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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

2. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

3. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Aggregator - Community

4. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

5. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
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A site with a single ISP connection.

6. What is the term for routers running BGP?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
200
BGP speakers
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

7. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP speakers
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

8. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

9. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

11. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Manually configured
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

12. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
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The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP speakers

13. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Interdomain routing
Aggregator - Community

14. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

15. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

16. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

17. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

18. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

19. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

20. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

21. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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22. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
BGP peers
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

23. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

24. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

25. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

26. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

27. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
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28. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

30. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP peers

31. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

32. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

33. Describe a dual-homed network.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

34. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

35. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

36. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site with a single ISP connection.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

37. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

38. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

39. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

40. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

41. Describe Internal BGP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

42. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Border Gateway Protocol

43. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

44. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

45. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The default cost of the default route is 1.

46. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Manually configured

47. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

48. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

49. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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50. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.