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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

2. Describe a single-homed network.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

3. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

4. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
BGP peers
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

5. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

6. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

7. The four types of BGP messages.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

8. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

9. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

10. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Border Gateway Protocol
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

11. Update
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Interdomain routing
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

12. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

13. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

14. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

15. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

16. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

17. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
20

18. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

19. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

20. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

21. Describe External BGP.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

22. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

23. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

24. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

25. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

26. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

27. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

28. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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29. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

30. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

31. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

32. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

33. Describe Internal BGP.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

34. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

35. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

36. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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37. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

38. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

39. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

40. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

41. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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42. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

44. Open
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

45. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

46. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

47. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

48. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

49. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Aggregator - Community
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

50. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.