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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

2. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

3. Describe Internal BGP.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

4. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

5. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

6. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

7. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

8. What are the three BGP route reception options?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

9. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

10. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

11. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

12. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

13. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

14. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

15. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

16. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Manually configured
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

17. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

18. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Aggregator - Community

19. Describe a single-homed network.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A site with a single ISP connection.

20. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

21. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

22. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

23. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

24. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

25. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

26. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

27. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

28. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

29. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Border Gateway Protocol

30. Describe External BGP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

31. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

32. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

33. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A site with a single ISP connection.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

34. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
20

35. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

36. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

37. Keepalive
BGP is a path-vector protocol
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

38. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

39. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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40. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP speakers

41. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

42. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Aggregator - Community

43. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

44. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

45. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

46. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
BGP is a path-vector protocol
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

47. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

48. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

49. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
BGP peers
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

50. Describe a transit AS.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

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