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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

2. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

3. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

4. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

5. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

6. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

7. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

8. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

9. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

10. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

11. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

12. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

13. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

14. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

15. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

16. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

17. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

18. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

19. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP speakers
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

20. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

21. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

22. Describe a transit AS.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
200
Interdomain routing
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

24. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

25. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

26. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
BGP speakers

27. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

28. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

29. Describe External BGP.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

30. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

31. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

32. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

33. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

34. The four types of BGP messages.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

35. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

36. Notification
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

37. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

38. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

39. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

40. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

41. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

42. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

43. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

44. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

45. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Updates are sent to the DR.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

46. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

47. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
200
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

48. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
BGP peers
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

50. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.