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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Border Gateway Protocol
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

2. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

3. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peers
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

4. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

5. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

6. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

7. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Interdomain routing
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

8. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

9. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

10. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

11. Describe a single-homed network.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with a single ISP connection.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

12. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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13. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

14. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with a single ISP connection.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

15. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

16. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

17. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

18. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

19. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

20. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

21. Routing table
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

22. Update
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default cost of the default route is 1.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

23. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP peers

24. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

25. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

26. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

27. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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28. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

29. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

30. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

31. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

32. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

33. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

34. Keepalive
Updates are sent to the DR.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

35. What does BGP stand for?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Border Gateway Protocol
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

36. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

37. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

38. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

39. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

40. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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41. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Multi Exit Discriminator.

42. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peers
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

43. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

44. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

45. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

46. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

47. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

48. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

49. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Manually configured
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

50. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment