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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.

2. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

3. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
A site with a single ISP connection.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

4. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Manually configured
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

5. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

6. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

7. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Updates are sent to the DR.

8. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

9. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

10. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

11. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

12. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom

13. BGP database - or Routing Information Base
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.

14. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

15. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.

16. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

17. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

18. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

19. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
Manually configured
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

20. What are the three BGP route reception options?
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

21. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A site with a single ISP connection.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

22. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

23. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Updates are sent to the DR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

24. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

25. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP peers
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

26. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

27. What is the term for routing between Autonomous Systems?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Interdomain routing
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

28. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

29. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

30. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

31. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

32. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Manually configured
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

33. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

34. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

35. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

36. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
BGP peers
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

37. Describe Internal BGP.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

38. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

39. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.

40. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Aggregator - Community
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

41. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

42. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
20
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

43. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

44. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

45. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

46. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

47. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

48. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

49. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

50. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons: