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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Routing table
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

2. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
Multi Exit Discriminator.

3. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

4. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

5. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

6. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

7. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

8. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

9. What is the effect of the network backdoor command in BGP?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
BGP speakers
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

10. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

11. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

12. Notification
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

13. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
BGP speakers

14. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

15. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

16. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

17. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

18. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

19. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

20. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.

21. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

22. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Interdomain routing

23. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

24. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

25. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

26. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

27. Describe Internal BGP.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

28. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

29. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

30. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

31. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

32. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

33. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

34. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Interdomain routing
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

35. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

36. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

37. What does BGP stand for?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP is a path-vector protocol

38. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

39. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

40. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Aggregator - Community
200
A site with a single ISP connection.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

41. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

42. Describe a single-homed network.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A site with a single ISP connection.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

43. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

44. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

45. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Interdomain routing
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

46. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

47. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Updates are sent to the DR.

48. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
BGP speakers
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}

50. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.