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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

2. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

3. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

4. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
20
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

5. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

6. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

7. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

8. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

9. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

10. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

11. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

12. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

13. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

14. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

15. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP speakers
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

16. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

17. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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18. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

19. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

20. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

21. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

22. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

23. Notification
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

24. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

25. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
200
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

26. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

27. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

28. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

29. The four types of BGP messages.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

30. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Interdomain routing
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

31. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
BGP peers
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

32. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

33. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

34. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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35. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

36. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
200
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

37. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

38. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

39. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

40. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

41. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

42. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A site with a single ISP connection.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

43. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

44. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

45. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
200
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

46. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Manually configured
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

47. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

48. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

49. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

50. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.