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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP peers

2. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

3. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

4. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Interdomain routing
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

5. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
200
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
20

6. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.

7. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

8. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

9. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

10. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

11. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

12. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

13. Open
A site with a single ISP connection.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

14. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

15. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP peers
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

16. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP speakers

17. The four types of BGP messages.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

18. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

19. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

20. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

21. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
200

22. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

23. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

24. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

25. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

26. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

27. Notification
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

28. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

29. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

30. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

31. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

32. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

33. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

34. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Aggregator - Community

35. Describe External BGP.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

36. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

37. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Multi Exit Discriminator.

38. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Interdomain routing

39. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

40. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

41. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

42. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site with a single ISP connection.

43. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

44. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

45. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

46. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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47. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP peers
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

48. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

49. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

50. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.