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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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2. What does BGP stand for?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Border Gateway Protocol
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

3. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

4. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

5. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Manually configured
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

6. What are the three BGP route reception options?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

7. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP speakers
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

9. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

10. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

11. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

12. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

13. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

14. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

15. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

16. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

17. Describe a single-homed network.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A site with a single ISP connection.
200
Multi Exit Discriminator.

18. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

19. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

20. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

21. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

22. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

23. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

24. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

25. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

26. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Interdomain routing
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

27. Describe a transit AS.
Aggregator - Community
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

28. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

29. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

30. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

31. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

32. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
20
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

33. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

34. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

35. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

36. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interdomain routing
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

37. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

38. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP peers

39. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers
Updates are sent to the DR.

40. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

41. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The correct command is show ip bgp.

42. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Updates are sent to the DR.

43. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
200
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

44. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

45. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Manually configured

47. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

48. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

49. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

50. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.