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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
200

2. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
A site with a single ISP connection.
20
Manually configured
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

3. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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4. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
20
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

5. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

6. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Manually configured
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

7. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Manually configured
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

8. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

9. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

10. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

11. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

12. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

13. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

14. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

15. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP is a path-vector protocol

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

17. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

18. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

19. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Updates are sent to the DR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

20. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
200
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

21. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

22. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

23. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

24. Describe Internal BGP.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

25. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

26. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

27. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

28. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

29. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

30. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

31. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

32. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

33. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Updates are sent to the DR.

34. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

35. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

36. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

37. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Updates are sent to the DR.

38. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

39. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

40. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

41. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
20
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

42. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

43. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

44. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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45. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Interdomain routing

46. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

47. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

48. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

49. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

50. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.