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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Notification
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

2. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

3. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP speakers

4. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
A site with a single ISP connection.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

6. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

7. Describe a multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

8. Open
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

9. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

10. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP speakers
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

11. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

12. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

13. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

14. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

15. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

16. What are the three BGP route reception options?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

17. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

18. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

19. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

20. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

21. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

22. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

23. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

24. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

25. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

26. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

27. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

28. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

29. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

30. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The correct command is show ip bgp.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

31. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
BGP peers
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

32. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

33. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

34. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

35. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

36. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A site with a single ISP connection.

37. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
20
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

38. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
20
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

39. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

40. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
200

41. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Interdomain routing
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

42. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

43. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

44. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Updates are sent to the DR.

45. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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46. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Border Gateway Protocol
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

47. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

48. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

49. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

50. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.