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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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2. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

3. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

4. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

5. Describe Internal BGP.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

6. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

7. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

8. Open
A site with a single ISP connection.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

9. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

10. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

11. Neighbor database
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

12. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

13. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A site with a single ISP connection.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

14. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

15. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

16. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
BGP speakers

17. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
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Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

18. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peers
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

19. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

20. What is the term for routers running BGP?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

21. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

22. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
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OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

23. The four types of BGP messages.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

24. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Aggregator - Community
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

25. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

26. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

27. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

28. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Updates are sent to the DR.

29. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

30. Describe a transit AS.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

31. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

32. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

33. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

34. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

35. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

36. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

38. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

39. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
200
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

40. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

41. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

42. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Interdomain routing
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

43. Keepalive
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

44. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

45. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The correct command is show ip bgp.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

46. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

47. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Aggregator - Community
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

48. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

49. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

50. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Manually configured
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.