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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

2. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
200
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP is a path-vector protocol

3. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
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The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

4. The four types of BGP messages.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
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A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

5. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

6. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

7. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

8. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

9. You are considering designing an area as a stub area in OSPF. Which LSA types will still flow in this area?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

10. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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11. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

12. Routing table
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
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EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

14. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

15. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

16. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
A site with a single ISP connection.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

17. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Manually configured
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

18. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

19. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

20. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

21. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

22. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

23. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

24. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

25. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

26. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]

27. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

28. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

29. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

30. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

31. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

32. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP speakers
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

33. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Interdomain routing

34. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Interdomain routing
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

35. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Aggregator - Community

36. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

37. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

38. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Multi Exit Discriminator.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

39. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

40. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

41. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
200
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

42. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

43. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

44. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

45. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
200

46. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

47. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

48. Describe External BGP.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.

49. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

50. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.