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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

2. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

3. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

4. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

5. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

6. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

7. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

8. Notification
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

9. Update
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

10. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Aggregator - Community

11. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

12. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

13. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

14. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

15. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

16. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

17. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP peers
Aggregator - Community

18. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

19. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

20. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

21. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

22. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

23. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

24. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

25. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

26. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

27. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

28. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

29. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
A site with a single ISP connection.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

30. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

31. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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32. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Aggregator - Community
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

33. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

34. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

35. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

36. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Manually configured
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

37. Open
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

38. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Multi Exit Discriminator.

39. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

40. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
BGP peers

41. Describe a transit AS.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

42. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

43. Describe a dual-homed network.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

44. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peers

45. Neighbor database
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

46. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

47. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Border Gateway Protocol

48. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

49. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

50. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

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