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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

2. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

3. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interdomain routing

4. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP peers
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

5. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

6. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

7. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

8. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

9. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
20
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

10. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

11. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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12. Open
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

13. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

14. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

15. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

16. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

17. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

18. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

19. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

20. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

21. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

22. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

23. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

24. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Interdomain routing

25. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

26. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

27. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

28. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

29. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

30. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

31. Notification
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

32. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

33. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

34. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

35. The four types of BGP messages.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

36. Describe a dual-homed network.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

37. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

38. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

39. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Aggregator - Community

40. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
20
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

41. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
200

42. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

43. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

44. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

45. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

46. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

47. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

48. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

49. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

50. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.