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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

2. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

3. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

4. Describe a dual-homed network.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

5. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

6. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

7. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
200
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

8. Describe a transit AS.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

9. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

10. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

11. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

12. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

13. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

14. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP peers

15. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Manually configured
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

16. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

17. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
A site with a single ISP connection.

18. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

19. Describe a single-homed network.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

20. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

21. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

22. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Interdomain routing
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

23. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

24. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

25. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
200
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

26. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

27. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

28. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

29. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

30. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
20
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

31. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

32. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

33. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

34. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

35. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

36. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

37. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

38. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

39. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

40. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

41. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

42. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

43. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
200
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

44. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

45. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

46. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

47. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

48. What does BGP stand for?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Border Gateway Protocol

49. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

50. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.