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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

2. Describe Internal BGP.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

3. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peers

4. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

5. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

7. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

8. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

9. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Interdomain routing

10. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

11. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

12. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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13. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Updates are sent to the DR.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP peers

14. Neighbor database
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

15. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

16. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

17. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

18. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

19. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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20. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
200

21. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

22. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

23. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

24. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.

25. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

26. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
BGP speakers
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

27. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

28. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

29. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP speakers
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

30. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

31. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

32. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

33. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
200
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Multi Exit Discriminator.

34. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

35. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

36. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

37. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Manually configured

38. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

39. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

40. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

41. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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42. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

43. Describe External BGP.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Interdomain routing
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

44. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

45. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

46. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The default cost of the default route is 1.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

47. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

48. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Aggregator - Community

49. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

50. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.