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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

2. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

3. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Manually configured

4. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

5. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

6. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

7. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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8. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

9. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

10. Describe Internal BGP.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

11. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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12. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

13. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

15. Describe a transit AS.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Border Gateway Protocol
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

16. Open
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

17. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

18. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

19. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

20. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

21. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

22. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Border Gateway Protocol
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

23. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP speakers

24. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

25. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

26. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

27. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

28. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
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To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

29. Describe External BGP.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Interdomain routing
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

30. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

31. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

32. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

33. What does BGP stand for?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Border Gateway Protocol

34. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

35. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

36. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

38. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

39. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

40. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

41. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

42. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

43. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

44. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
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45. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

46. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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47. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

48. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

49. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

50. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.