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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

2. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

3. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

4. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

5. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

6. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

7. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

8. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Updates are sent to the DR.

9. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

10. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

11. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

12. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Manually configured
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

13. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Interdomain routing
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

14. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

15. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Aggregator - Community

16. Describe a dual-homed network.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

17. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

18. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

19. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Updates are sent to the DR.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

20. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

21. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

22. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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23. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Interdomain routing
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

24. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
20
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

25. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

26. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP peers

27. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

28. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Aggregator - Community
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

29. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

30. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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31. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

32. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
20
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

33. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

34. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

35. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

36. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

37. Describe a single-homed network.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Interdomain routing
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A site with a single ISP connection.

38. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

39. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

40. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

41. Describe Internal BGP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

42. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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43. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

44. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
200

45. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Interdomain routing
200
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

46. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

48. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

49. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

50. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

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