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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

2. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

3. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers

4. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

5. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

6. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

7. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site with a single ISP connection.

8. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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9. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Aggregator - Community
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

10. Keepalive
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

11. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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12. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

13. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

14. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

16. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

17. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
20
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

18. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

19. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

20. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP peers
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

21. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Border Gateway Protocol

22. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site with a single ISP connection.

23. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

24. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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25. Update
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

26. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

27. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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28. Describe a transit AS.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

29. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

30. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

31. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP speakers

32. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Border Gateway Protocol
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

33. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A site with a single ISP connection.

34. Describe a dual-homed network.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

35. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

36. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

37. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP peers
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

38. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Border Gateway Protocol
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

39. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Manually configured
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

40. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

41. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

42. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

43. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

44. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

45. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

46. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

47. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

48. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
BGP speakers

49. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

50. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate