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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

2. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

3. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

4. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Aggregator - Community
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

5. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Aggregator - Community
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

6. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A site with a single ISP connection.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

7. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

8. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

9. Notification
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

10. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

11. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

12. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
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The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

13. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Multi Exit Discriminator.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

14. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

15. The four types of BGP messages.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

16. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

17. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Manually configured
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

18. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

19. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

20. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

21. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

22. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Interdomain routing

23. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

24. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

25. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

26. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

27. Keepalive
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

28. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

29. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

30. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
BGP speakers
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

31. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

32. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

33. Routing table
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP speakers

34. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
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Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

35. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

36. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

37. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

38. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

39. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

40. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

41. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

42. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
200
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

43. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

44. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

45. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Interdomain routing
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

46. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
BGP peers
BGP speakers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

47. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

48. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

49. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

50. Describe a single-homed network.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site with a single ISP connection.