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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

2. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

3. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

4. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

5. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
BGP peers
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

6. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

7. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

8. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Interdomain routing
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP speakers
Updates are sent to the DR.

9. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

10. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

11. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

12. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

13. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

14. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

15. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

16. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

17. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Interdomain routing
The default cost of the default route is 1.

18. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

19. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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20. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

21. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
20
Manually configured
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

22. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

23. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

24. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

25. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

26. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

27. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

28. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

29. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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30. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

31. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

32. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

33. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

34. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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35. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Aggregator - Community
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

36. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

38. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

39. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

40. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

41. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
BGP peers
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

42. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

43. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

44. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

45. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

46. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

47. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

48. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

49. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Aggregator - Community
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

50. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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