with a single ISP connection.

38. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

39. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

40. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

41. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

42. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

43. What does BGP stand for?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Border Gateway Protocol
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

44. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

45. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A site with a single ISP connection.

46. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Aggregator - Community
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

47. Describe Internal BGP.
Interdomain routing
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

48. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site with a single ISP connection.

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

50. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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