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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

2. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

3. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

4. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

5. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

6. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

7. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

8. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

10. Notification
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

11. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

12. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

13. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A site with a single ISP connection.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

14. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

15. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
200
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

16. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

17. Describe Internal BGP.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

18. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

19. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

20. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

21. Describe a dual-homed network.
Interdomain routing
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

22. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

23. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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24. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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25. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

26. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

27. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
20
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

28. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

29. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
200
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

30. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

31. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
20
BGP peers

32. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Aggregator - Community

33. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

34. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

35. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

36. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

37. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

38. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

39. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Border Gateway Protocol
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

40. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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41. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

42. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The correct command is show ip bgp.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

43. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

44. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

45. Describe External BGP.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

47. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Interdomain routing

48. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

49. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

50. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Aggregator - Community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction