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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

2. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

3. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

4. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

5. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

6. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
20
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

7. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
200
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

8. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

9. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Border Gateway Protocol
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

10. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

11. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

12. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

13. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

14. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

15. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

16. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Interdomain routing
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

17. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

18. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

19. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
BGP speakers
200
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

20. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

21. Describe a single-homed network.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A site with a single ISP connection.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

22. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

23. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

24. Describe Internal BGP.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

25. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The correct command is show ip bgp.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

26. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

27. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

28. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

29. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

30. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

31. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
20
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

32. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
BGP speakers
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

33. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

34. What does BGP stand for?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Border Gateway Protocol
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

35. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP peers

36. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

37. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

38. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

39. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

40. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

41. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

42. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Manually configured
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

44. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

45. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

46. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

47. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

48. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Aggregator - Community
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

49. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

50. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]