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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
200
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

2. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

3. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

4. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

5. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

6. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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7. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

8. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

9. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

11. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

12. Keepalive
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

13. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

14. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
20
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

15. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

16. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP speakers

17. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

18. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
20
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

19. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

20. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

21. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Manually configured

22. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

23. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

24. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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25. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

26. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

27. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

28. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

29. Notification
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

30. Open
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

31. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

32. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

33. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

34. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

35. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

36. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

37. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

38. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

39. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

40. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

41. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

42. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

43. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
200
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

44. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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45. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

46. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

47. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

48. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

49. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

50. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.