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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

2. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Interdomain routing
A site with a single ISP connection.

3. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

4. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

5. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

7. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

8. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Aggregator - Community

9. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

10. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

11. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

12. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

13. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

14. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

15. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
BGP peers

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP peers

17. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

18. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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19. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

20. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

21. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

22. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

23. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

24. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

25. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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26. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

27. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Border Gateway Protocol
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

28. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

29. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

30. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

31. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

33. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

34. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

35. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

36. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

37. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

38. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

39. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

40. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

41. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Manually configured
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

42. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

43. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

44. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
BGP speakers
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

45. Describe Internal BGP.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

46. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

47. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

48. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

49. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.