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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

2. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

3. Describe a single-homed network.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

4. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

5. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

6. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

7. The four types of BGP messages.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Aggregator - Community
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
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These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Manually configured
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

9. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

10. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

11. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

12. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

13. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

14. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

15. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

16. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

17. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

18. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

19. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

20. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

21. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
BGP peers
Aggregator - Community

22. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

23. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

24. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

25. Describe Internal BGP.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

26. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

27. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

28. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

29. Neighbor database
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

30. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

31. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

32. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

33. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

34. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
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Border Gateway Protocol
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

35. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

36. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

37. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

38. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

39. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

40. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

41. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

42. Describe a multihomed network.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

43. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
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The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

44. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

45. Describe a dual-homed network.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

46. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

47. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

48. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

49. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

50. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable