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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

2. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

3. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Updates are sent to the DR.

4. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

5. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP speakers
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

6. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

7. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

8. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

9. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

10. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
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Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

11. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

12. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

13. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

14. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
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Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

15. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Manually configured

16. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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17. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
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Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

18. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

19. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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20. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

21. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

22. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

23. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

24. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

25. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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26. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

27. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Manually configured
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

28. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

29. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

30. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

31. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Updates are sent to the DR.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

32. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
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An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers

33. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

34. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP peers
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

35. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

36. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

37. Routing table
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

38. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

39. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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40. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

41. Describe External BGP.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

42. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

43. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

44. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

45. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Interdomain routing

46. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Aggregator - Community

47. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

48. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. What does BGP stand for?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Manually configured
Border Gateway Protocol
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

50. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.