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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

2. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
200
The correct command is show ip bgp.

3. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

4. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

5. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site with a single ISP connection.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

7. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
200
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

8. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

9. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

10. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Manually configured
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

11. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A site with a single ISP connection.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

12. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

13. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

14. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

15. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

16. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

17. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

18. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

19. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

20. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

21. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A site with a single ISP connection.

22. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
200
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

23. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Aggregator - Community

24. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
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A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

25. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

26. What does BGP stand for?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Border Gateway Protocol

27. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

28. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

29. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

30. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Updates are sent to the DR.

31. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

32. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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33. Describe a dual-homed network.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

34. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Interdomain routing
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

35. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

36. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Aggregator - Community
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

37. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

38. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

39. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

40. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
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41. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

42. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

43. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

44. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

45. The four types of BGP messages.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

46. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site with a single ISP connection.

47. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

48. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

49. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

50. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
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For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate