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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Update
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

2. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

3. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

4. Describe a dual-homed network.
BGP speakers
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

6. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

7. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

8. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

9. Routing table
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

10. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

11. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

12. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
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13. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

14. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

15. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

16. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

17. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

18. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

19. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

20. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

21. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP peers

22. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

23. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

24. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

25. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
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The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

26. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

27. Neighbor database
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

28. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

29. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

30. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

31. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

32. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

33. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Border Gateway Protocol
Aggregator - Community
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

34. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

35. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

36. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

37. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Interdomain routing
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

38. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Manually configured
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

39. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

40. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
200
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

41. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

42. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

43. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

44. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
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45. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

46. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

47. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

48. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

49. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

50. Notification
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.