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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

2. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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3. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

4. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

5. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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6. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

7. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

8. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

9. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

10. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

11. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

12. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

13. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

14. What are the three BGP route reception options?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

15. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP peers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

16. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

17. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

18. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

19. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

20. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

21. Neighbor database
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

22. Routing table
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

23. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

24. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

25. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

26. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

27. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

28. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

29. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

30. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers

31. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
20
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

32. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

33. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

34. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

35. Notification
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

36. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

37. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

38. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

39. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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40. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

41. Describe Internal BGP.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

42. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Aggregator - Community

43. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

44. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

45. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP speakers
Updates are sent to the DR.

46. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

47. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

48. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

49. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

50. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.