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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

2. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

3. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

4. What is the term for routers running BGP?
BGP speakers
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A site with a single ISP connection.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

5. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

6. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.

7. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
200
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

8. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

9. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Manually configured
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

10. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

11. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

12. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

13. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

14. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Updates are sent to the DR.

15. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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16. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Aggregator - Community
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

17. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

18. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

19. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
BGP speakers

20. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

21. Neighbor database
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

22. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

23. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

24. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
BGP peers
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

25. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

26. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

27. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

28. Describe a transit AS.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

29. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

30. Notification
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

31. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

33. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

34. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

35. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

36. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

37. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

38. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

39. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

40. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

41. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

42. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

43. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

44. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Aggregator - Community
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

45. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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46. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

47. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

48. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

49. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

50. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.