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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

2. Update
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

3. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

4. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

5. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. Routing table
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

7. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

8. Describe External BGP.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

9. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

10. The four types of BGP messages.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

11. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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13. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

14. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

15. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

16. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

17. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

18. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site with a single ISP connection.
200

19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

20. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

21. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

22. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

23. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

24. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

25. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

26. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Interdomain routing
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

27. Describe a single-homed network.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

28. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP speakers
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

29. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

30. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

31. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP speakers
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

32. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

33. Open
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

34. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

35. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

36. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
20
A site with a single ISP connection.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

37. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

38. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

39. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

40. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

41. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

42. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP peers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

43. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

44. Keepalive
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

45. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

46. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

47. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
200
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

48. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

49. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

50. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown