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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

2. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

3. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

4. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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5. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

6. What does BGP stand for?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Border Gateway Protocol
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

7. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

8. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

9. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

10. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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11. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Interdomain routing

12. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

13. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

14. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

15. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

16. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

17. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

18. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Aggregator - Community
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

19. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Manually configured
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Interdomain routing

20. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

21. Describe a multihomed network.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Interdomain routing
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

22. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

23. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

24. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

25. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

26. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

27. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

28. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

29. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

30. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

31. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
200
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

32. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

33. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

34. Describe Internal BGP.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
BGP is a path-vector protocol
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

35. Notification
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

36. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

37. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

38. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

39. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
BGP speakers
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP is a path-vector protocol

40. Routing table
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

41. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

42. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

43. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

44. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
20
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

45. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Interdomain routing

46. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

47. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
200
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

48. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
20
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

49. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
200
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

50. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.