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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

2. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

3. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

4. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

5. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

6. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

7. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

8. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

9. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

10. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

11. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
200
BGP speakers
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

12. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

13. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

14. Describe External BGP.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

15. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Interdomain routing
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

16. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

17. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

18. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

19. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

20. Describe a multihomed network.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

21. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

22. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

23. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

24. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

25. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Aggregator - Community
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26. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
20
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

27. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

28. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

29. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

30. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

31. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

32. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
200
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The default cost of the default route is 1.

33. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site with a single ISP connection.

34. Describe a single-homed network.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A site with a single ISP connection.

35. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

36. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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37. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

38. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
200
BGP is a path-vector protocol
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

39. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

40. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

41. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

42. Describe Internal BGP.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

43. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
20
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

44. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

45. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

46. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

47. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

48. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

49. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons: