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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

2. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

3. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

4. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

5. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

6. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

7. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

8. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP speakers

9. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

10. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

11. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
200

12. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Aggregator - Community
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

13. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
200
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

15. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

16. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

17. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

18. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

19. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

20. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

21. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
20
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

22. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

23. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

24. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

25. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

26. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

27. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
20
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

28. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP peers
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

29. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

30. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

31. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

32. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

33. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

34. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

35. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

36. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

37. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

38. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

39. Open
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

40. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

41. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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42. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Manually configured
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

43. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

44. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

45. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
BGP speakers

46. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

47. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

48. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

49. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

50. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.