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CCNP Route

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1. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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2. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

3. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
200
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

4. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Interdomain routing
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

5. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

6. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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7. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

8. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP speakers
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

9. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

10. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
200
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

11. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

12. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

13. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

14. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Interdomain routing
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

15. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Multi Exit Discriminator.

16. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

17. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

18. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Interdomain routing
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

19. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
200

20. Keepalive
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

21. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

22. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

23. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

24. Update
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

25. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

26. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

27. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

28. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site with a single ISP connection.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

29. Notification
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

30. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

31. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
20
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

32. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

33. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

34. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

35. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

36. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site with a single ISP connection.

37. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

38. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

39. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site with a single ISP connection.

40. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

41. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

42. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

43. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

44. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP peers
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

45. The four types of BGP messages.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

46. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

48. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

49. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

50. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

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