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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

2. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

3. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

4. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

5. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

6. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

7. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

8. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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9. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

10. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Updates are sent to the DR.
200
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP speakers

11. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
200
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

12. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Manually configured
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

13. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

14. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

15. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

16. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

17. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

18. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
200
Updates are sent to the DR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

19. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

20. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

21. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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22. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

23. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
20
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

24. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

25. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

26. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

27. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
BGP speakers
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

28. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

29. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

30. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

31. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Aggregator - Community

32. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

33. Update
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

34. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

35. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
BGP peers
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

36. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

37. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Border Gateway Protocol

38. Describe a transit AS.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

39. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

40. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

41. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

42. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

43. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
200

44. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

45. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Aggregator - Community
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

46. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

47. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

48. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

49. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

50. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.