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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

2. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

3. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

4. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

5. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

6. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
200
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

7. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

8. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Manually configured
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

9. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

10. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

11. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Aggregator - Community
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

12. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

13. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

14. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

15. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

16. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

17. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

18. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

19. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer

20. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

21. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
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22. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

23. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

24. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
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This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
200

25. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

26. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

27. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

28. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

29. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
A site with a single ISP connection.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

30. Describe Internal BGP.
Updates are sent to the DR.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

31. Keepalive
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

32. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
BGP speakers

33. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

34. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

35. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

36. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

37. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Border Gateway Protocol

38. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

39. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

40. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

41. Describe External BGP.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

42. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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43. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
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The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

44. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

45. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

46. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

47. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

48. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

49. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP speakers

50. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.