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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

2. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

3. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

4. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
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Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

5. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

6. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

7. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
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The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

9. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

10. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

11. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

12. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

13. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

14. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

15. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

16. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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17. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
BGP speakers
Interdomain routing
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

18. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

19. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

20. Describe External BGP.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

21. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

22. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

23. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

24. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

25. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Interdomain routing
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

26. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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27. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

28. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

29. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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30. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Manually configured
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

31. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Manually configured
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

32. Open
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

33. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

34. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interdomain routing
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

35. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
A site with a single ISP connection.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

36. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

37. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

38. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

39. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

40. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Aggregator - Community
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

41. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

42. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

43. Keepalive
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

44. Describe a dual-homed network.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Aggregator - Community

45. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

46. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

47. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The default cost of the default route is 1.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

48. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP peers
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A site with a single ISP connection.

49. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Aggregator - Community
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

50. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.