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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

2. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

3. Keepalive
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

4. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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5. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

6. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The default cost of the default route is 1.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

7. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

8. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

9. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

10. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

11. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

12. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Border Gateway Protocol
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

13. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

14. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

15. Describe a dual-homed network.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

16. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The default cost of the default route is 1.

17. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

18. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

19. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

20. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

21. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Interdomain routing
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

22. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

23. Routing table
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

24. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Aggregator - Community
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

25. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

26. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with a single ISP connection.

27. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

28. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

29. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

30. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

31. Open
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

32. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Border Gateway Protocol
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

33. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

34. Describe External BGP.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

35. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Manually configured

36. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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37. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

38. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

39. Notification
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
200
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

40. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

41. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

42. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

43. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

44. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Aggregator - Community
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

45. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Aggregator - Community
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

46. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Updates are sent to the DR.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

47. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

48. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

49. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Updates are sent to the DR.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Interdomain routing
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

50. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.