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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

2. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

3. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

4. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

5. Describe External BGP.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

6. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
20

7. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

8. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

9. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP speakers
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

11. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

12. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

13. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

14. What does BGP stand for?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Border Gateway Protocol
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

15. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

16. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

17. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Manually configured
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

18. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

20. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

21. Describe a multihomed network.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

22. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

23. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

24. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

25. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

26. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP peers
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

27. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

28. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

29. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

30. Describe Internal BGP.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

31. Describe a dual-homed network.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

32. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP speakers
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

33. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

34. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

35. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

36. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

37. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

38. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

39. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

40. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

41. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

42. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

43. Describe a single-homed network.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

44. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

45. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

46. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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47. Describe a transit AS.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

48. Neighbor database
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

49. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

50. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

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