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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Describe External BGP.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

2. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Border Gateway Protocol
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

3. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

4. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

5. Describe a single-homed network.
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These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

6. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

7. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

8. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP peers

9. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

10. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
20
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP peers
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

11. You can manipulate the administrative distance of three different types of OSPF routes. What are the three types?
200
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

12. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.

13. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

14. Describe a multihomed network.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

15. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

16. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

17. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

18. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

19. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

20. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The default cost of the default route is 1.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

21. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

22. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

23. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

24. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

25. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

26. The four types of BGP messages.
Updates are sent to the DR.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)

27. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

28. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

29. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Aggregator - Community
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

30. Update
Updates are sent to the DR.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

31. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

32. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

33. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

34. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

35. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

36. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

37. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply

38. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

39. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

40. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

41. Describe a dual-homed network.
BGP speakers
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

42. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

43. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Manually configured

44. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

45. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
BGP speakers
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

46. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

47. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

48. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Updates are sent to the DR.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

49. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

50. Notification
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
20
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.