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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
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Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

2. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

3. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
200
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

4. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

5. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

6. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

7. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

8. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

9. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP peers
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

10. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
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DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

11. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

13. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

14. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

15. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

16. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

17. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

18. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

19. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

20. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP peers
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21. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

22. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

23. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

24. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

25. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

26. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

27. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

28. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
200
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

29. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Interdomain routing
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

30. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

31. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
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[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

32. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Interdomain routing

33. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

34. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

35. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

36. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Interdomain routing

37. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

38. Describe a dual-homed network.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

39. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

40. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

41. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

42. Keepalive
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

43. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

44. Describe a multihomed network.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Border Gateway Protocol
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

45. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

46. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

47. Open
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

48. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

49. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

50. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.