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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

2. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

3. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

4. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

5. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

6. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

7. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

8. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

9. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

10. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

11. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

12. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

13. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Aggregator - Community
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

14. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

15. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

16. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

17. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

18. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

19. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

20. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
BGP speakers
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

21. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
200
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

22. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

23. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

24. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

25. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
20
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

26. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

27. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

28. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

29. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

30. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

31. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

32. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
200

33. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

34. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

35. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

36. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

37. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

38. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

39. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Interdomain routing
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP speakers
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

40. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

41. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

42. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

43. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

44. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

45. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

47. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

48. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

49. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

50. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.