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CCNP Route

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1. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

2. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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3. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

4. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

5. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

6. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

7. Describe External BGP.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Aggregator - Community
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

8. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

9. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

10. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

11. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

12. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

13. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

14. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

15. The four types of BGP messages.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

16. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

17. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

18. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

19. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

20. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

21. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Interdomain routing
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

22. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

23. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Aggregator - Community

24. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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25. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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26. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

27. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

28. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

29. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

30. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

31. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

32. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site with a single ISP connection.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

33. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
200
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

34. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

35. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

36. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

37. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peers
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

38. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

39. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

40. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

41. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

42. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Border Gateway Protocol
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

43. Neighbor database
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Manually configured

44. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

45. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

46. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

47. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

48. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP speakers

49. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site with a single ISP connection.
20
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

50. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

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