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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Border Gateway Protocol
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
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2. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Border Gateway Protocol

3. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

4. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Manually configured

5. Keepalive
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

6. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

7. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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8. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

9. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

10. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

11. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Border Gateway Protocol

12. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

13. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

14. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

15. Notification
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

16. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

17. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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18. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

20. Describe a dual-homed network.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

21. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
200
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

22. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP speakers
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

23. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

24. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Interdomain routing
Multi Exit Discriminator.

25. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

26. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

27. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

28. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

29. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

30. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

31. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

32. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

33. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Updates are sent to the DR.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

34. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

35. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

36. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

37. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

38. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

39. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

40. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

41. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

42. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

43. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

44. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

45. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
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Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

46. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

47. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

48. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

49. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

50. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Interdomain routing
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet