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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

2. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

3. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

4. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

5. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Border Gateway Protocol
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

6. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

7. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

8. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

9. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

10. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
200
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

11. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

12. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

13. Routing table
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

14. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

15. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

16. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

17. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

18. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

19. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

20. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

21. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

22. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

23. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

24. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

25. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

26. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

27. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

28. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

29. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

30. Describe External BGP.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

31. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Aggregator - Community
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

32. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

33. Describe BGP loop prevention.

34. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

35. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

36. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

37. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

38. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

39. Describe a transit AS.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

40. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Interdomain routing
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

41. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

42. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

43. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
20
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

44. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

45. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

46. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

47. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

48. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

49. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.