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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

2. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

3. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

4. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Aggregator - Community
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

5. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
200
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

6. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

7. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

8. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

9. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

10. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

11. Update
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

12. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

14. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

15. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

16. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

17. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

18. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

19. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

20. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Manually configured
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

21. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
200
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

22. Keepalive
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
200
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

23. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

24. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Updates are sent to the DR.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

25. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

26. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

27. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

28. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

29. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

30. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

31. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

32. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP peers

33. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

34. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

35. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

36. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

37. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

38. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

39. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

40. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
200
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

41. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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42. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP speakers
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

43. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Manually configured
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

44. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

45. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

46. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

47. Describe a single-homed network.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site with a single ISP connection.

48. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

50. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
200
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

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