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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

2. Keepalive
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

3. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Manually configured

4. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

5. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

6. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

7. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Border Gateway Protocol
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

8. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

9. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

10. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

11. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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12. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

13. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

14. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

15. Notification
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

16. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

17. Describe External BGP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

18. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

19. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP speakers
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

20. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

21. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Updates are sent to the DR.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

22. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

23. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

24. The four types of BGP messages.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

25. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

26. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

27. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

28. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

29. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

30. Neighbor database
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

31. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Manually configured
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

32. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

33. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

34. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

35. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Updates are sent to the DR.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

36. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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37. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

38. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

39. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Updates are sent to the DR.

40. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Aggregator - Community

41. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

42. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

43. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

44. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

45. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

46. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

47. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

48. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

49. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

50. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The default cost of the default route is 1.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.