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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

2. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

3. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Aggregator - Community

4. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
BGP speakers
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

5. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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6. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

7. Routing table
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

8. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

9. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community

10. Update
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

11. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP speakers
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

12. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
BGP speakers
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

13. Open
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP is a path-vector protocol

14. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Aggregator - Community
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

16. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

17. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

18. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
20
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

19. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

20. Keepalive
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

21. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

22. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

23. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

24. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Manually configured
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A site with a single ISP connection.

25. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

26. What does BGP stand for?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Border Gateway Protocol

27. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

28. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Manually configured

29. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

30. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

31. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Aggregator - Community
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

32. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

33. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Manually configured
BGP speakers

34. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

35. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
BGP peers
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

36. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Updates are sent to the DR.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Aggregator - Community

37. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

38. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Border Gateway Protocol
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

39. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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40. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

41. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

42. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
200
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

43. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

44. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
200

45. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

46. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

47. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
BGP peers
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

48. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

49. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

50. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.