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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peers
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

2. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

3. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

4. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

5. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

6. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

7. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

8. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

9. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

10. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
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BGP peers

11. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

12. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

13. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

14. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

15. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

16. Routing table
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP speakers
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
200

17. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

18. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

19. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

20. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

21. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

22. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

23. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

24. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peers
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

25. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

26. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

27. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP speakers
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

28. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

29. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

30. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Manually configured

31. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

32. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

33. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Aggregator - Community

34. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
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A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

35. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Interdomain routing
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

36. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

37. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

38. Notification
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

39. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

40. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

41. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

42. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Manually configured

43. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

44. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Aggregator - Community
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

45. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

46. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

47. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

48. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

49. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

50. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask