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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

2. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

3. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peers
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

4. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

5. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

6. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

7. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

8. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

10. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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11. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

12. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

13. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

14. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

15. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

16. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

17. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

18. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

19. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

20. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

21. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Manually configured
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

22. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Manually configured
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

24. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

25. Describe External BGP.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

26. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

27. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

28. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

29. Update
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

30. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

31. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

32. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

33. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

34. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

35. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

36. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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37. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

38. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

39. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

40. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

41. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

42. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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43. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

44. Describe a multihomed network.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

45. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

46. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

47. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Manually configured
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

48. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

49. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

50. The four types of BGP messages.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.