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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

2. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

3. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

4. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

5. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

6. Neighbor database
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

7. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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8. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

9. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP speakers

10. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

11. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

12. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

13. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
BGP speakers
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

14. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

15. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

16. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

17. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

18. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

19. What does BGP stand for?
Border Gateway Protocol
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

20. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

21. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

22. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

23. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

24. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Border Gateway Protocol
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

25. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

26. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

27. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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28. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

29. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

30. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Interdomain routing

31. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

32. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

33. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

34. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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35. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Border Gateway Protocol
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

36. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
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To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

37. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

38. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

39. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

40. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

41. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

42. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

43. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

44. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

45. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

46. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
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Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Interdomain routing
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

48. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

49. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

50. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.