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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

2. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

3. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

4. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

5. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

6. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

7. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

8. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

9. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

10. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

11. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

12. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

13. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

14. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

15. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

16. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

17. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

18. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

19. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

20. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

21. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

22. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

23. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

24. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP peers

25. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

26. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Interdomain routing

27. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

28. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

29. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

31. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

32. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
200
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

33. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

34. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

35. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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36. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

37. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

38. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Aggregator - Community
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
20

39. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Interdomain routing
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

40. What does BGP stand for?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Border Gateway Protocol
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

41. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Manually configured
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

42. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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43. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

44. Describe a multihomed network.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

45. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

46. The four types of BGP messages.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

47. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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48. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Multi Exit Discriminator.

49. Routing table
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

50. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment