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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Manually configured
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

2. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

3. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

4. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

5. Notification
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

7. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

8. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

9. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

10. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

11. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Manually configured
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

12. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

13. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site with a single ISP connection.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

14. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

15. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Interdomain routing
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

16. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

17. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP speakers

18. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

19. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

20. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

21. Update
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP peers
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

22. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

23. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

24. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

25. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

26. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

27. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

28. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Aggregator - Community
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

29. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

30. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

31. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

32. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

33. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

34. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

35. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

36. Neighbor database
20
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

37. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP peers
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

38. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

39. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Border Gateway Protocol
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

40. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

41. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

42. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

43. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP peers

44. What are the three BGP route reception options?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

45. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

46. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
BGP peers

47. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

48. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

49. Keepalive
Manually configured
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Interdomain routing

50. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.