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CCNP Route

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1. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

2. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

3. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

4. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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5. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

6. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Manually configured
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

7. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

8. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

9. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

11. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

12. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

13. The four types of BGP messages.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

14. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

16. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

17. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

18. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Aggregator - Community
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

19. Describe a transit AS.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

20. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

21. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

22. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

23. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

24. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

25. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

26. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Updates are sent to the DR.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

27. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

28. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

29. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

30. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

31. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

32. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

33. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Aggregator - Community

34. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

35. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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36. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

37. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

38. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

39. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

40. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

41. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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42. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

43. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
BGP peers
Interdomain routing
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

44. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

45. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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46. Update
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

47. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

48. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

49. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

50. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

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