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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

2. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The correct command is show ip bgp.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

3. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

4. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

5. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

6. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

7. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Manually configured
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

8. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

9. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
200
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

11. What is the term for routers running BGP?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Aggregator - Community
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
BGP speakers

12. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

13. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

14. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

15. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP speakers

16. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

17. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

18. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

19. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

20. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

21. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

22. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

23. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

24. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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25. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

26. Describe a multihomed network.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

27. Notification
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

28. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

29. Describe a dual-homed network.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

30. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

31. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
BGP peers

32. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

33. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Aggregator - Community
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

34. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

35. Describe a single-homed network.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Aggregator - Community
A site with a single ISP connection.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

36. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Aggregator - Community

37. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

38. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
200
BGP speakers
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

39. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

40. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

41. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

42. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

43. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

44. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP peers

45. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

46. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

47. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

48. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

49. What are the three BGP route reception options?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

50. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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