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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

2. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

3. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Manually configured
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

4. Describe a transit AS.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

5. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

6. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
200
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

7. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

8. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

9. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

10. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

11. Describe a dual-homed network.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

12. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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13. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

14. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

15. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

16. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

17. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

18. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

19. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
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20. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

21. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

22. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

23. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
BGP speakers
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
200
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

24. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

25. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

26. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

27. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Interdomain routing
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site with a single ISP connection.

28. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

29. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

30. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A site with a single ISP connection.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

31. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Interdomain routing

32. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

33. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

34. Describe a multihomed network.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

35. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

36. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
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37. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

38. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

39. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

40. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

41. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

42. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

43. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

44. Notification
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A site with a single ISP connection.

45. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

46. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

47. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A site with a single ISP connection.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

48. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

49. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

50. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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