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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

2. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

3. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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4. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

5. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

6. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

7. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

8. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

9. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

10. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

11. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
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Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

12. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

13. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

14. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

15. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

16. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

17. The four types of BGP messages.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

18. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Updates are sent to the DR.

19. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

20. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

21. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

22. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Interdomain routing
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

24. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

25. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP speakers
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

26. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
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27. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

28. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

29. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

30. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

31. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

32. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Interdomain routing
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

33. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
BGP speakers
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

34. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

35. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

36. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

37. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

38. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP peers

39. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

40. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Aggregator - Community
Manually configured
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

41. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

42. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

43. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

44. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

45. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

46. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP speakers
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

47. Neighbor database
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

48. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

49. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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50. Describe a multihomed network.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.