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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

2. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

3. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

4. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

5. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
BGP peers
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

6. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

7. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

8. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

9. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

10. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

11. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

12. Notification
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

13. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

14. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

15. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

16. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
BGP peers
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

17. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

18. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

19. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

20. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

21. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

22. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

23. Describe a multihomed network.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

24. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

25. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

26. Describe Internal BGP.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

27. What does BGP stand for?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Border Gateway Protocol

28. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

29. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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30. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
20
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

31. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

33. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

34. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Interdomain routing

35. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

36. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

37. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

38. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

39. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

40. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

41. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

42. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

43. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

44. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
20
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

45. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
20
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

46. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

47. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Aggregator - Community

48. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

49. What is the term for routers running BGP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP speakers
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

50. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

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