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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

2. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

3. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
BGP speakers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

4. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
BGP peers
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

5. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

6. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

7. Describe a multihomed network.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

8. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Multi Exit Discriminator.

9. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Interdomain routing
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

10. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

11. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Updates are sent to the DR.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

12. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

13. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

14. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

15. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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16. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

17. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

18. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

19. Notification
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

20. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
20
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

21. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

22. Routing table
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
20
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

23. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

24. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

25. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Aggregator - Community
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

26. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

27. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

28. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP speakers
Multi Exit Discriminator.

29. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

30. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

31. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

32. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
200
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

33. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

34. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

35. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

36. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

37. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

38. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

39. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

40. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

41. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP is a path-vector protocol
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

42. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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43. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

44. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

45. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Border Gateway Protocol
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

46. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

47. Describe a single-homed network.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
A site with a single ISP connection.

48. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

49. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

50. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply