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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

2. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

3. Describe External BGP.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

4. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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5. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

6. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

7. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP speakers
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

8. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

9. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
200
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

10. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

11. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

12. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

13. Neighbor database
Interdomain routing
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

14. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

15. Update
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

16. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

17. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

18. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

19. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

20. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

21. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

22. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Border Gateway Protocol
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

23. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

24. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP speakers
The default cost of the default route is 1.

25. Describe a multihomed network.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

26. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

27. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

28. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

29. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

30. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

31. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

32. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Interdomain routing
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

33. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

34. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

35. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

36. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

37. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

38. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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39. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Manually configured
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

40. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

41. Open
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

42. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

43. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

44. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

45. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

46. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

48. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

49. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

50. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.