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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

2. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

3. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
Updates are sent to the DR.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

4. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

5. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

6. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

7. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

8. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A site with a single ISP connection.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

9. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Interdomain routing
20
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

10. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

11. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

12. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

13. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

14. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

15. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

16. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

17. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

18. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

19. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

20. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
Aggregator - Community
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

21. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

22. Describe Internal BGP.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

23. Describe a multihomed network.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

24. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

25. Describe a transit AS.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Interdomain routing

26. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

27. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

28. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

29. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

30. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

31. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

32. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

33. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

34. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

35. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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36. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

37. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

38. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

39. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

40. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

41. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
BGP peers
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

42. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
200
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

43. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

44. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

45. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

46. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

47. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Border Gateway Protocol
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

48. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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49. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.