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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP speakers
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

2. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

3. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

4. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

5. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

6. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Updates are sent to the DR.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
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Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

7. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

8. Keepalive
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

9. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

10. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Manually configured
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

11. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

12. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
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The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

13. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

14. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

15. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Interdomain routing
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

16. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

17. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

18. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

20. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

21. What is the term for routers running BGP?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP speakers
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

22. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

23. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

24. Describe a transit AS.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

25. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

26. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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27. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

28. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

29. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

30. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

31. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Border Gateway Protocol
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

32. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interdomain routing

33. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

34. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

35. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

36. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

37. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

38. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

39. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

40. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

41. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

42. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The correct command is show ip bgp.
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43. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

44. Notification
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

45. The four types of BGP messages.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

46. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

47. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

48. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

49. What does BGP stand for?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Border Gateway Protocol
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

50. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Aggregator - Community
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.