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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

2. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

3. Keepalive
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

4. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

5. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Updates are sent to the DR.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

7. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

8. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

9. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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10. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

11. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

12. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

13. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

14. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

15. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

16. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

17. Describe External BGP.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

18. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

19. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP speakers
Updates are sent to the DR.

20. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

21. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

22. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

23. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

24. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

25. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

26. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interdomain routing
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

27. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

28. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

29. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

30. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

31. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

32. Describe a transit AS.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

33. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

34. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

35. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

36. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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37. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Aggregator - Community
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
BGP peers

38. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

39. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

40. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

41. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

42. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

43. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

44. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

45. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

46. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

47. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

48. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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49. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

50. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.