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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
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Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

2. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

3. Keepalive
BGP speakers
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

4. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

5. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP is a path-vector protocol

6. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

7. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

8. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

9. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

10. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
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The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

11. Update
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

12. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peers

13. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

14. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

15. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

16. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Updates are sent to the DR.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

17. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

18. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

19. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

20. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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21. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

22. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

23. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

24. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

25. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

26. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

27. Neighbor database
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

28. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
BGP speakers
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

29. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP speakers
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

30. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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31. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

32. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

33. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

34. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

35. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

36. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

37. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Interdomain routing

38. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

39. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

40. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

41. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

42. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

43. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

44. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

45. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP peers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

46. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Updates are sent to the DR.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

47. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

48. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

49. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

50. What does BGP stand for?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Border Gateway Protocol
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva