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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Manually configured
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

2. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

3. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

4. Update
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

5. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

6. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

7. Keepalive
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

8. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

9. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

10. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

11. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

12. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

14. Notification
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

15. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

16. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

17. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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18. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

19. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

20. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

21. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

22. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

23. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

24. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

25. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

26. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

27. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

28. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

29. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

30. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

31. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

32. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

33. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

34. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
20
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

35. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

36. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

37. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

38. Describe a single-homed network.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

39. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

40. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

41. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

42. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Aggregator - Community
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

43. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

44. Routing table
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

45. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

46. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Manually configured
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

47. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

48. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

49. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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50. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.