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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Border Gateway Protocol
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

2. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

3. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP peers
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

4. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

6. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

7. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Aggregator - Community

8. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

9. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

10. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

11. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

12. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

13. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

14. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Aggregator - Community

15. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

16. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

17. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

18. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

19. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

20. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

21. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

22. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

23. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

24. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

25. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

26. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

27. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Aggregator - Community
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

28. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

29. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
BGP speakers
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

30. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

31. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

32. Describe a single-homed network.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A site with a single ISP connection.

33. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

34. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

35. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

36. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

37. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

38. Describe External BGP.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

39. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

40. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

41. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

42. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

43. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

44. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site with a single ISP connection.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

45. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Border Gateway Protocol

46. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

47. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

48. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
BGP peers
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

49. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

50. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.