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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Aggregator - Community

2. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

3. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

4. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

5. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

6. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

7. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

8. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

9. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

10. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

11. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

12. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

13. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

14. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

15. Describe Internal BGP.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
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Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

16. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

17. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

18. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Updates are sent to the DR.

19. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

20. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

21. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

22. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP peers
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

23. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

24. Describe a transit AS.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

25. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

26. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

27. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

28. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

29. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

30. Neighbor database
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

31. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

32. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

33. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
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The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

34. Describe a dual-homed network.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

35. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
200

36. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

37. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Aggregator - Community
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

38. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

39. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

40. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

41. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

42. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

43. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

44. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
20

45. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
20
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

46. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

47. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

48. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

49. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

50. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.