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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

2. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

3. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

4. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

5. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

6. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

7. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

8. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

9. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

10. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

11. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

12. What does BGP stand for?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Border Gateway Protocol
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

13. Neighbor database
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

14. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

15. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

16. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

17. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

18. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

19. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

20. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

21. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

22. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Border Gateway Protocol
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

23. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

24. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

25. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Aggregator - Community
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

26. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

27. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

28. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Aggregator - Community
BGP is a path-vector protocol

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Aggregator - Community
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

30. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

31. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

32. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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33. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

34. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

35. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

36. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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37. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

38. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

39. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

40. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

41. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

42. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

43. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

44. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

45. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

46. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

47. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

48. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

49. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

50. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask