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CCNP Route

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1. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

2. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

3. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

4. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

5. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. Routing table
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
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The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

7. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

8. Describe a multihomed network.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

9. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

10. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

11. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

12. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

13. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

14. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

15. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

16. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

17. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

18. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

19. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Updates are sent to the DR.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

20. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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21. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

22. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

23. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

24. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

25. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

26. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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27. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

28. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

29. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

30. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Manually configured

31. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

32. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

33. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Manually configured

34. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

35. What does BGP stand for?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

36. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

37. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

38. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP peers
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

39. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

40. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

41. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Border Gateway Protocol

42. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

43. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP speakers
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

44. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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45. The four types of BGP messages.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

46. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

47. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

48. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

49. Open
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

50. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Interdomain routing
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

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