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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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2. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
A site with a single ISP connection.
200

3. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

4. What is the correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
BGP peers

5. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

6. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

7. To configure an OSPF area as Totally Stubby - which systems need to have the no-summary keyword configured?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

8. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Manually configured
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

9. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

10. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Border Gateway Protocol
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

11. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP peers
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.

12. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

13. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

14. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
20

15. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

16. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

17. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

18. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
The default cost of the default route is 1.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

19. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.

20. What does BGP stand for?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Border Gateway Protocol
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

21. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.

22. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

23. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

24. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

25. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

26. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

27. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

28. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.

29. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

30. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

31. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

32. Describe Internal BGP.
Border Gateway Protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

33. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.

34. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

35. What is the default cost of the default route generated by the Totally Stubby configuration of OSPF area?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

36. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

37. Update
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

38. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.

39. Over which IP protocol does BGP communicate?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

40. Keepalive
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

41. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out

42. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

43. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

44. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

45. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.

46. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

47. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Aggregator - Community
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

48. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

49. Describe External BGP.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

50. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community