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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

2. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Border Gateway Protocol
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

3. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

4. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

5. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

6. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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7. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

8. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

9. Describe a dual-homed network.
BGP peers
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

10. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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11. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

12. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

13. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

14. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

15. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

16. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

17. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

18. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

19. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

20. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

21. Describe a single-homed network.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with a single ISP connection.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

22. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

23. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

24. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

25. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

26. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

27. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

28. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

29. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

30. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

31. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

32. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

33. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

34. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
BGP peers
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

35. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

36. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

37. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

38. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

39. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

40. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

41. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

42. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with a single ISP connection.

43. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

44. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

45. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

46. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

47. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

48. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Interdomain routing

49. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

50. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.