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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

2. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

3. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

4. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP speakers
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

5. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
BGP peers
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

6. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

7. Describe a transit AS.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

8. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

9. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

11. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

12. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

14. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

16. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
200

17. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

18. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Aggregator - Community

19. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

20. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Interdomain routing
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

21. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

22. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

23. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

24. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

25. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

26. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

27. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
BGP peers
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Interdomain routing
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

28. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

29. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

30. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

31. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

32. What is the term for routers running BGP?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP speakers
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

33. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured

34. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

35. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

36. Describe a single-homed network.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A site with a single ISP connection.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

37. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

38. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

39. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
20
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

40. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

41. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

42. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Border Gateway Protocol
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

43. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

44. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

45. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

46. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

47. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

48. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

49. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Manually configured
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Aggregator - Community

50. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required