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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Routing table
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

2. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

3. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

4. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

5. Notification
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
20
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

6. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

7. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
BGP peers
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

8. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

9. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

10. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
200
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

11. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

12. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Border Gateway Protocol
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

14. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

15. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

16. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Aggregator - Community

17. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

18. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

19. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

20. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

21. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

22. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

23. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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24. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

25. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

26. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

27. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

28. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

29. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

30. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

31. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

32. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

33. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

34. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

35. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP peers
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

36. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

37. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

38. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Aggregator - Community

39. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

40. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Updates are sent to the DR.

41. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

42. Open
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

43. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

44. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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45. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

46. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

47. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

48. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

49. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

50. Neighbor database
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.