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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

2. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

3. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

4. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP speakers
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

5. The four types of BGP messages.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

6. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

7. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP speakers

8. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

9. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

10. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

11. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

12. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

13. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

15. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Updates are sent to the DR.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

17. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

18. Routing table
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

19. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

20. Describe BGP loop prevention.

21. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

22. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

23. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

24. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

25. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

26. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

27. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

28. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

29. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Border Gateway Protocol
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

30. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Manually configured

31. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

32. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

33. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

34. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

35. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

36. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default cost of the default route is 1.

38. Describe Internal BGP.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
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Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

39. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
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A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

40. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

41. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

42. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peers
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

43. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

44. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

45. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

46. Describe a dual-homed network.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

47. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Interdomain routing

48. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

49. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Aggregator - Community
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

50. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP peers