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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

2. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

3. Describe a dual-homed network.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

4. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

5. Describe External BGP.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Manually configured
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

6. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

7. Routing table
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

8. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A site with a single ISP connection.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

9. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

10. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Updates are sent to the DR.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

11. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

12. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

13. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

14. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
20
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

15. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

16. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP speakers
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

17. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

18. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
A site with a single ISP connection.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

19. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

20. Describe a single-homed network.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
A site with a single ISP connection.

21. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

22. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

23. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Aggregator - Community
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

24. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

25. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

26. Neighbor database
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

27. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

28. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

29. Describe Internal BGP.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

30. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

31. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

32. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The default cost of the default route is 1.

33. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

34. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
BGP peers

35. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

36. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

37. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

38. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

39. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

40. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

41. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

42. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

43. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

44. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

45. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

46. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

47. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP speakers
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

48. Open
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

49. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

50. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.