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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

2. Describe a single-homed network.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A site with a single ISP connection.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

3. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

4. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

5. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

6. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
20
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

7. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

8. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

9. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
20
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

10. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

11. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

12. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The default cost of the default route is 1.

13. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

14. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

15. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
BGP peers

16. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

17. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Border Gateway Protocol
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

18. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

19. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

20. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

21. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

22. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

23. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

24. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

25. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
BGP speakers
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

26. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

27. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

28. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

29. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

30. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

31. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

32. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

33. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

34. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

35. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
20
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Border Gateway Protocol

36. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

37. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

38. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

39. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

40. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP peers

41. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
200
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

42. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

43. Describe a multihomed network.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

44. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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45. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

46. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

47. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

48. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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49. Describe a transit AS.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

50. What is the term for routers running BGP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP speakers
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.