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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

2. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

3. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

4. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Interdomain routing
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

5. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

6. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

7. Neighbor database
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

8. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

9. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

10. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
200
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

11. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

12. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Multi Exit Discriminator.

14. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

15. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default cost of the default route is 1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

17. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

18. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

19. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Aggregator - Community
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

20. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
200
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

21. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Interdomain routing

22. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

23. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

24. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

25. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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26. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP speakers
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

27. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

28. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

29. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
200
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

30. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

31. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Interdomain routing
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

32. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Multi Exit Discriminator.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

33. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

34. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

35. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

36. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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37. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Border Gateway Protocol
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Manually configured

38. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Interdomain routing
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

39. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

40. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

41. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

42. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

43. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

44. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

45. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

46. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

47. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

48. Describe a transit AS.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

49. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

50. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}