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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

2. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site with a single ISP connection.

3. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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4. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The default cost of the default route is 1.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

5. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

6. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

7. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

8. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

9. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

11. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

12. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

13. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

14. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

15. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

16. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
200
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

17. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

18. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

19. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Interdomain routing
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

20. Update
Border Gateway Protocol
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

21. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

22. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

23. Describe External BGP.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

24. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

25. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

26. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

27. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

28. Neighbor database
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

29. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

30. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

31. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

32. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

33. Routing table
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

34. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

35. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

36. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

37. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP peers
Aggregator - Community
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

38. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

39. The four types of BGP messages.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

40. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

41. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

42. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

43. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

44. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

45. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

46. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

47. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

48. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP peers
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

49. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

50. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.