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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Update
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Manually configured
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

2. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Updates are sent to the DR.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

3. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

4. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

5. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

6. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

7. Describe Internal BGP.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

8. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

9. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Updates are sent to the DR.

10. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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11. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

12. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

13. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

14. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

15. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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16. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

17. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Multi Exit Discriminator.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

18. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Aggregator - Community
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

19. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

20. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

21. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

22. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

23. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Manually configured
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

24. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

25. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

26. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Manually configured
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

27. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

28. Open
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

29. Routing table
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

30. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

31. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

32. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

33. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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34. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

35. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

36. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Border Gateway Protocol

37. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

38. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Manually configured
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

39. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

40. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

41. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

42. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

43. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

44. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

45. Neighbor database
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

46. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A site with a single ISP connection.
Aggregator - Community

47. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

48. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

49. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Aggregator - Community
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

50. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
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Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]