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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

2. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

3. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Interdomain routing

4. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

5. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

6. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

7. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

8. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP speakers
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

9. What are the three BGP route reception options?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP peers
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

10. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

11. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Aggregator - Community
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

12. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

13. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

14. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

15. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Manually configured
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

16. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

17. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A site with a single ISP connection.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

18. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

19. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

20. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

21. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

22. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

23. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Updates are sent to the DR.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

24. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

25. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

26. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

27. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

28. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

29. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

30. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP speakers

31. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

32. What does BGP stand for?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Aggregator - Community
Border Gateway Protocol

33. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

34. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

35. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

36. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peers
Border Gateway Protocol
Updates are sent to the DR.

37. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

38. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
200
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

39. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
200
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

40. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

41. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP peers
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

42. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

43. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

44. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

45. Describe Internal BGP.
Interdomain routing
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

46. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

47. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

48. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

49. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

50. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
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