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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

2. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

3. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

4. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP speakers
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

5. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Interdomain routing

6. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

7. Neighbor database
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

8. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Manually configured
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

9. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
200
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

10. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

11. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

12. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

13. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

14. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

15. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

16. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

17. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

18. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

20. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

21. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

22. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

23. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
A site with a single ISP connection.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Aggregator - Community
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24. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

25. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

26. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

27. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

28. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
BGP peers
BGP speakers
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

29. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

30. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

31. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

32. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

33. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

34. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

35. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Updates are sent to the DR.

36. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

37. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

38. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

39. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

40. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

41. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

42. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
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43. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

44. Describe External BGP.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

45. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

46. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

47. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

48. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

49. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

50. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]