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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

2. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

3. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

4. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

5. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

6. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

7. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A site with a single ISP connection.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

8. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

9. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

10. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
20
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

11. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

12. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

13. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
BGP peers
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

14. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
200

15. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

16. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

17. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

18. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

19. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

20. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

21. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

22. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

23. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP speakers

24. Notification
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

25. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

26. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

27. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

28. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

29. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

30. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

31. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

32. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

33. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

34. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

35. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

36. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

37. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

38. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

39. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

40. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

41. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

42. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

43. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

44. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

45. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP peers

46. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

47. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

48. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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49. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
BGP peers
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

50. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community