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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe a transit AS.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Border Gateway Protocol

2. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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3. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

4. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

5. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

6. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

7. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

8. Update
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

9. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

10. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Multi Exit Discriminator.

11. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

12. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
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For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

13. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Border Gateway Protocol
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

14. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

15. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
200
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

16. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

17. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

18. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

19. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

20. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

21. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

22. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Interdomain routing
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

23. Describe a single-homed network.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Updates are sent to the DR.
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

24. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

25. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
BGP peers
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

26. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A site with a single ISP connection.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

27. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

28. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Manually configured

29. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

30. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

31. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

32. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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33. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

34. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

35. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Border Gateway Protocol
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

36. Keepalive
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

37. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Manually configured
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

38. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
Interdomain routing
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

39. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

40. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Interdomain routing
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

41. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

42. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

43. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
Aggregator - Community
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

44. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP peers

45. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

46. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

47. Describe Internal BGP.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
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IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

48. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
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Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

49. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

50. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election