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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

2. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

3. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with a single ISP connection.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

4. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

5. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

7. Describe a multihomed network.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

8. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

9. Describe a dual-homed network.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

10. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

11. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

12. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
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A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

13. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

14. Describe a single-homed network.
Aggregator - Community
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A site with a single ISP connection.

15. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Interdomain routing

16. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

17. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

18. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

19. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

20. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

21. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

22. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

23. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

24. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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25. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

26. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

27. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

28. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

29. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

30. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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31. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

32. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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33. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

34. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

35. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

36. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
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37. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

38. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

39. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP peers
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

40. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interdomain routing
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

41. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP speakers

42. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

43. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

44. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

45. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

46. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

47. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP speakers
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

48. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

49. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Aggregator - Community
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

50. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.