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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

2. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Interdomain routing
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

3. Routing table
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

4. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
200
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

5. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

6. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

7. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The correct command is show ip bgp.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

8. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

9. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

10. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

11. The four types of BGP messages.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Border Gateway Protocol

12. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

13. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

14. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

15. Describe a multihomed network.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

16. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

17. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

18. What does BGP stand for?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Border Gateway Protocol

19. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

20. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

21. Describe a dual-homed network.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

22. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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23. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

24. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

25. Neighbor database
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

26. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

27. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

28. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

29. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

31. Describe External BGP.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

32. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

33. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

34. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Interdomain routing
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

35. Update
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

36. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

37. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A site with a single ISP connection.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

38. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Aggregator - Community
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

39. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

40. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP peers

41. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP speakers
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

42. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

43. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

44. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

45. Open
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

46. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

47. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

48. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

49. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
200
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

50. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.