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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

2. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

3. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

4. Describe a dual-homed network.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

5. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Manually configured
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

6. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

7. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

8. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

9. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

10. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

11. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

12. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Aggregator - Community
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Border Gateway Protocol

13. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

14. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

15. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

16. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

17. Describe a single-homed network.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

18. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

19. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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20. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Manually configured

21. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

22. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

23. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

24. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Updates are sent to the DR.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

25. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peers
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

26. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

27. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

28. Notification
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

29. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

30. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

31. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

32. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

33. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

34. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Interdomain routing
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

35. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
200
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

36. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

37. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

38. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

39. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

40. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

41. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

42. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

43. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The correct command is show ip bgp.

44. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

45. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

46. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

47. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

48. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

49. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

50. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Aggregator - Community
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.