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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

2. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

3. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

4. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

5. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

6. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

7. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

8. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

10. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

11. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

12. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

13. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

14. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

15. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

16. Notification
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A site with a single ISP connection.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

17. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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18. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

19. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Aggregator - Community
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

20. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

21. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

22. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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23. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

24. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
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The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

25. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
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26. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

27. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

28. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

29. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

30. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

31. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peers
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Multi Exit Discriminator.

32. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

33. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

34. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

35. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

36. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

37. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

38. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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39. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

40. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Aggregator - Community

41. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

42. What does BGP stand for?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Border Gateway Protocol
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

43. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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44. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

45. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

46. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP speakers
Manually configured

47. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

48. Describe Internal BGP.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

50. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop