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CCNP Route

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1. Describe Internal BGP.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

2. Describe a dual-homed network.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

3. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

4. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

5. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

6. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

7. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

8. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

9. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
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Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

11. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

12. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

13. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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14. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

15. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

16. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

17. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP speakers
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

18. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

19. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

20. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

21. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

22. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
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The default cost of the default route is 1.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

23. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

24. What does BGP stand for?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Border Gateway Protocol
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

25. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

26. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

27. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

28. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
20
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

29. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

30. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

31. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

32. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

33. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

34. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

35. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

36. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

37. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

38. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

39. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

40. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

41. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

42. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Interdomain routing
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

43. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Manually configured
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

44. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

45. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

46. Describe a multihomed network.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

47. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

48. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

49. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

50. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

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