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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

2. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

3. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

4. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

5. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

6. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

7. What does BGP stand for?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

8. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

9. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

10. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

11. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

12. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

13. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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14. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

15. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

17. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

18. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Manually configured
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

19. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Interdomain routing
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

20. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

21. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
200
A site with a single ISP connection.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

22. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Manually configured
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

23. Notification
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

24. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

25. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
BGP speakers
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

26. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

27. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

28. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

29. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

30. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

31. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

32. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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33. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

34. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

35. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Updates are sent to the DR.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

36. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

37. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Aggregator - Community
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

38. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

39. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

40. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

41. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Manually configured

42. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Manually configured
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

44. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

45. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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46. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

47. Describe Internal BGP.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

48. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

49. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

50. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.