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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

2. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

3. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

4. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

5. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

6. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

7. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Aggregator - Community
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP is a path-vector protocol

8. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

9. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peers

10. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Manually configured
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

11. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

12. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
200
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

13. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

14. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

15. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

16. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

17. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

18. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

19. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

20. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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21. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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22. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Border Gateway Protocol
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

23. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

24. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

25. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

26. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

27. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

28. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

29. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Manually configured

30. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

31. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
20
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

32. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

33. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

34. Describe a transit AS.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Aggregator - Community
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

35. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

36. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
200

37. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

38. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

39. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

40. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Updates are sent to the DR.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

41. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
200
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

42. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

43. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

44. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

45. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

47. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

48. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

49. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

50. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.