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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

2. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

3. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

4. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

5. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

6. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

7. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

8. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

9. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

10. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
BGP speakers
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

11. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

12. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

13. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

14. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

15. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

16. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

17. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

18. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
A site with a single ISP connection.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

19. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

20. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

21. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

22. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

23. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

24. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

25. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

26. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

27. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

28. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
200
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

29. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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30. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

31. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

32. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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33. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

34. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

35. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP peers
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

36. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

37. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Border Gateway Protocol
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

38. What are the three BGP route reception options?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

39. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The correct command is show ip bgp.

40. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

41. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Border Gateway Protocol
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A site with a single ISP connection.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

42. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

43. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

44. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

45. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

46. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The correct command is show ip bgp.
200
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

47. Routing table
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

48. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

49. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

50. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.