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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

2. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

3. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
200

4. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

5. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

6. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

7. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

8. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
BGP is a path-vector protocol

9. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
BGP speakers
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
20
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Updates are sent to the DR.

11. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

12. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

13. The four types of BGP messages.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

14. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

15. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

17. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

18. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

19. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

20. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

21. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

22. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

23. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
20
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

24. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The default cost of the default route is 1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

25. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

26. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

27. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

28. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Updates are sent to the DR.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

29. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

30. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

31. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP speakers

32. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

33. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

34. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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35. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
200
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

36. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

37. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

38. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

39. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Interdomain routing

40. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Interdomain routing
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Border Gateway Protocol

41. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
200

42. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

43. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

44. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

45. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

46. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

47. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

48. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

49. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

50. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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