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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP is a path-vector protocol

2. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

3. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP speakers
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

4. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Aggregator - Community
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

5. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

6. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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7. Describe a transit AS.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

8. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

9. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

10. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
BGP peers
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

11. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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12. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

13. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

14. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Border Gateway Protocol
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

15. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

16. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Border Gateway Protocol
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

17. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

18. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

19. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

20. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peers
BGP speakers
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

21. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

22. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

23. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

24. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

25. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

26. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

27. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

28. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

29. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Manually configured

30. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

31. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Aggregator - Community
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

32. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

33. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A site with a single ISP connection.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

34. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

35. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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36. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

37. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

38. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

39. Open
Aggregator - Community
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

40. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
200

41. The four types of BGP messages.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
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Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

42. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

43. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Aggregator - Community
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

44. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

45. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

46. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
200
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP speakers

48. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

49. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Manually configured
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

50. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
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Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown