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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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2. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

3. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

4. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

5. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

6. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

7. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

8. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

9. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Aggregator - Community
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

10. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

11. Describe a dual-homed network.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

12. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

13. What is the term for routers running BGP?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP speakers

14. Describe Internal BGP.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

15. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

16. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

17. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

18. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

19. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

20. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

21. Update
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

22. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

23. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP speakers
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

24. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

25. Keepalive
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

26. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

27. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

28. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

29. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

30. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

31. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

32. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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33. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

34. Routing table
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

35. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

36. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

37. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

38. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

39. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

40. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

41. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

42. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

43. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP peers

44. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

45. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Aggregator - Community
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

46. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

47. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

48. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

49. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

50. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.