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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

2. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
BGP speakers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

3. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

4. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

5. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

6. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

7. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

8. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
200
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

9. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

10. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

11. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

12. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

13. Describe a multihomed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
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15. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

16. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

17. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

18. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP speakers
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

19. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
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IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

20. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

21. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

22. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
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[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

23. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

24. Update
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

25. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

26. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

27. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

28. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

29. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
BGP speakers

30. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

31. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A site with a single ISP connection.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

32. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

33. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Updates are sent to the DR.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

34. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

35. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Border Gateway Protocol
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

36. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

37. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

38. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

39. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

40. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

41. Open
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

42. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default cost of the default route is 1.

43. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

44. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Manually configured
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
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For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

45. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

46. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

47. What does BGP stand for?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Border Gateway Protocol
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

48. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

49. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

50. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)