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CCNP Route

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1. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

2. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

3. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

4. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Interdomain routing
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

5. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

6. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Interdomain routing

7. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

8. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

9. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

10. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

11. Describe External BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

12. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

13. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

14. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

15. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

16. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

17. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

18. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

19. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

20. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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21. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

22. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

23. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
200
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

24. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

25. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

26. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

27. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP is a path-vector protocol

28. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

29. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

30. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

31. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
BGP peers
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Manually configured
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

32. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

33. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

34. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

35. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

36. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

37. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

38. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

39. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

40. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

41. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

42. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
20
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

43. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Border Gateway Protocol
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

44. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

45. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

47. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

48. Describe a transit AS.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

49. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Interdomain routing
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

50. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

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