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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

2. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

3. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

4. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Border Gateway Protocol
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

5. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

6. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

7. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

8. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

9. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

10. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

11. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

12. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

13. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

14. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

15. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Aggregator - Community
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

16. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

17. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

18. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

19. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP speakers
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

20. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
BGP speakers
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

21. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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22. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Manually configured
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

23. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

24. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

25. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

26. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

27. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Updates are sent to the DR.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

28. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

29. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

30. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Manually configured
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

31. Describe External BGP.
Manually configured
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

32. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

33. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

34. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

35. Describe a single-homed network.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

36. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

37. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

38. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

39. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

40. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

41. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

42. Routing table
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Manually configured
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

43. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

44. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

45. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

47. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

48. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
20
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

49. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

50. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment