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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

2. How often are Hello packets sent on a point-to-point subinterface in an EIGRP environment?
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

3. You need to suppress the periodic Hellos so that an ISDN link is not constantly enabled in a dial-on-demand routing (DDR) environment. What feature of OSPF should you use?
The NSSA External (Type 7) LSA is almost identical to a Type 5 AS External LSA - yet it is used to create Not-So-Stubby Areas. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA - and an NSSA ABR translates it into a Type 5 LSA - which gets propagated into the OSPF dom
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
On-demand circuit is an enhancement that allows efficient operations over dialup - ISDN - and other on-demand circuits.

4. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
BGP is a path-vector protocol

5. When configuring a Not-So-Stubby Area - Where is the appropriate configuration command applied?
The command is applied on all routers in the area.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

6. Describe a dual-multihomed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type

7. In a LAN - to which router(s) does a DROTHER send an update?
200
Updates are sent to the DR.
Aggregator - Community
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

8. You are interested in monitoring the use of your regular expressions for manipulating the BGP routing process. What command can you use to display routes matching the AS-path regular expression?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
To display routes matching the AS-path regular expression - use the show ip bgp regexp command.
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

9. What is the command that you use to configure an area as Totally Stubby?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
The correct command to configure a Not-So-Stubby Area in OSPF is as follows: Router(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution] [default-information-originate]
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
The default cost of the default route is 1.

10. If you want to modify parameters before inserting prefixes into the BGP table - you can use a route map. Name at least three reasons why this might be accomplished.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

11. What does a Type 4 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded by default?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required

12. You want to propagate a default route to other EIGRP speakers in the autonomous system. What command do you used to accomplish this?
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
Local Preference - Atomic Aggregate
Using the default-network command - you can configure a default route for the EIGRP process so that it propagates to other EIGRP routers within the same autonomous system.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

13. What does a Type 2 LSA describe - what router produces it - and Where is it flooded?
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Border Gateway Protocol

14. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

15. You have a hub and spoke topology - and you are using EIGRP as your IGP. You want only routes that you specify propagated from the spoke of your topology. What EIGRP feature allows you to configure this?
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.

16. What are the two methods by which BGP injects local routes into the BGP table?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
EIGRP stub routing is a feature that allows you to specify the routes that are propagated from the spoke.
The BGP process injects local routes in two different ways[md]1) using the network configuration commands and 2) using redistribution by another routing protocol.

17. The four types of BGP messages.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

18. What key design requirement of BGP does a BGP route reflector address?
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.

19. For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the Point-to-point Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic DR/BDR election required? Not required
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

20. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.

21. What are the packets in an EIGRP environment that require an acknowledgement?
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

22. Name at least one reason that an OSPF neighbor can be stuck in the ATTEMPT state.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.

23. What command should you use to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router?
Multiply the IGRP metric by 256.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in

24. You have configured the demand-circuit configuration in your OSPF network - but the link keeps coming up because of OSPF. Name at least three possible reasons for this.
The router passes the community information on unchanged.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
BGP peers exchange keepalive messages every 60 seconds by default. These keep the peering session active.
Link flapping - Network type being broadcast - PPP host route being redistributed - One router being not demand-circuit capable

25. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
10 seconds is the default Hello interval and the default Dead interval is 4 times that value.

26. In a Not-So-Stubby Area - what router translates the Type 7 LSA - and What is the LSA translated into?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
200
The Type 7 LSA is translated into a Type 5 LSA by the ABR.

27. What is the formula used by OSPF for the calculation of cost?

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28. What are the actions used by an Outbound Route Filter (ORF) type of Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)-based filtering (type 1)?
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
Cisco's implementation of OSPF calculates the metric using the following formula: - cost = refbw/bandwidth - The default refbw is 100 Mbps.

29. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community

30. What is the type number of the external routes permitted in a Not-So-Stubby OSPF area?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

31. How do you ensure the router ID is changed on a device following the use of the router-id command?
Access list or L2 problem blocking Hellos in one direction - Multicast non-functional on one side - Authentication configured on only one side - broadcast keyword missing from the map command
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.

32. You need to advertise a default route into an area regardless of whether or not a default route exists on the router. What command do you use to configure this?
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all

33. You are concerned that a flapping route is ruining the stability of your BGP network. What command allows the router to remove the update until it is proven to be more stable?
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Route dampening can make the network more stable. To enable route dampening - use the bgp dampening command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

34. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O route designator. What does this signify?
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
200
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

35. How is route tagging with communities actually accomplished in BGP?
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.

36. You need to send a route refresh message to a specific BGP-speaking neighbor. What is the correct command syntax to do so?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
A site with a single ISP connection.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

37. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

38. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
The only LSA flooded into the area is a single Type 3 default LSA.

39. Name at least two standard filtering-oriented communities for use in BGP.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
DROTHERs form an adjacency with the DR and BDR.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

40. Notification
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.

41. Describe an autonomous system(AS).
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop

42. How many instances of BGP can be run on a single router?
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.

43. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

44. Another method is commonly used to solve the IBGP full mesh requirement. It involves the configuration of smaller sub-autonomous systems created within a primary autonomous system. What are these called?
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
After a neighbor is configured - BGP sends an open message to try to establish peering with that neighbor. Includes information such as autonomous system number - router ID - and hold time.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.

45. What is the feasible successor in EIGRP?
20
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

46. What is the default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution?
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
The default origin code for BGP routes that you inject using redistribution is unknown.
Changing the weight of a locally sourced route - Tagging source routes with BGP communities - Setting the local preference - Changing the value of the MED

47. Describe a single-homed network.
The Router LSA (Type 1) lists all of a router's links and their state. These LSAs are flooded within the area they originated.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
A site with a single ISP connection.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.

48. Describe Internal BGP.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost

49. Name at least four BGP-related parameters that you can set with a route map.
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Origin - Next-hop - Weight - Community - Local preference - Multi Exit Discriminator (MED)
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The next route selection criteria is for the router to prefer the highest weight (local to router).

50. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
The AD is the cost between that next hop router and the destination.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown