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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe a single-homed network.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site with a single ISP connection.

2. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

3. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

4. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

5. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

6. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

7. Describe a dual-homed network.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

8. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

9. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Manually configured
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

10. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

11. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

12. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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13. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
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14. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

15. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

16. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP peers

17. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

18. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

19. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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20. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

21. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

22. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

23. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

24. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

25. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

26. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

27. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
BGP peers
The correct command is show ip bgp.

28. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

29. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

30. What is the term for routers running BGP?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP speakers

31. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

32. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Aggregator - Community
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

33. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

34. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
200
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

35. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

36. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

37. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

38. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

39. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Aggregator - Community

40. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site with a single ISP connection.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

41. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

42. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
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43. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

44. Describe a multihomed network.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

45. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
BGP speakers
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

46. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

47. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

48. Describe a transit AS.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

49. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

50. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command