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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The correct command is show ip bgp.

2. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

3. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

4. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

5. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

6. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

7. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

8. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP speakers
Multi Exit Discriminator.

9. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

10. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

11. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

12. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
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EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

13. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

14. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

15. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

16. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

17. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

18. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

20. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

21. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Border Gateway Protocol
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Aggregator - Community
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

22. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

23. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

24. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

25. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

26. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Interdomain routing

27. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

28. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

30. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

31. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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32. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

33. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP speakers
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

34. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Interdomain routing
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

35. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

36. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

37. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

38. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

39. Describe Internal BGP.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

40. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

41. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

42. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

43. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

44. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

45. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

46. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Aggregator - Community
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

47. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Multi Exit Discriminator.

48. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Interdomain routing
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

49. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

50. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.