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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does BGP stand for?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Border Gateway Protocol
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

2. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

3. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

4. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

5. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interdomain routing

6. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
20

7. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A site with a single ISP connection.

8. Describe Internal BGP.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

9. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

10. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A site with a single ISP connection.

11. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

12. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

13. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
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Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

14. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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15. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

16. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

17. Open
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

18. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

19. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Border Gateway Protocol
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

20. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

21. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

22. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A site with a single ISP connection.

23. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

24. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
200
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

25. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

26. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

27. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

28. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

29. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

30. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Interdomain routing

31. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

32. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

33. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

34. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

35. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

36. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

37. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
BGP speakers
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

38. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

39. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

40. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The correct command is show ip bgp.

41. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

42. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

43. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

44. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

45. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP peers
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

47. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

48. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

49. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

50. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

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