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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Manually configured

2. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

3. Notification
Border Gateway Protocol
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

4. Neighbor database
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

5. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

6. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

7. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Aggregator - Community
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

8. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

9. The four types of BGP messages.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

10. Keepalive
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

11. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

12. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

13. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

14. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

15. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

16. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

17. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

18. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

19. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

20. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
200
A site with a single ISP connection.

21. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

22. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Updates are sent to the DR.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

23. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

24. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

25. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

26. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

27. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

28. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Updates are sent to the DR.

29. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

30. Describe a multihomed network.
BGP speakers
Border Gateway Protocol
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

31. Describe a single-homed network.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

32. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

33. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

34. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

35. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

36. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

37. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Interdomain routing
BGP peers
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

38. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

39. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

40. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

41. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

42. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

43. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

44. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
20
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Border Gateway Protocol

45. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

46. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

47. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

48. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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49. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Border Gateway Protocol

50. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
BGP speakers
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.