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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

2. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

3. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

4. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

5. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Updates are sent to the DR.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

6. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

7. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

8. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

9. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

10. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

11. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Aggregator - Community
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

12. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

13. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

14. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Border Gateway Protocol
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Interdomain routing

15. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

16. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

17. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

18. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

19. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

20. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

21. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Border Gateway Protocol

22. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. The four types of BGP messages.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

24. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

25. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

26. Open
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

27. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Updates are sent to the DR.

28. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

29. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Updates are sent to the DR.

30. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

31. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

32. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

33. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
20
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

34. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

35. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
200
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

36. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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37. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Manually configured

38. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Interdomain routing

39. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

40. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

41. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

42. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Manually configured
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

43. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

44. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

45. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

46. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

47. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Interdomain routing
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

48. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

49. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

50. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.