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CCNP Route

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1. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

2. The four types of BGP messages.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

3. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
20
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

4. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

5. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

6. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A site with a single ISP connection.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Updates are sent to the DR.

7. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

8. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

9. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

10. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
20

11. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

12. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

13. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
A site with a single ISP connection.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

14. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP speakers
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

15. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

16. Describe a transit AS.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

17. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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18. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

20. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Border Gateway Protocol
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

21. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Border Gateway Protocol
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

22. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

23. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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24. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
BGP peers

25. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

26. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

27. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

28. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

29. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

30. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

31. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

32. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

33. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

34. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

35. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

36. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

37. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Border Gateway Protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

38. Describe a dual-homed network.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

39. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

40. What does BGP stand for?
200
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Border Gateway Protocol
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

41. Describe a multihomed network.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

42. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

43. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
200
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

44. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Interdomain routing
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

45. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

46. Keepalive
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

47. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

48. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

50. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

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