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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP speakers
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

2. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

3. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

4. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

5. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

6. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A site with a single ISP connection.

7. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Updates are sent to the DR.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

8. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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9. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

10. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

11. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

12. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

13. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

14. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site with a single ISP connection.

15. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
20
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

16. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

17. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

18. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

19. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

20. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

21. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

22. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
200
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

23. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

24. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
BGP speakers
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

25. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site with a single ISP connection.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

26. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

27. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Interdomain routing

28. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

29. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

30. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

31. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

32. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

33. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
20

34. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

35. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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36. Keepalive
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

37. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

38. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

39. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

40. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

41. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

42. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
200

43. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP speakers

44. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

45. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Aggregator - Community
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

46. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

47. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

48. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

49. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Aggregator - Community
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

50. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Aggregator - Community
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.