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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site with a single ISP connection.

2. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

3. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Border Gateway Protocol

4. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers
200

5. Describe External BGP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

6. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

7. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

8. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Interdomain routing
Multi Exit Discriminator.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

9. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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10. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

11. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

13. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

14. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

15. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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16. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

17. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Aggregator - Community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

18. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

19. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Aggregator - Community
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

20. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

21. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

22. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

23. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

24. Neighbor database
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

25. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

26. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
BGP peers
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

27. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

28. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

29. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

30. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

31. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

32. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

33. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

34. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

35. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Manually configured
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

36. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

37. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Aggregator - Community
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

38. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

39. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

40. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

41. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

42. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

43. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

44. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

45. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

46. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Interdomain routing
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
200

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

48. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

49. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

50. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.