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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

2. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Updates are sent to the DR.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

3. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

4. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

5. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

6. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

7. Keepalive
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
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The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

8. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

9. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

10. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

11. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP speakers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
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12. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
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Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Aggregator - Community

13. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

14. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

15. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

16. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

17. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

18. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

19. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

20. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP speakers
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

21. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
BGP speakers
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

22. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

23. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

24. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

25. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default cost of the default route is 1.

26. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

27. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

28. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

29. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

30. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Aggregator - Community
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

31. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Interdomain routing

32. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

33. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

34. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

35. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

36. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
A site with a single ISP connection.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

37. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

38. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

39. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

40. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

41. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

42. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

43. Notification
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Updates are sent to the DR.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

44. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Border Gateway Protocol
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

45. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

46. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

47. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

48. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
BGP peers

49. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

50. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
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