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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe a dual-homed network.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

2. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

3. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

4. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

5. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Aggregator - Community
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

6. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

7. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

8. Open
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Border Gateway Protocol
The correct command is show ip bgp.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

9. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

10. Describe a multihomed network.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

11. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
20

12. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

13. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

14. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

15. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Manually configured

16. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

17. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Aggregator - Community
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

18. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

19. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

20. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

21. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

22. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

23. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Border Gateway Protocol

24. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

25. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

26. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

27. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

28. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

29. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

30. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

31. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

32. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

33. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

34. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

35. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

36. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

37. Notification
Multi Exit Discriminator.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

38. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
20
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

39. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

40. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

41. What does BGP stand for?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Border Gateway Protocol

42. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

43. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

44. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

45. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

46. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

47. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

48. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

49. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

50. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.