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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
BGP peers
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

2. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

3. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

4. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

5. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Aggregator - Community
Interdomain routing
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

6. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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7. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

8. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
BGP peers
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

9. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

10. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

11. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Border Gateway Protocol
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

12. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

13. What are the three BGP route reception options?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

14. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

15. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

16. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

17. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Manually configured
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

18. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

19. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

20. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

21. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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22. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

23. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Aggregator - Community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

24. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Manually configured
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

25. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

26. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Manually configured
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

27. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

28. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

29. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Manually configured
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

30. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

31. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

32. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

33. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP peers
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

34. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

35. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

36. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

37. Describe a single-homed network.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

38. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

39. The four types of BGP messages.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Aggregator - Community

40. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

41. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

42. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

43. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

44. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

45. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

46. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

47. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

48. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

49. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

50. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.