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CCNP Route

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1. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

2. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

3. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Aggregator - Community

4. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

5. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

6. Describe a dual-homed network.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

7. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

8. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

10. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A site with a single ISP connection.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

11. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

12. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

13. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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14. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multi Exit Discriminator.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

16. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

17. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

18. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

19. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

20. Describe a single-homed network.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A site with a single ISP connection.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

21. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

22. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Updates are sent to the DR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

23. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

24. Open
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

25. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Interdomain routing
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

26. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

27. Update
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

28. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

29. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

30. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

31. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

32. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Manually configured

33. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

34. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Aggregator - Community

35. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

36. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

37. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

38. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
200
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

39. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

40. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

41. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Interdomain routing

42. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

43. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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44. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Aggregator - Community
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

45. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Updates are sent to the DR.

46. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
20
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

47. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

48. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

49. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

50. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A site with a single ISP connection.

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