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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
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2. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Border Gateway Protocol
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

3. What does BGP stand for?
Interdomain routing
Border Gateway Protocol
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

4. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

5. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

6. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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7. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

8. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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9. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

10. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

11. Update
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

12. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

14. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

15. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

16. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

17. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

18. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

19. Describe a dual-homed network.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

20. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

21. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

22. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

23. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

24. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

25. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Updates are sent to the DR.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

26. Notification
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

27. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

28. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

29. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

30. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

31. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

32. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

33. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
200
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

34. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

35. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

36. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

37. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
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38. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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39. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peers
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

40. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

41. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
BGP speakers
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

42. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP peers

43. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

44. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

45. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

46. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

47. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
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48. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

49. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

50. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.