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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe External BGP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
200
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

2. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

3. Neighbor database
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

4. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Border Gateway Protocol
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

5. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

6. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
200
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

7. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

8. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

9. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

11. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

12. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Border Gateway Protocol
Manually configured

13. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

14. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

15. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

16. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

17. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

18. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

19. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

20. Describe a multihomed network.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

21. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

22. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

23. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
200
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

24. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Updates are sent to the DR.

25. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

26. Keepalive
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

27. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

28. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

29. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

30. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

31. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

32. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

33. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

34. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

35. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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36. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

37. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

38. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

39. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Manually configured
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

40. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

41. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

42. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

43. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

44. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

45. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

46. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

47. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Aggregator - Community

48. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

49. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
20

50. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.