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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

2. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

3. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

4. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

5. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

6. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

7. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Border Gateway Protocol
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

8. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Border Gateway Protocol

9. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

10. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

11. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

12. Describe a single-homed network.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

13. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.

14. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

15. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
Manually configured
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

16. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

17. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
200
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

18. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

19. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

20. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Interdomain routing
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
200

21. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

22. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

23. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

24. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

25. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

26. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

27. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

28. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

29. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

30. What does BGP stand for?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Border Gateway Protocol

31. Notification
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

32. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

33. Describe External BGP.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP peers
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

34. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

35. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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36. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

37. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Border Gateway Protocol
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

38. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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39. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

40. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

41. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

42. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

43. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Aggregator - Community
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

44. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

45. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Interdomain routing
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

46. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

47. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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48. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

49. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Interdomain routing
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.