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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Manually configured
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

2. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

3. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

4. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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5. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Interdomain routing
Updates are sent to the DR.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

6. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

7. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

8. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Updates are sent to the DR.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

9. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Manually configured

10. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

11. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

12. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

13. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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14. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

16. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

17. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Manually configured

18. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

19. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

20. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

21. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
20
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

22. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

23. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

24. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A site with a single ISP connection.

25. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

26. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Aggregator - Community
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

27. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

28. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

29. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

31. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

32. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

33. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Interdomain routing

34. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with a single ISP connection.

35. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

36. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP speakers
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

37. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Border Gateway Protocol
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

38. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

39. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

40. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

41. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

42. Keepalive
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

43. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
20
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

44. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

45. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

46. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

47. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

48. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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49. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Updates are sent to the DR.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

50. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.