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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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2. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Interdomain routing
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

3. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

4. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

5. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
BGP speakers
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

6. Routing table
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

7. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
A site with a single ISP connection.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

8. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

9. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

10. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Multi Exit Discriminator.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

11. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
200
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

12. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

13. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

14. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

15. Describe a transit AS.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

16. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

17. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP speakers
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

18. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site with a single ISP connection.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

19. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

20. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

21. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

22. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

23. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

24. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

25. Notification
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

26. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A site with a single ISP connection.

27. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Updates are sent to the DR.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

28. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

29. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers

30. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

31. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Manually configured
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

32. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

33. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

34. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

35. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

36. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

37. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

38. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

39. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

40. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

41. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

42. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Interdomain routing

43. Open
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

44. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

45. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

46. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

47. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

48. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

49. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
20
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

50. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.