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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
200
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

2. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

3. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Multi Exit Discriminator.

4. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

5. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

6. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

7. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

8. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

9. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Manually configured
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Interdomain routing

10. Routing table
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

11. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

12. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

13. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

14. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A site with a single ISP connection.

15. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
BGP speakers
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site with a single ISP connection.

16. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

17. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
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The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

18. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

19. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

20. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
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21. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

22. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

23. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

24. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

25. Open
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

26. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

27. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

28. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Manually configured
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

29. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

30. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

31. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

32. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

33. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

34. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

35. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

36. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

37. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
BGP speakers
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

38. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

39. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

40. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

41. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

42. Describe a single-homed network.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

43. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Interdomain routing
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

44. The four types of BGP messages.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

45. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

46. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

47. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

48. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

49. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

50. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
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A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.