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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

2. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

3. What does BGP stand for?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
Border Gateway Protocol
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

4. Describe Internal BGP.
A site with a single ISP connection.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.

5. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
Interdomain routing
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

6. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
BGP peers
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

7. What command do you use in OSPF to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR?
Aggregator - Community
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O IA route designator. What does this signify?
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate

9. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
20
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

10. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

11. Name at least two reasons that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the INIT state:
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

12. How can a router qualify as a feasible successor in EIGRP?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command

13. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

14. Describe a dual-homed network.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the following command to configure inter-area route summarization on the ABR: Router(config-router)# area area-id range address mask
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

15. What is the default Hello interval for OSPF in a LAN?
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

16. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown

17. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.

18. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

19. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

20. You have local BGP routing policies you can enact - and you have global autonomous system policies that you can implement. What is the purpose of local preference - local or global?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.

21. When a BGP router receives an update from an EBGP neighbor - it must pass that update to its IBGP neighbors without changing the next-hop attribute. Therefore - IBGP routers must have a route to the network connecting their autonomous system to that
The default cost of the default route is 1.
BGP peers
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

22. By default - how much bandwidth does EIGRP consume on an interface for its operations?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.

23. In a LAN - with which router(s) does a DROTHER form an adjacency?
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

24. The four types of BGP messages.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
BGP is a path-vector protocol
A site with a single ISP connection.

25. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

26. Routing table
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
A list of paths to each network used by the router - and the next hop for each network. To view it - use the show ip route command.

27. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Aggregator - Community
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

28. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Manually configured
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

29. What is the administrative distance for IBGP?
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
200
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

30. What is the Feasible Distance (FD) value in EIGRP?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

31. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.

32. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

33. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.
For the Point-to-multipoint RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.

34. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

35. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

36. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

37. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

38. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

39. Describe External BGP.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

40. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

41. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown

42. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election

43. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

44. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

45. Open
Multi Exit Discriminator.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in

46. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

47. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
A site with a single ISP connection.

48. Notification
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

49. Name at least one reason why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the LOADING state.
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet
200

50. What is the purpose of the Type 2 DBD packet?
A site with a single ISP connection.
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost