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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the three BGP route reception options?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

2. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

3. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

4. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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5. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

6. Open
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

7. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

8. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

9. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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10. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Border Gateway Protocol
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

11. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

12. Describe Internal BGP.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

13. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

14. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

15. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

16. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

17. Keepalive
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Updates are sent to the DR.

18. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Border Gateway Protocol

19. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

20. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Manually configured
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

21. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

22. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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23. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

24. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

25. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

26. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

27. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

28. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

30. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
20
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

31. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

32. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP peers
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

33. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
200
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

34. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Aggregator - Community

35. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

36. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
200
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

37. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Aggregator - Community
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

38. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

39. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

40. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Aggregator - Community
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

41. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

42. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

43. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Interdomain routing
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

44. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

45. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peers
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

46. Describe External BGP.
BGP peers
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

47. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

48. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP speakers
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

50. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED