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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

2. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

3. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

4. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Updates are sent to the DR.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

5. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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6. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

7. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

8. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

9. The four types of BGP messages.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

10. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

11. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
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12. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

13. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

14. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

15. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

16. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

17. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

18. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

19. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

20. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

21. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

22. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

23. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

24. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Interdomain routing
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

25. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

26. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

27. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

28. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

29. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

30. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP peers

31. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

32. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

33. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
200

34. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

35. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

36. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

37. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

38. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

39. Describe a dual-homed network.
Aggregator - Community
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

40. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

41. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

42. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

43. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

44. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

45. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

46. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

47. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

48. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

49. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
BGP peers
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

50. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Aggregator - Community
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom