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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

2. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site with a single ISP connection.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

3. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

4. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

5. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
200
Interdomain routing
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

6. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

7. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

8. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

9. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Manually configured
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

10. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

11. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

12. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

13. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Interdomain routing
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

14. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

15. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

16. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

17. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP speakers
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

18. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

19. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

20. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The correct command is show ip bgp.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

21. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

22. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

23. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

24. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

25. Describe a dual-homed network.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

26. Describe Internal BGP.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

27. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

28. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

29. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

30. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

31. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

32. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

33. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

34. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

35. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

36. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Interdomain routing
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

37. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

38. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

39. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

40. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

41. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Aggregator - Community

42. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

43. Describe BGP loop prevention.

44. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

45. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

46. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Manually configured
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

47. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

48. Notification
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

49. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

50. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.