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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

2. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

3. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

4. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

5. Describe a single-homed network.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A site with a single ISP connection.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

6. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

7. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

8. Describe a transit AS.
Border Gateway Protocol
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

9. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

10. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

11. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

12. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

13. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Border Gateway Protocol

14. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

15. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP peers

16. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

17. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

18. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Interdomain routing
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

19. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
200
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

20. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Manually configured
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

21. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

22. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

23. Routing table
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

24. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP speakers

25. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

26. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

27. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

28. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

29. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

30. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
20
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peers

31. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Manually configured
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

32. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

33. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

34. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
BGP peers
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

35. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

36. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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37. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

38. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Aggregator - Community
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

39. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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40. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

41. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

42. Describe a dual-homed network.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

43. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

44. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site with a single ISP connection.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

45. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Interdomain routing
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

46. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

47. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

48. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
BGP speakers
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

49. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

50. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Manually configured
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.