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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

2. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

3. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

4. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

5. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

6. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

7. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

8. Describe External BGP.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

9. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
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Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

10. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

11. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

12. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

13. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

14. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

15. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

16. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

17. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
BGP speakers
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Manually configured

18. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

19. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

20. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

21. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

22. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Aggregator - Community
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

23. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

24. Describe a dual-homed network.
BGP peers
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

25. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

26. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

27. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

28. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

29. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

30. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

31. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

32. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

33. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

34. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

35. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
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Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Manually configured

36. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

37. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

38. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

39. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

40. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Aggregator - Community
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

41. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

42. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

43. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

44. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

45. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

46. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Manually configured

47. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

48. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
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The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

49. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

50. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
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DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED