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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

2. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

3. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

4. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

5. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

6. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Interdomain routing

7. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

8. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

9. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
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Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

10. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

11. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

12. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP speakers

13. Notification
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

14. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
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Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

15. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

16. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

17. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

18. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

19. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

20. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
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An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

21. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

22. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

23. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

24. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

25. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

26. Describe a single-homed network.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A site with a single ISP connection.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

27. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

28. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

29. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

30. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

31. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

32. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

33. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

34. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP speakers
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

35. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

36. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

37. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

38. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Border Gateway Protocol
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

39. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

40. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
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IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

41. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

42. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

44. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

45. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

46. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

47. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

48. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

49. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Multi Exit Discriminator.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

50. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?