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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does BGP stand for?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Border Gateway Protocol
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Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

2. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

3. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

4. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP peers
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

5. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

6. Notification
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Aggregator - Community

7. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

8. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

9. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

10. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

11. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP speakers
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

12. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
A site with a single ISP connection.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interdomain routing
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

13. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

14. What is the term for routers running BGP?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP speakers

15. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
200

16. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

17. Neighbor database
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

18. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

19. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

20. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
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BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

21. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Updates are sent to the DR.

22. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Aggregator - Community
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

23. Describe a transit AS.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

24. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

25. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

26. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Interdomain routing

27. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

28. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

29. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

30. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

31. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

32. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

33. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
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This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

34. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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35. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

36. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP speakers
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

37. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

38. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP peers

39. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

40. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

41. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

42. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

43. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

44. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

45. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

46. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

47. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

48. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

49. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.