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CCNP Route

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1. Notification
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

2. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

3. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

4. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Border Gateway Protocol
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

5. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interdomain routing
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

6. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

7. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

8. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

9. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

10. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

11. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

12. Neighbor database
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Aggregator - Community

13. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

14. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

15. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

16. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

17. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

18. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

19. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

20. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

21. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
20
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

22. Update
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

23. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

24. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

25. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP peers

26. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

27. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

28. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

29. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP speakers
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

30. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

31. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Updates are sent to the DR.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

32. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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33. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

34. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

35. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

36. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

37. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
200
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

38. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

39. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

40. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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41. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

42. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

43. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

44. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

45. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

46. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

47. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP speakers
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

48. Describe Internal BGP.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

49. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

50. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

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