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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Notification
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

2. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

3. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Multi Exit Discriminator.

4. The four types of BGP messages.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

5. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
20
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

6. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

7. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

8. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

9. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

10. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

11. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

12. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

13. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

14. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

15. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

16. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

17. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

18. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

19. Describe Internal BGP.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

20. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

21. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Manually configured

22. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

23. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

24. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The correct command is show ip bgp.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

25. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Border Gateway Protocol

26. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

27. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Manually configured
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

28. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

29. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

30. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

31. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

32. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

33. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

34. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Aggregator - Community
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

35. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

36. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

37. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP is a path-vector protocol
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

38. Describe a single-homed network.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A site with a single ISP connection.

39. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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40. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP speakers

41. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP speakers
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

42. What does BGP stand for?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Border Gateway Protocol

43. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

44. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

45. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

46. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The correct command is show ip bgp.

47. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

48. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

49. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

50. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Interdomain routing
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom