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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Routing table
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

2. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Manually configured

3. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

4. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

5. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

6. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

7. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

8. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

9. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

10. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

11. Describe a multihomed network.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

12. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

14. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

15. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

16. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

17. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

18. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Updates are sent to the DR.
20
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

19. Describe Internal BGP.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

20. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

21. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

22. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

23. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Interdomain routing

24. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

25. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP speakers

26. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

27. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

28. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Updates are sent to the DR.

29. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
BGP speakers
BGP peers
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

30. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

31. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

32. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

33. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

34. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

35. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

36. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

37. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

38. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

39. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

40. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

41. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Aggregator - Community

42. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

43. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

44. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

45. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

46. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

47. What does BGP stand for?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Border Gateway Protocol
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

48. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

49. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

50. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.