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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

2. Describe Internal BGP.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

3. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

4. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

6. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
200
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

7. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

8. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

9. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

10. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

11. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

12. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

13. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Manually configured
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

15. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

16. Routing table
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

17. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

18. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

19. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
20
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

20. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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21. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

22. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

23. Describe a transit AS.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Border Gateway Protocol
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

24. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

25. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

26. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

27. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

28. The four types of BGP messages.
Border Gateway Protocol
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

29. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

30. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
20
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

31. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Aggregator - Community
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

32. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

33. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A site with a single ISP connection.

34. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

35. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

36. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

37. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Aggregator - Community
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

38. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

39. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

40. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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41. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

42. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP speakers
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

43. Neighbor database
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

44. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

45. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

46. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

47. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

48. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

49. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

50. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.