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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Manually configured
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

2. The four types of BGP messages.
20
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

3. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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4. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

5. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

6. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

7. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

8. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

9. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
20
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

10. Describe Internal BGP.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

11. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

12. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

13. What is the term for routers running BGP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP speakers

14. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

15. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

16. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The correct command is show ip bgp.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP speakers

17. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

18. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

19. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP peers
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

20. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

21. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

22. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Manually configured

23. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

24. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

25. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

26. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

27. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

28. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Interdomain routing
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

29. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

30. Describe a multihomed network.
Interdomain routing
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

31. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

33. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

34. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Aggregator - Community
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

35. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

36. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

38. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

39. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

40. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

41. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

42. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

43. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

44. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

45. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

46. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

47. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

48. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

49. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Aggregator - Community
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

50. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol