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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

2. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

3. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

4. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
200
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

5. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

6. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

7. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

8. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

9. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

10. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

11. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

12. Open
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

13. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

15. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP speakers
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

16. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

17. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

18. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

19. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

20. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

21. Update
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

22. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

23. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

24. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

25. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

26. Neighbor database
Aggregator - Community
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

27. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Aggregator - Community
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

28. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

29. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

30. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

31. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

32. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

33. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

34. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

35. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

36. Keepalive
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

37. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

38. Describe Internal BGP.
BGP peers
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

39. Describe External BGP.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Aggregator - Community
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

40. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

41. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

42. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

43. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

44. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Aggregator - Community
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

45. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
200
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

46. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

47. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

48. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

49. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

50. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
200
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)