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CCNP Route

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1. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

2. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

3. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

4. What are the three BGP route reception options?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

5. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

6. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

7. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

8. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

9. Notification
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

10. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

11. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

12. Describe External BGP.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

13. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The correct command is show ip bgp.

14. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

15. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

16. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

17. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

18. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Aggregator - Community
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

19. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

20. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Manually configured
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

21. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

22. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

23. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

24. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Border Gateway Protocol
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

25. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

26. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

27. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
BGP peers
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
BGP speakers

28. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

29. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
Aggregator - Community
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

30. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

31. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

32. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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33. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

34. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

35. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

36. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

37. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

38. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

39. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP peers
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

40. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

41. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

42. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

43. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

44. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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45. Routing table
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Border Gateway Protocol
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

46. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

47. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

48. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Aggregator - Community

49. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The correct command is show ip bgp.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

50. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Interdomain routing
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

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