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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

2. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

3. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Interdomain routing
BGP peers
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

4. Routing table
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

5. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

6. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
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The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

7. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

8. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

9. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

10. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

11. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

12. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

13. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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14. Describe a dual-homed network.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

15. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP speakers

16. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Aggregator - Community
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

17. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

18. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

19. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

20. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

21. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

22. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

23. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

24. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP speakers
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

25. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

26. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

27. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A site with a single ISP connection.

28. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Updates are sent to the DR.

29. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

30. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

31. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
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To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

32. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

33. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
BGP peers

34. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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35. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

36. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

37. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

38. Describe Internal BGP.
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IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

39. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP speakers
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

40. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

41. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

42. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

43. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Aggregator - Community
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

44. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

45. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

46. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

47. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

48. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

49. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
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Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

50. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.