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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

2. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

3. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Aggregator - Community
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

4. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

5. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

6. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

7. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

8. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

9. Describe a dual-homed network.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

10. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

11. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

12. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

13. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

14. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

15. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Manually configured
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Border Gateway Protocol

16. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

17. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

18. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

19. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

20. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

21. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The correct command is show ip bgp.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

22. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
20
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

23. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

24. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

25. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

26. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

27. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

28. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

29. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Manually configured
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

30. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

31. Describe Internal BGP.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

32. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

33. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

34. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

35. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

36. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peers
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

37. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

38. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

39. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

40. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A site with a single ISP connection.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

41. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

42. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

43. Keepalive
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

44. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

45. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

46. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP peers

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

48. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Manually configured

49. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

50. Routing table
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.