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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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2. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

3. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

4. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

5. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

6. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

7. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

8. Describe a dual-homed network.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Updates are sent to the DR.

9. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

10. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

11. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

12. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

13. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

14. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

15. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

16. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

17. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

18. Describe a single-homed network.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site with a single ISP connection.

19. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

20. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

21. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

22. Describe Internal BGP.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

23. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

24. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

25. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

26. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Manually configured
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

27. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

28. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

29. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

30. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

31. Routing table
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

32. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

33. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Border Gateway Protocol
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

34. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

35. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP speakers
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

36. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

37. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP speakers

38. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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39. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Updates are sent to the DR.

40. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

41. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

42. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Manually configured

43. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

44. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Aggregator - Community

45. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

46. Describe External BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

47. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

48. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

49. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The correct command is show ip bgp.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of