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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

2. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Aggregator - Community
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

3. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

4. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

5. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

6. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

7. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

8. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

9. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

10. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

11. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

12. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

13. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

14. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

15. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

16. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community

17. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

18. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peers

19. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

20. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
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21. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

22. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

23. The four types of BGP messages.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

24. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Multi Exit Discriminator.

25. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

26. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

27. Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

28. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

29. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

30. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

31. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

32. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

33. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

34. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

35. Neighbor database
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

36. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

38. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

39. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

40. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Multi Exit Discriminator.

41. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

42. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

43. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

44. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Updates are sent to the DR.
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45. What are the three BGP route reception options?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

46. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

47. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Border Gateway Protocol

48. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

49. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

50. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw