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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

2. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

3. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

4. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

5. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

6. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

7. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

8. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

9. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

10. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
200
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

11. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

12. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

13. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

14. Update
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Border Gateway Protocol

15. What does BGP stand for?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Border Gateway Protocol
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

16. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

17. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

18. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

19. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

20. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

21. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

22. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default cost of the default route is 1.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

23. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
200
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

24. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

25. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Aggregator - Community
BGP is a path-vector protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

26. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

27. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

28. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

29. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

30. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

31. The four types of BGP messages.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

32. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

33. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
BGP peers
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

34. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Manually configured

35. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

36. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

37. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

38. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

39. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Manually configured

40. Notification
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

41. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

42. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

43. Describe Internal BGP.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Aggregator - Community
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

44. What is the term for routers running BGP?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
BGP speakers
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

45. Keepalive
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Manually configured
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

46. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

47. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

48. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site with a single ISP connection.

49. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Border Gateway Protocol
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

50. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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