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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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2. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

3. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

4. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

5. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

6. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

7. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

8. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

9. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peers
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

10. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

11. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

12. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

13. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

14. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

15. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

16. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

17. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

18. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

19. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

20. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

21. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

22. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

23. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

24. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

25. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

26. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

27. Describe a transit AS.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

28. Update
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

29. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

30. Open
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

31. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

32. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

33. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

34. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

35. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

36. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP speakers
The default cost of the default route is 1.

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP speakers
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

38. The four types of BGP messages.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

39. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

40. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

41. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

42. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

43. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

44. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

45. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

46. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Border Gateway Protocol
200

47. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP speakers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

48. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A site with a single ISP connection.

49. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

50. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.