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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Aggregator - Community
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

2. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

3. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

4. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

5. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

7. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Manually configured
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

8. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

9. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

10. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

11. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

12. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

13. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
20
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

14. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

15. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

16. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

17. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

18. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

19. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
200

20. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

21. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

22. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

23. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

24. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

25. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
20
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

26. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

27. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
20
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

28. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

29. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

30. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

31. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

32. Describe a single-homed network.
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.

33. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

34. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

35. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

36. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

37. Describe BGP loop prevention.

38. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Interdomain routing
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

39. Describe a transit AS.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

40. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

41. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
20
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
BGP peers

42. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
200
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Interdomain routing

43. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A site with a single ISP connection.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

44. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

45. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

46. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

47. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

48. Update
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

49. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Border Gateway Protocol

50. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election