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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Neighbor database
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

2. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

3. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

4. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

5. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

6. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.

7. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

8. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

9. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

10. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

11. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Manually configured
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

12. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

13. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
200
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

14. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Updates are sent to the DR.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

15. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

16. What are the three BGP route reception options?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

17. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

18. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

19. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

20. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

21. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

22. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

23. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

24. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
200
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

25. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

26. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

27. Open
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

28. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

29. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
BGP speakers
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

30. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

31. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

32. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

33. Describe a transit AS.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

34. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
20
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

35. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

36. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

37. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

38. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

39. Routing table
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

40. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

41. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

42. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Manually configured
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

44. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Interdomain routing
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

45. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
20
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

46. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Multi Exit Discriminator.

47. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

48. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

49. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

50. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.