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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP speakers
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

2. Describe a multihomed network.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
200
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

3. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

4. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

5. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Interdomain routing
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

6. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

7. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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8. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

9. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

10. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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11. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

12. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
20

13. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

14. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

15. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

16. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
20
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

17. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A site with a single ISP connection.

18. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

19. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

20. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
200
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

21. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

22. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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23. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

24. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

25. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

26. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

27. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

28. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

29. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

30. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
200
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

31. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

32. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
200
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

33. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

34. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

35. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

36. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

37. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

38. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

39. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

40. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

41. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Multi Exit Discriminator.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

42. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

43. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

44. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

45. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

46. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

47. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

48. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

49. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

50. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.