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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Updates are sent to the DR.

2. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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3. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

4. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

5. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

6. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP peers
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

7. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP peers

8. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

9. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

10. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

11. Neighbor database
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
BGP peers
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

12. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The correct command is show ip bgp.

13. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

14. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Aggregator - Community
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

15. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

16. Open
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP peers
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

17. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

18. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

20. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

21. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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22. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

23. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The default cost of the default route is 1.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

24. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

25. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
200

26. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The correct command is show ip bgp.

27. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

28. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

29. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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30. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
20
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

31. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

32. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Interdomain routing
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

33. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
200

34. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

35. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
20
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

36. What does BGP stand for?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

37. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
200

38. Describe a single-homed network.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A site with a single ISP connection.

39. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

40. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

41. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

42. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

43. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

44. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

45. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

46. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

47. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

48. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

49. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

50. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.