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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

2. What does BGP stand for?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Border Gateway Protocol
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

3. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

4. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

5. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

6. Neighbor database
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

7. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

8. The four types of BGP messages.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

9. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

10. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

11. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Interdomain routing
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

12. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

13. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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14. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

15. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

16. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

17. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

18. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

19. Describe a transit AS.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

20. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

21. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Interdomain routing
200
Aggregator - Community
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

22. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

23. Routing table
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

24. Describe Internal BGP.
Aggregator - Community
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

25. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

26. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

27. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

28. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

29. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

31. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

32. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Manually configured
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

33. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

34. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

35. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Border Gateway Protocol
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

36. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP speakers
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

37. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

38. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

39. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Interdomain routing

40. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

41. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

42. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

43. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Manually configured
Updates are sent to the DR.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

44. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

45. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

46. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

47. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

48. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default cost of the default route is 1.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

49. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

50. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out