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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

2. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
BGP is a path-vector protocol
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

3. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

4. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

5. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP peers

6. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

7. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

8. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

9. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

10. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

11. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

12. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

13. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

14. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
20

15. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

16. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Interdomain routing
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

17. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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18. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
200

19. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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20. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

21. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

22. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

24. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

25. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

26. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

27. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

28. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

29. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

30. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

31. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

32. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

33. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

34. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

35. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

36. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

37. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

38. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

39. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

40. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

41. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

42. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

43. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Updates are sent to the DR.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

44. Keepalive
200
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

45. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

46. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

47. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Interdomain routing
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

48. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

49. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

50. Describe Internal BGP.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.