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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

2. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

3. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

4. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

5. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

6. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

7. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP peers
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

8. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

9. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

10. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Interdomain routing
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

11. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP peers
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

12. Open
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

13. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

14. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

15. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

16. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

17. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

18. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

19. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

20. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

21. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

22. Describe a single-homed network.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

23. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

24. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

25. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

26. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

27. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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28. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

29. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
200
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

30. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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31. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Manually configured
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

32. Describe a transit AS.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

33. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

34. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Updates are sent to the DR.

35. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

36. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

37. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

38. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

39. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

40. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The correct command is show ip bgp.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

41. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Manually configured
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

42. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

43. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

44. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

45. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Multi Exit Discriminator.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

46. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

47. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

48. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

49. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

50. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva