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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

2. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

3. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

4. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

5. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

6. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

7. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

8. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

9. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

10. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

11. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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12. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP is a path-vector protocol
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

14. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

15. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

16. Keepalive
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

17. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

18. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Interdomain routing
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

19. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

20. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

21. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

22. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

23. Routing table
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP speakers

24. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

25. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

26. Describe a multihomed network.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

27. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

28. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

29. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

30. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

31. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
BGP speakers
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

32. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

33. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The correct command is show ip bgp.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

34. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

35. Describe External BGP.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

36. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

37. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

38. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

39. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

40. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Interdomain routing
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

41. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

42. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

43. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

44. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

45. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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46. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
200
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

47. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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48. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

49. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

50. Open
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

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