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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

2. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Interdomain routing

3. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
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4. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

5. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

6. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

7. Neighbor database
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

8. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
200
A site with a single ISP connection.

9. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

10. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

11. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

12. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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13. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

14. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

15. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

16. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

17. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

18. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

19. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

20. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
A site with a single ISP connection.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

21. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

22. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

24. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
200

25. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

26. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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27. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Updates are sent to the DR.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

28. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

29. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

30. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

31. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

32. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

33. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

34. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

35. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
BGP speakers

36. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

37. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

38. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

39. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Interdomain routing
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

40. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Aggregator - Community

41. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

42. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Manually configured

43. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

44. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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45. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

46. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

47. Update
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

48. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
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49. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP speakers
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

50. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.