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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

2. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

3. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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4. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

5. Update
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

6. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

7. The four types of BGP messages.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

8. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

9. Neighbor database
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

10. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

11. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
200

12. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

13. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

14. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

15. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

16. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

17. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

18. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

19. Routing table
A site with a single ISP connection.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
BGP speakers

20. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

21. Notification
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

22. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

23. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

24. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

25. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

26. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

27. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

28. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

29. Describe a dual-homed network.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

31. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

32. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

33. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

34. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

35. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

36. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

37. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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38. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

39. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

40. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

41. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

42. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

43. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

44. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

45. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

46. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
20
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

47. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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48. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
20
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

49. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

50. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.