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CCNP Route

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

2. What are the three BGP route reception options?
BGP peers
Aggregator - Community
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

3. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Aggregator - Community

4. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
BGP peers
Updates are sent to the DR.
The default cost of the default route is 1.

5. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

6. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

7. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP is a path-vector protocol

8. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.

9. What does a Type 5 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

10. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
200
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

11. Given the fact that the BGP route selection process begins by excluding any route with an inaccessible next hop - What is the next route selection criteria that is used?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

12. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

13. What is the command to configure a router as a BGP route reflector?
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

14. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

15. What is the Advertised Distance (AD) in EIGRP?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary

16. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Interdomain routing
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

17. You are considering the usage of manual route summarization in your EIGRP network. How is the metric calculated for the summary route.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.

18. Routing table
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

19. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

20. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

21. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

22. For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

23. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.

24. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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25. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

26. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

27. How can you change the amount of bandwidth that EIGRP consumes on an interface?
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Multi Exit Discriminator.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.

28. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

29. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

30. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

31. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

32. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
BGP peers
Updates are sent to the DR.

33. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

34. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
20
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

35. Update
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

36. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
BGP peers
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

37. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.

38. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

39. When an area is configured as Totally Stubby - what LSAs are flooded into the area?
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

40. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

41. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Manually configured

42. What are the three possible origin codes as specified by the origin attribute?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

43. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

44. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

45. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.
BGP speakers
200
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

46. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
Updates are sent to the DR.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

47. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

48. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.

49. What OSPF-related command allows you to reset the refbw value used in the formula for OSPF cost calculation?
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

50. Identify the command that can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment.
BGP speakers
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.