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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

2. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

3. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

4. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

5. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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6. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

7. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

8. Describe a single-homed network.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

9. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

10. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

11. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

12. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP speakers
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

14. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

15. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

16. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

17. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

18. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Aggregator - Community
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

19. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

20. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

21. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

22. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

23. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

24. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

25. Describe a transit AS.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

26. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Aggregator - Community

27. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

28. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
20
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

29. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

30. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

31. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

32. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
200
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

33. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

34. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
BGP peers

35. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
20
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

36. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

37. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

38. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

39. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

40. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

41. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

42. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

43. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
200
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

44. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

45. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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46. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

47. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

48. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

49. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

50. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.