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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

2. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

3. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

4. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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5. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

6. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

7. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

8. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

9. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

10. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

11. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

13. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The default cost of the default route is 1.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

14. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

15. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Aggregator - Community
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

16. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Aggregator - Community

17. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

18. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Updates are sent to the DR.
20

19. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

20. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP peers

21. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

22. Describe Internal BGP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

23. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP speakers
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

24. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

25. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

26. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

27. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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28. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

29. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A site with a single ISP connection.

30. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

31. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

32. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peers
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

33. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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34. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

35. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP speakers
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
BGP is a path-vector protocol

36. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Interdomain routing
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

38. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A site with a single ISP connection.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

39. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

40. Neighbor database
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

41. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

42. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured

43. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

44. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

45. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

46. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

47. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

48. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

49. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

50. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.