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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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2. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

3. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP is a path-vector protocol

4. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

5. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

6. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

7. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

8. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

9. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Manually configured
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

10. Keepalive
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

11. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Interdomain routing
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

12. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
200
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

13. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

14. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

15. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Updates are sent to the DR.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

16. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

17. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

18. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

20. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
20
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

21. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Manually configured
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

22. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

23. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

24. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

25. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

26. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

27. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

28. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

29. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

30. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

31. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

32. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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33. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

34. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A site with a single ISP connection.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

35. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Manually configured
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

36. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

37. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The default cost of the default route is 1.

38. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

39. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Aggregator - Community
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

40. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

41. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Border Gateway Protocol
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

42. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

43. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Aggregator - Community

44. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

45. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

46. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

47. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

48. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

49. Open
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site with a single ISP connection.

50. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification