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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

2. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

3. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
BGP speakers
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

4. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

5. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
200
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

7. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

8. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

9. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

10. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

11. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peers
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

13. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

14. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Border Gateway Protocol

15. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

16. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

17. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
BGP peers
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

18. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

20. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Aggregator - Community
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

21. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

22. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

23. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

24. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

25. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

26. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

27. Open
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

28. Describe a multihomed network.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

29. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP speakers
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

30. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

31. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

32. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

33. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

34. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

35. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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36. Describe a single-homed network.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A site with a single ISP connection.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

37. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

38. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

39. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

40. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

41. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

42. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

43. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

44. Neighbor database
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

45. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP peers

46. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
BGP peers
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

47. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

48. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
200

50. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.