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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

2. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

3. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

4. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

5. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

6. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

7. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

9. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

10. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Border Gateway Protocol
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

11. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

12. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

13. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
200

14. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Updates are sent to the DR.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

15. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

16. Describe a multihomed network.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

17. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

18. What does BGP stand for?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Border Gateway Protocol
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

19. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

20. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
200

21. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Aggregator - Community
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

22. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

23. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

24. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Aggregator - Community

25. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

26. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Aggregator - Community

27. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

28. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

29. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

30. Neighbor database
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

31. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Border Gateway Protocol
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

32. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

33. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

34. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

35. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

36. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

37. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

38. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

39. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

40. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

41. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

42. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

43. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

44. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

45. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Aggregator - Community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

46. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A site with a single ISP connection.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

47. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Aggregator - Community
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

48. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

49. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

50. Update
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.