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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

2. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

3. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

4. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

5. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

6. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

7. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
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EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

8. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

9. Notification
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

10. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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11. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

12. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Manually configured
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

13. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

14. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

15. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

16. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

17. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

18. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
BGP speakers
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

19. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

20. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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21. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

22. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Updates are sent to the DR.

23. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

24. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

25. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Updates are sent to the DR.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

26. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

27. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

28. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

29. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

30. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

31. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

32. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

33. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

34. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

35. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

36. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

37. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

38. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Interdomain routing
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

39. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

40. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

41. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

42. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

44. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

45. Describe a transit AS.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

46. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

47. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

48. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

49. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

50. Routing table
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]