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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

2. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

3. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

4. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

5. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Manually configured

6. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Aggregator - Community

7. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

8. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

9. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

10. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

11. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

12. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Border Gateway Protocol
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

13. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

14. The four types of BGP messages.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

15. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

16. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
20
BGP is a path-vector protocol

17. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
200
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

18. Open
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

19. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

20. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

21. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

22. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

23. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

24. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

25. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

26. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

27. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

28. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

29. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

30. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

31. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

32. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

33. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

34. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A site with a single ISP connection.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

35. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

36. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
200
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

37. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

38. Describe a single-homed network.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

39. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

40. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

41. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

42. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
200
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
BGP is a path-vector protocol
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

43. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

44. Keepalive
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

45. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

46. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

47. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

48. Describe a dual-homed network.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

49. Update
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Border Gateway Protocol
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

50. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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