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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

2. Describe Internal BGP.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP peers
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

3. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

4. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

5. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

6. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

7. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

8. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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9. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

10. Open
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

11. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

12. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP speakers
Aggregator - Community

13. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

14. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

15. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

16. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

17. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
BGP peers
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

18. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

19. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

20. Describe a single-homed network.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

21. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

22. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

23. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

24. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

25. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

26. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

27. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

28. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

30. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

31. Describe a dual-homed network.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

32. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Aggregator - Community
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

33. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Interdomain routing
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

34. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

35. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

36. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

37. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

38. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

39. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

40. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

41. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

42. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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43. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

44. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

45. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

46. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

47. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

48. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

49. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

50. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
BGP peers
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.