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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

2. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
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These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

3. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

4. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

5. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

6. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

7. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

8. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

9. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
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ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

10. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

11. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
200
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

12. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

13. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

14. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

15. Describe a multihomed network.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

16. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

17. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP peers
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

18. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
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Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

19. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

20. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
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The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

21. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

22. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

23. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

24. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

25. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Border Gateway Protocol

26. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

27. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

28. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
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The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

29. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

30. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

31. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Interdomain routing
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

32. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

33. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

34. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

35. Keepalive
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
BGP peers

36. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

37. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Manually configured

38. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

39. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

40. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

41. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

42. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

43. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

44. The four types of BGP messages.
BGP speakers
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

45. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
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46. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Interdomain routing
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

47. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

48. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

49. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

50. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.