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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

2. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

3. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

4. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

5. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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6. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

7. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

8. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
BGP is a path-vector protocol

9. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

10. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

11. The four types of BGP messages.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
200

12. Describe a dual-homed network.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

13. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Border Gateway Protocol

14. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

15. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

17. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

18. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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19. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

20. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
200
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

21. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Manually configured
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

22. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

23. Neighbor database
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

24. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

25. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

26. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

27. What are the three BGP route reception options?
200
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

28. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

29. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
200
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

31. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

32. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

33. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

34. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

35. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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36. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

37. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

38. Describe Internal BGP.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

39. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

40. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

41. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

42. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

43. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

44. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP speakers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

45. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
20
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

47. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

48. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

49. Open
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

50. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP