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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

2. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

3. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

4. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

5. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

6. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

7. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

8. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

9. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

10. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

11. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
200
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

12. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP is a path-vector protocol

14. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

15. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

16. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Updates are sent to the DR.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

17. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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18. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Aggregator - Community
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

19. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

20. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

21. Describe a multihomed network.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

22. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

23. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Interdomain routing
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

24. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

25. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

26. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

27. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

28. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

29. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

30. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Manually configured
BGP peers
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

31. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
200

32. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

33. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A site with a single ISP connection.

34. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

35. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

36. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

37. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

38. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The default cost of the default route is 1.
200
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

39. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

40. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

41. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

42. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

43. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

44. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Border Gateway Protocol

45. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

46. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

47. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

48. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

49. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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50. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

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