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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

2. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

3. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

4. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

5. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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6. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

7. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

8. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

9. Neighbor database
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

10. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

11. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

12. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

13. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

14. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

15. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

16. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

17. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

18. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

20. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

21. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
BGP peers
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

22. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

23. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

24. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

25. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

26. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

27. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

28. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

29. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

30. Update
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Manually configured
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

31. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

32. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

33. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

34. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Interdomain routing
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

35. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

36. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

37. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP speakers
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

38. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

39. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

40. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
200

41. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Aggregator - Community

42. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

43. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

44. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

45. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peers

46. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

47. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

48. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

49. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
200
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

50. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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