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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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2. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

3. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

4. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

5. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Manually configured
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

7. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

8. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

9. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

10. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

11. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

12. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

13. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
BGP peers

14. Describe a single-homed network.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

15. Describe a transit AS.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

17. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

18. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

19. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

20. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

21. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

22. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

23. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

24. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

25. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

26. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The correct command is show ip bgp.

27. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
A site with a single ISP connection.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Updates are sent to the DR.

28. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

29. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

30. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
A site with a single ISP connection.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

31. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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32. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

33. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

34. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

35. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

36. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Updates are sent to the DR.

37. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
A site with a single ISP connection.

38. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
BGP peers
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

39. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

40. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

41. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.

42. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

43. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
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For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

44. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

45. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

46. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

47. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

48. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Border Gateway Protocol
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

49. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

50. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.