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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

2. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

3. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

4. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Interdomain routing
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

5. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

6. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

7. Open
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

8. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

9. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

10. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

11. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

12. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

13. Describe a multihomed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

14. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

15. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Border Gateway Protocol

16. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
A site with a single ISP connection.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

17. Neighbor database
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

18. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

19. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
20
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

20. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

21. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

22. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Interdomain routing
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

23. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP peers

24. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

25. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

26. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

27. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

28. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

29. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

30. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

31. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

32. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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33. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

34. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

35. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

36. Describe External BGP.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Manually configured
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

37. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

38. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

39. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP peers

40. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

41. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

42. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

43. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Aggregator - Community
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

44. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Interdomain routing
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

45. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

46. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

47. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

48. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

49. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Aggregator - Community
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

50. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP is a path-vector protocol
BGP speakers
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]