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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Manually configured

2. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

3. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
A site with a single ISP connection.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

4. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

5. Update
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

6. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

7. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

8. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

9. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

10. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

11. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP peers
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Interdomain routing
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

13. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

14. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

16. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP speakers
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

17. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

18. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

19. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

20. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

21. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

22. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

23. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

24. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

25. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

26. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

27. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

28. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

30. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

31. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP speakers

32. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

33. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

34. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

35. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

36. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

37. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

38. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

39. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

40. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

41. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

42. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

43. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

44. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

45. The four types of BGP messages.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

46. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
200
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

47. What does BGP stand for?
200
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Border Gateway Protocol

48. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

49. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

50. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost