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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

2. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

3. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

4. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

5. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

6. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

7. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

9. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

10. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

11. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

12. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

13. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP is a path-vector protocol
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

14. Describe External BGP.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

15. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

16. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

17. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

18. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peers
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

19. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

20. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

21. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Manually configured

22. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Manually configured
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

23. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

24. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

25. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

26. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

27. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

28. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

29. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

30. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Manually configured
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

31. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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32. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

33. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

34. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

35. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

36. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

37. Routing table
20
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

38. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

39. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Aggregator - Community

40. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

41. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Aggregator - Community
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

42. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Manually configured
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

43. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

44. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Interdomain routing

45. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

46. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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47. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

48. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

49. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

50. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out