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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

2. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

3. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default cost of the default route is 1.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

4. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

5. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
200
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

6. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

7. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

8. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

9. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

10. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

11. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Manually configured

12. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

13. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

14. Describe a dual-homed network.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

15. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

16. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

17. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
200
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

18. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

19. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

20. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

21. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

22. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

23. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

24. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

25. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

26. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

27. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

28. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

29. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

30. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

31. Routing table
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

32. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

33. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

34. What is the term for routers running BGP?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
BGP speakers

35. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

36. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

37. Update
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

38. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

39. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

40. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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41. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

42. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

43. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
200
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing

44. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

45. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

46. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Interdomain routing
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

47. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

48. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

49. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

50. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.