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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Why might an OSPF neighbor be stuck in the 2-WAY state?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

2. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
BGP peers
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.

3. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

4. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

5. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
Multi Exit Discriminator.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

6. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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7. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

8. Describe a transit AS.
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The AS External (Type 5) LSAs advertise an external destination or a default route to an external destination. These LSAs are originated by ASBRs. They are flooded throughout the autonomous system.

9. Notification
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

10. What is the default link-state advertisement (LSA) aging timer?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required

11. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.

12. What is the administrative distance for EBGP?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
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These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

13. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

14. The metric of EIGRP is compatible with the metric of the earlier Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP). How do you convert the IGRP metric to the form of EIGRP?
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

15. You need to configure BGP community propagation for a large number of BGP neighbors. What is the ideal mechanism to use to assist with this configuration?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.

16. Describe External BGP.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.

17. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Aggregator - Community
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

18. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
BGP is a path-vector protocol
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

19. You need to distribute select BGP prefix information as specified in a prefix-list. What command do you use to enact this?
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.
Router(config-router)# neighbor {ip-address | peer-group-name} prefix-list prefix-listname {in | out}
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

20. What IP protocol number is used by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
OSPF uses IP protocol number 89.
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

21. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Updates are sent to the DR.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Manually configured
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

22. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Interdomain routing

23. What is the IP protocol number used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
EIGRP uses IP protocol number 88.

24. What is the default value of the MED attribute?
A site with a single ISP connection.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.

25. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

26. For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ - DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Aggregator - Community
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]

27. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva

28. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

29. What does a Type 3 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

30. What is the command that you use in EIGRP to control the load balancing across unequal cost paths?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
Use the variance command in EIGRP to control load balancing behavior[md]potentially across unequal bandwidth links.

31. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.

32. You are considering manipulating the K values on an EIGRP router. Which routers in the EIGRP domain must have this configuration made?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You must manipulate the K values on all routers if you plan to manipulate them on one.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.

33. You have a serial point-to-point connection in your OSPF-enabled WAN environment. Is there a DR/BDR election process in this environment by default?
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
BGP speakers

34. Name two Discretionary Well-Known BGP attributes.
The default cost of the default route is 1.
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Aggregator - Community
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

35. What is the term for routers running BGP?
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
BGP speakers
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A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

36. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
Manually configured
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

37. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.

38. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

39. What does a Type 7 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification

40. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.

41. What does a Type 1 LSA describe and Where is this LSA flooded?

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42. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

43. The four types of BGP messages.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

44. What does a router do if that router does not support BGP communities and a route update appears with community information?
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.

45. How can you temporarily disable a BGP neighborship?
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

46. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
A site with a single ISP connection.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.

47. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
The minimum metric of the specific routes is used as the metric of the summary route.
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment

48. You are considering the use of route maps in BGP for filtering purposes. Name at least five options for match clause criteria.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

49. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]

50. What is the correct command to view the BGP table on the local router?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.