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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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2. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

3. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Interdomain routing

4. Neighbor database
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

5. Update
200
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

6. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

7. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
200
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

8. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

9. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

10. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

11. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

12. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

13. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

14. Describe a dual-homed network.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

15. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.

16. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

17. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

18. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

19. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
200
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

20. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Manually configured
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

21. What does BGP stand for?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Border Gateway Protocol
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

22. Notification
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

23. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
BGP speakers
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

24. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

25. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

26. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

27. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Manually configured

28. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

29. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Multi Exit Discriminator.

30. Describe a single-homed network.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A site with a single ISP connection.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction

31. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.

32. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
Updates are sent to the DR.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

33. Open
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

34. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

35. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

36. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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37. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

38. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate

39. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
BGP speakers
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

40. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

41. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

42. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

43. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

44. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

45. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
Interdomain routing
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

46. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

47. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

48. Describe a transit AS.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
200
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

49. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

50. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.