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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Interdomain routing
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

2. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

3. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Manually configured
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

4. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

5. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

6. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

7. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

8. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

9. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

10. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

11. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

12. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

13. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

14. Notification
BGP is a path-vector protocol
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

15. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

16. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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17. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

18. Neighbor database
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

19. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

20. Open
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

21. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

22. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

23. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

24. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

25. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

26. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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27. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

28. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
20
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

29. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP speakers

30. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

31. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

32. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

33. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Interdomain routing
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

34. Describe External BGP.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

35. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

36. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

37. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

38. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

39. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
20
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

40. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

41. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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42. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

43. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

44. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

45. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

46. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

47. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

48. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

50. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.