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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

2. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

3. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

4. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

5. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

6. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

7. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

8. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Updates are sent to the DR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

10. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

11. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Interdomain routing
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

12. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

13. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

14. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

15. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

16. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

17. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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18. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

19. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

20. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

21. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

22. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
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Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

23. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

24. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

25. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

26. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

27. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

28. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

29. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

30. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

31. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

32. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

33. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

34. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

35. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

36. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

37. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

38. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

39. What are the three BGP route reception options?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

40. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

41. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

42. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

43. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

44. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

45. Describe a multihomed network.
Interdomain routing
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Updates are sent to the DR.

47. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Interdomain routing
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

48. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

49. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

50. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.