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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

2. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

3. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

4. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
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Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

5. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

6. Describe External BGP.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

7. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

8. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

9. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Manually configured
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

10. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

11. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

12. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

13. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

14. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

15. Open
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

16. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

17. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

18. Describe a transit AS.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

19. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

20. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

21. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

22. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

23. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

24. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

25. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

26. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

27. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

28. Notification
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

29. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
BGP speakers
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

30. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Interdomain routing

31. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
BGP peers
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

32. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

33. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

34. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

35. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

36. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

37. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

38. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Updates are sent to the DR.

39. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

40. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

41. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

42. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

43. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

44. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

45. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Border Gateway Protocol

46. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

47. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Manually configured
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

48. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

49. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

50. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
BGP is a path-vector protocol