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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

2. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

3. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

4. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

5. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

6. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

7. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

8. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

9. What does BGP stand for?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Border Gateway Protocol

10. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A site with a single ISP connection.

11. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

12. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Updates are sent to the DR.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

13. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

14. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

15. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

16. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

17. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
BGP peers
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

18. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

19. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

20. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

21. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

22. Describe a transit AS.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

23. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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24. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

25. Describe External BGP.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

26. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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27. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

28. Keepalive
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

29. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

30. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

31. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

32. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

33. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

34. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

35. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
20
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

36. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Updates are sent to the DR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

37. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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38. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

39. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

40. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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41. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

42. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

43. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

44. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Aggregator - Community
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

45. The four types of BGP messages.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

46. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

47. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Updates are sent to the DR.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

48. Describe a dual-homed network.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

49. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

50. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.