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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

2. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

3. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

4. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

6. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

7. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
BGP peers
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

8. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

9. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

10. Describe a multihomed network.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

11. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

12. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

13. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

14. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

15. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

16. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

17. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

18. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

19. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

20. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

21. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

22. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

23. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

24. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Interdomain routing
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

25. Notification
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

26. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
20
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

27. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

28. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

29. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

30. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

31. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP peers
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

32. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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33. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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34. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

35. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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36. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

37. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Multi Exit Discriminator.

38. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

39. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

40. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

41. The four types of BGP messages.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

42. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

43. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

44. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

45. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

46. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

47. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

48. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

49. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

50. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

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