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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe Internal BGP.
Interdomain routing
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

2. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

3. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

4. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

5. Neighbor database
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

6. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

7. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

8. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

9. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site with a single ISP connection.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

10. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

11. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

12. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

13. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

14. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

15. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

16. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP peers
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

17. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Updates are sent to the DR.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

18. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

19. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

20. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

21. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

22. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

23. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

24. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

25. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

26. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

27. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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28. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

29. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

30. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

31. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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32. Notification
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

33. Update
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

34. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

35. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

36. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

37. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

38. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

39. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
20
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

40. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

41. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Updates are sent to the DR.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

42. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

43. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

44. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

45. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Manually configured

46. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Updates are sent to the DR.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

47. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

48. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

49. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

50. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction