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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
200
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

2. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

3. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

4. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

5. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

6. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

7. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

8. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

9. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

10. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

11. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

12. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

13. Describe a single-homed network.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

14. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
200
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

15. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

16. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

17. Describe Internal BGP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

18. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

19. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

20. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

21. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

22. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

23. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

24. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

25. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

26. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

27. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

28. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Border Gateway Protocol
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

29. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

30. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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31. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP peers
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

32. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
20
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

33. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

34. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Border Gateway Protocol
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

35. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

36. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
20

37. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

38. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

39. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

40. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

41. Describe a dual-homed network.
Interdomain routing
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

42. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

43. Describe a multihomed network.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

44. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

45. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
BGP peers
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

46. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

47. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
200

48. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

49. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

50. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.