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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

2. Update
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

3. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

4. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP is a path-vector protocol

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Multi Exit Discriminator.

6. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Aggregator - Community
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

7. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

8. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

9. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

10. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

11. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
BGP speakers

12. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Manually configured
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

13. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

14. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Manually configured
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Interdomain routing

15. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

16. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

17. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

18. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

19. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

20. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

21. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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22. Neighbor database
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

23. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

24. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

25. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

26. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Aggregator - Community

27. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

28. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

29. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

30. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

31. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

32. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

33. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Border Gateway Protocol
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

34. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

35. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

36. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

37. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

38. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

39. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

40. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

41. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

42. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Aggregator - Community
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

43. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

44. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

45. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

46. Notification
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

47. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

48. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site with a single ISP connection.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

49. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

50. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.