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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

2. The four types of BGP messages.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

3. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

4. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

5. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
200

6. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

7. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

8. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Aggregator - Community
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

10. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

11. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

12. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

13. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

14. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
200
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

15. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

16. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with a single ISP connection.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

17. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

18. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

19. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

20. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

21. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

22. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

23. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

24. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

25. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

26. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

27. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

28. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

29. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Border Gateway Protocol
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

30. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

31. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

32. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

33. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

34. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

35. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

36. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

37. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Border Gateway Protocol
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

38. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Manually configured
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

39. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

40. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

41. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

42. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
20

43. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

44. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

45. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

46. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

47. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Border Gateway Protocol
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

48. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default cost of the default route is 1.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

49. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Interdomain routing
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

50. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.