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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

2. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
BGP speakers
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

3. How do you override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface?
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

4. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

5. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer

6. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

7. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

8. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

9. Describe a multihomed network.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

10. What is the term for routers running BGP?
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
BGP speakers
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

11. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.

12. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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13. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

14. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

15. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

16. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.

17. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

18. What is the correct router configuration command that must be issued on all routers in an OSPF area to use the strongest authentication method possible?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

19. Neighbor database
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

20. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
BGP peers
The default cost of the default route is 1.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

21. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
Updates are sent to the DR.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

22. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

23. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
200
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

24. You are considering the use of a virtual link to connect an OSPF area to the backbone. This link is configured between two ABRs. These ABRs must not be part of what type of area?
A site with a single ISP connection.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

25. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

26. Open
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

27. Update
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

28. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Manually configured
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

29. Describe External BGP.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

30. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

31. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

32. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

33. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

34. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Aggregator - Community
The default cost of the default route is 1.

35. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.

36. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

37. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

38. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

39. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

40. Name three Mandatory Well-Known BGP attributes.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

41. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

42. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

43. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

44. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
A site with a single ISP connection.

45. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

46. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

47. Describe a single-homed network.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
A site with a single ISP connection.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

48. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

49. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.

50. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Multi Exit Discriminator.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.