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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Aggregator - Community
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

2. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

3. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

4. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

5. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

6. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A site with a single ISP connection.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

7. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Manually configured
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

8. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

9. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

10. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

11. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Updates are sent to the DR.

12. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

13. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

14. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

15. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

16. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
200

17. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

18. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

19. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Updates are sent to the DR.

20. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

21. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

22. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP speakers
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

23. Describe a dual-homed network.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

24. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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25. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

26. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

27. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

28. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Updates are sent to the DR.

29. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

30. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Manually configured
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

31. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

32. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

33. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

34. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

35. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

36. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

37. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

38. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

39. Keepalive
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP peers
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

40. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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41. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

42. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

43. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

44. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

45. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

46. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

47. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

48. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

49. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

50. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.