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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

2. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

3. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP peers

4. Neighbor database
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

5. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

6. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

7. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Manually configured

8. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

9. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP speakers
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

11. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Interdomain routing

12. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

13. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

14. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

15. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

16. Update
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
200

17. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

18. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

19. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Interdomain routing
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

20. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Border Gateway Protocol
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

21. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
200

22. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP speakers
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

23. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

24. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

25. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peers

26. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

27. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

28. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

29. Notification
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
20
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

30. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

31. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

32. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

33. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

34. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

35. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

36. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

37. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

38. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

39. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
20
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

40. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

41. The four types of BGP messages.
Interdomain routing
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

42. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

43. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

44. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

45. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP speakers
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

47. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

48. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Manually configured
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

49. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

50. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
20
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.