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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

2. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

3. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

4. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

5. Describe Internal BGP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

6. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

7. Describe a single-homed network.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A site with a single ISP connection.

8. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Interdomain routing

9. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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10. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

11. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Manually configured
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

12. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

13. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A site with a single ISP connection.

14. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The correct command is show ip bgp.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

15. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

16. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

17. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

18. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

19. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

20. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP speakers

21. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

22. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

23. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

24. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

25. The four types of BGP messages.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A site with a single ISP connection.

26. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Interdomain routing
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Aggregator - Community

27. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

28. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

29. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

30. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

31. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

32. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A site with a single ISP connection.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

33. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Manually configured
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

34. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

35. Describe External BGP.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

36. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

37. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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38. Describe a dual-homed network.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

39. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

40. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Border Gateway Protocol

41. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

42. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

43. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

44. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

45. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

46. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

47. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

48. Update
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

49. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The default cost of the default route is 1.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site with a single ISP connection.

50. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.