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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
200

2. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

3. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site with a single ISP connection.

4. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

5. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Interdomain routing

6. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

7. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

8. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

9. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

10. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
BGP speakers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

11. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

12. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

13. Routing table
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

14. What are the three BGP route reception options?
BGP speakers
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

15. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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16. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

17. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

18. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

19. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Manually configured
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

20. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Border Gateway Protocol
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

21. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP peers
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

22. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. Update
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

24. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

25. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

26. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

27. Describe a single-homed network.
Manually configured
A site with a single ISP connection.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

28. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
BGP speakers
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

29. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

30. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

31. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

32. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

33. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The default cost of the default route is 1.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

34. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

35. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

36. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

37. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

38. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

39. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

40. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
200
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

41. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

42. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

43. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

44. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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45. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP speakers
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

46. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

47. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

48. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

49. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

50. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

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