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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

2. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

3. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

4. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

5. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

6. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

7. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

8. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

9. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

11. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

12. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Manually configured

13. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

14. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

15. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

16. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

17. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

18. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Aggregator - Community
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

19. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

20. The four types of BGP messages.
Manually configured
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

21. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

22. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

23. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

24. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

25. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

26. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Interdomain routing
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

27. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

28. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

29. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
20
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

30. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

31. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

32. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Aggregator - Community
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

33. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

34. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

35. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

36. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

37. Routing table
Aggregator - Community
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

38. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

39. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

40. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

41. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

42. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

43. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

44. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

45. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP peers
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

46. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

47. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

48. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

49. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

50. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.