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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

2. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

3. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The correct command is show ip bgp.

4. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

5. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

6. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

7. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

8. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Border Gateway Protocol
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

9. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

10. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

11. Describe a single-homed network.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A site with a single ISP connection.

12. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

13. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

14. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP speakers
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

15. Notification
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Interdomain routing

16. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

17. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

18. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

20. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Manually configured
Interdomain routing
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

21. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

22. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

23. Describe a transit AS.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

24. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
200
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Manually configured
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

25. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

26. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
20
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

27. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

28. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

29. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Aggregator - Community
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

30. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

31. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

32. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

33. Neighbor database
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

34. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

35. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

36. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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37. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

38. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

39. Open
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

40. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

41. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP speakers
The correct command is show ip bgp.

42. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

43. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

44. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

45. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

46. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
200
BGP speakers
Interdomain routing
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

47. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

48. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

49. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

50. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer