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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
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Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

2. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

3. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

4. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

5. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

6. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

7. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

8. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

9. Routing table
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

10. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

11. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

12. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

13. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

14. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

15. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

16. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

17. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

18. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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19. Keepalive
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

20. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

21. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

22. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

23. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

24. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP speakers
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

25. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

26. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

27. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

28. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
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Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

29. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

30. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

31. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Interdomain routing

32. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

33. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

34. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
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Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

35. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

36. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

37. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

38. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

39. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

40. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

41. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
BGP peers
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

42. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

43. Describe a transit AS.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Manually configured

44. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

45. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

46. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

47. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
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Updates are sent to the DR.

48. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

50. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
200
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.