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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP speakers

2. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

3. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

4. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A site with a single ISP connection.

5. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

6. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

7. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

8. Open
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP speakers
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

9. What does BGP stand for?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Border Gateway Protocol

10. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

11. Describe a transit AS.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

12. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

13. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

14. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

15. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

16. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

17. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

18. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

19. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

20. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

21. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

22. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
200
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

23. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

24. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
200
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

25. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

26. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

27. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

28. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
BGP speakers

29. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

30. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

31. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
20
Aggregator - Community

32. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Aggregator - Community
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

33. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Interdomain routing
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

34. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
20

35. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

36. The four types of BGP messages.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

37. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

38. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

39. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Updates are sent to the DR.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

40. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Aggregator - Community
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

41. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

42. Describe a multihomed network.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

43. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

44. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Aggregator - Community
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

45. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

46. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

47. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

48. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

49. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

50. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.