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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

2. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

3. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Interdomain routing
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

4. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

5. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

6. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

7. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

8. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Interdomain routing
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

9. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

10. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

11. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

12. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

14. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

15. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

16. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Aggregator - Community

17. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

18. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Interdomain routing
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

19. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

20. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

21. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

22. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

23. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

24. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

25. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

26. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

27. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

28. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP speakers
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

29. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

30. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

31. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

33. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

34. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

35. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
20
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

36. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

37. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

38. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Interdomain routing
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

39. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

40. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
200

41. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

42. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

43. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

44. Describe a dual-homed network.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

45. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

46. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

47. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Border Gateway Protocol
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

48. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing

49. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

50. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.