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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

2. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.
200

3. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

4. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Aggregator - Community
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

5. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

7. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
20
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

8. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

9. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

10. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

11. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
BGP peers
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

12. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

14. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

15. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

16. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
20
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

17. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Updates are sent to the DR.

18. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

19. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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20. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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21. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

22. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

23. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

24. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP speakers

25. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

26. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

27. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

28. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

29. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

30. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

31. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

32. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

33. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

34. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Aggregator - Community
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The correct command is show ip bgp.

35. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Updates are sent to the DR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

36. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default cost of the default route is 1.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

37. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

38. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

39. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

40. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

41. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

42. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

43. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

44. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

45. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

46. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

47. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

48. What does BGP stand for?
BGP peers
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Border Gateway Protocol

49. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

50. Notification
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.