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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

2. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

3. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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4. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

6. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Manually configured

7. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Manually configured
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

8. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

9. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

10. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Aggregator - Community
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

11. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

12. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

14. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

15. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

16. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

17. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

18. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

19. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

20. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

21. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

22. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Aggregator - Community

23. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
200
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

24. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

25. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

26. Update
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

27. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

28. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

29. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

30. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Border Gateway Protocol
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

31. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

32. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

33. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

34. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

35. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

36. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

37. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

38. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

39. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Aggregator - Community

40. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Aggregator - Community
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

41. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

42. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

43. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

44. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

45. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

46. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

47. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Manually configured
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

48. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

49. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

50. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
BGP speakers
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply