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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

2. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

3. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP speakers
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

4. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

5. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Aggregator - Community
20
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

6. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

7. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
200
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

8. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

9. What is the term for routers running BGP?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP speakers

10. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

11. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

12. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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13. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

14. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

15. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

16. Describe a dual-homed network.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

17. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.

18. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

19. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Interdomain routing
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

20. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

21. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

22. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

23. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

24. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

25. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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26. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

27. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

28. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

29. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Interdomain routing
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

30. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

31. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

32. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

33. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
200
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

34. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

35. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

36. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

37. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

38. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

39. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

40. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

41. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

42. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

43. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

44. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

45. Neighbor database
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

46. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

47. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

48. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

50. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.