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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the term for routers running BGP?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP speakers
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

2. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

3. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

4. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

5. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

6. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

7. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP speakers
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

8. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
20
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

9. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

10. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

11. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
200

12. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

13. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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14. Routing table
Updates are sent to the DR.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

15. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

17. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Border Gateway Protocol

18. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

19. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP speakers
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

20. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

21. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

22. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

23. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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24. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

25. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Multi Exit Discriminator.

26. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

27. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

28. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Updates are sent to the DR.

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

30. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

31. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

32. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Border Gateway Protocol
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

33. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

34. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default cost of the default route is 1.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

35. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

36. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

37. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

38. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Multi Exit Discriminator.

39. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

40. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP is a path-vector protocol
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

41. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

42. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

43. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

44. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

45. Open
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

46. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

47. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

48. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

49. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

50. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP speakers