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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe BGP loop prevention.

2. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Manually configured

3. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

4. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

5. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Manually configured
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

6. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
20
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

7. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

8. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
200
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

9. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

10. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Updates are sent to the DR.

11. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Manually configured
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

12. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

13. Describe Internal BGP.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

14. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
200

15. Keepalive
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

17. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

18. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

19. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

20. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Border Gateway Protocol
Aggregator - Community
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

21. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
200
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

22. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

23. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
20
BGP is a path-vector protocol
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

24. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Updates are sent to the DR.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

25. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

26. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

27. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

28. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

29. Describe a single-homed network.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A site with a single ISP connection.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

30. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

31. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

32. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

33. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

34. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

35. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

36. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

37. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

38. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

39. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

40. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

41. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

42. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

43. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

44. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

45. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A site with a single ISP connection.

46. Open
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

47. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

48. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

49. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable