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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

2. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

3. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

4. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

5. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

6. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

7. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

8. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

9. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

10. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

11. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

12. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

13. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

14. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

15. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

16. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

17. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

18. Keepalive
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

19. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

20. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

21. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

22. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

23. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

24. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

25. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

26. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

27. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

28. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

29. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Manually configured
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

30. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

31. Describe a transit AS.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

33. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

34. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

35. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

36. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

37. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

38. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

39. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

40. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Aggregator - Community
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

41. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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42. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

43. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

44. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

45. Describe a dual-homed network.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

46. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

47. Routing table
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

48. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

49. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

50. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Border Gateway Protocol