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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP speakers
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

2. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

3. Routing table
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

4. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

5. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

6. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

7. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

8. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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9. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

10. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP speakers
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

11. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

12. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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13. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

14. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Updates are sent to the DR.
200
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

15. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

16. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

17. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Aggregator - Community
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

18. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Manually configured
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

19. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

20. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

21. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Interdomain routing
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

22. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

23. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Updates are sent to the DR.

24. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

25. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP speakers
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

26. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

27. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Interdomain routing
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

28. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

29. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Aggregator - Community
Updates are sent to the DR.

30. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

31. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

32. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

33. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

34. What does BGP stand for?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Border Gateway Protocol
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

35. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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36. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

37. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

38. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The correct command is show ip bgp.

39. Neighbor database
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

40. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

41. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peers

42. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

43. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

44. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

45. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

46. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP peers
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

47. Describe a dual-homed network.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Border Gateway Protocol
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

48. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The default cost of the default route is 1.

49. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

50. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.