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CCNP Route

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How does EIGRP deal with a router that is slow in responding to reliable packets with acknowledgements?
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.

2. You are using the show ip eigrp topology command to troubleshoot your EIGRP network. You notice an entry is marked as Active. What does this indicate?
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.
This network is currently unavailable and installation cannot occur in the routing table. The router is currently searching for a replacement route.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.

3. What is the command to change the cost of the default route used within a Totally Stubby area?
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
BGP speakers
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.

4. What is the Private autonomous system number range used in BGP?
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Reduce the flooding of LSAs in stable topologies by setting LSAs to 'do not age' - Router(config-if)# ip ospf flood-reduction
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom

5. You need to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally. What command should you use?
Interdomain routing
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client
Use the bgp default local-preference command to change the default local preference value applied to all updates coming from external neighbors or originating locally.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.

6. You want to improve the troubleshooting capabilities of your administration of an OSPF network. You plan to do this by making sure you can ping each router ID of each router. How can you accomplish this?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
The no-summary keyword needs to be used on the ABR only.

7. Name a Nontransitive BGP attribute.
The Private autonomous system number range is 64512[nd]65535.
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
Multi Exit Discriminator.

8. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E2 route designator. What does this signify?
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.
Misconfigured neighbor statement - Unicast non-functional in NBMA environment
The O indicates the route is an OSPF intra-area route. The network destination is within the same area as the router on which this command is issued.
The command is applied on all routers in the area.

9. What are five possible reasons that the OSPF neighbor list might be empty when troubleshooting OSPF?
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
The Network Summary (Type 3) LSA is sent into an area to advertise destinations outside the area. These LSAs are originated by Area Border Routers (ABRs). They flood throughout the autonomous system.
The BGP standards define several filtering-oriented communities for your use: no-export - Do not advertise routes to real External BGP (EBGP) peers - no-advertise - Do not advertise routes to any peer - local-as - Do not advertise routes to any EBGP

10. If you do not use the router-id command - how is the router ID selected on an OSPF speaking router?
The highest IP address of an active interface is selected; any loopback interface overrides this behavior. Therefore - if you have loopback interfaces - the highest IP address on an active loopback interface is selected.
IGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) - Unknown
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

11. What is the multicast address used by EIGRP for the sending of Hellos and routing updates?
The ASBR Summary (Type 4) LSA advertises an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) destination. This LSA is originated at an ABR. This LSA type is flooded throughout an autonomous system.
A list of networks known by BGP - along with their paths and attributes. To view it - use the show ip bgp command.
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
EIGRP uses the multicast IP address of 224.0.0.10 for Hellos and routing updates.

12. The metric of EIGRP contains a reliability component. What is the value that indicates a completely unreliable link?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
In EIGRP - a reliability of value 1 indicates a completely unreliable link.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
EIGRP uses up to 50 percent of the bandwidth (as set by the bandwidth command) for its operations.

13. Name two Transitive BGP attributes.
200
Slow neighbors are sent unicast packets in an attempt to resolve issues with slow neighbors.
Aggregator - Community
The correct command is show ip bgp.

14. What command do you use to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes?
Manually configured
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
Use the following command to configure route summarization on an ASBR to summarize external routes: Router(config-router)# summary-address address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

15. You are examining the results of the show ip route command - and you notice several OSPF routes bear an O E1 route designator. What does this signify?
Router(config-router)# area area_id authentication message-digest Note: Additional (interface configuration) commands are required for the configuration of authentication - but this is the router configuration command required.
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
Multi Exit Discriminator.
These routes are Type-1 external routes. They define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. The cost is calculated by adding the external cost to the internal cost of each link that the packet crosses. The use of

16. Regarding the establishment of OSPF adjacencies - which state follows the Exstart State?
External BGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in different autonomous systems.
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router

17. You are utilizing the soft reconfiguration feature of Cisco IOS Release 12.x with BGP. You have completed the changes to filters and route maps that are applied on the outgoing information. What command should you execute?
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address soft out
ADD - Adds a line to a prefix-list filter on the remote peer - DELETE - Removes a line from a filter that was previously installed on a remote peer - DELETE ALL - Removes all previously installed filters on the remote peer
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

18. Describe a typical form that your communities can take.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
Aggregator - Community
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19. What is the correct syntax to find community attributes in routing updates?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Router(config)# ip community-list 1-99 permit|deny value [ value ... ]

20. The four types of BGP messages.
A site connected to more than one ISP at the same time. It is done for redundancy and backup if one ISP fails - and for better performance if one ISP provides a better path to frequently used networks. This also gives you an ISP-independent solution.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Mismatched MTU - Corrupted link-state request packet

21. Describe a dual-homed network.
A site with two connections to multiple ISPs. This gives the most redundancy. BGP is used with the ISPs and can be used internally also.
The network backdoor router configuration command causes the administrative distance assigned to the network to be forced to 200. The goal is to make Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) learned routes preferred.
Local preference can be used to enact global autonomous system routing policies.
A site that has two connections to the same ISP - either from one router or two routers. One might be primary and the other backup - or the site might load balance over both links. Either static or dynamic routing would work in this case.

22. What are two possible causes for an ABR not to advertise a summary route?
A list of all configured BGP neighbors. To view it - use the show ip bgp summary command.
For an OSPF router to advertise a default route into an area - the command default-information originate must be used. If the advertising router does not possess a default route in its routing table - you can use the always keyword to still generate
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:
Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.

23. You need all redistributed networks to have a specified MED value. What command should you use?
BGP peer groups would be ideal for this situation.
Router(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
No DR/BDR election exists in a point-to-point environment by default.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.

24. Describe BGP loop prevention.

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25. For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
A virtual link is a link to the backbone through a non-backbone area. Virtual links are created between two ABRs - and the area cannot be stub.

26. You are engaged in route filtering using regular expressions. How can you match any single character?

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27. What is the meaning of the following regular expression: _200$
Hellos are sent every 5 seconds on broadcast links - as well as p2p serial - p2p subinterface - and multipoint circuits greater than T1.
The default LSA aging timer is 30 minutes.
This regular expression matches routes that originated in autonomous system 200.
An ABR might not advertise a summary route for the following reasons:

28. What are the three BGP route reception options?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
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Type 7 LSAs are special external routes that you permit in a Not-So-Stubby area.
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.

29. What is the term for BGP neighbors?
An autonomous system is a group of networks under a common administration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) assigns AS numbers: 1 to 64511 are public AS numbers and 64512 to 65535 are private AS numbers.
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
BGP peers
To reset the value - use the following command on each router: Router(config-router)# auto-cost reference-bandwidth refbw

30. What is the correct command to configure community propagation to BGP neighbors?
Open - Update - Keepalive - Notification
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address send-community
These route types are OSPF inter-area routes. They define networks outside of the area of the router - but within the autonomous system. Type 3 LSAs are used to advertise these route types.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

31. What kind of routing protocol is run within an AS?
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The Network LSA (Type 2) lists all attached routers. These LSAs are produced by the DR on every multi-access network. They are flooded within the originating area.
Using the default-metric command in BGP configuration mode causes all redistributed networks to have the specified MED value.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)

32. How often are Hello packets sent on a multipoint circuit with bandwidth less than T1 in an EIGRP environment?
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
To ensure that the router ID can be pinged - be sure to advertise the address using the appropriate network command.
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.
These are Type-2 external routes. Again - they define networks outside of the autonomous system and are advertised by Type 5 LSAs. In this case cost is always the external cost only. This is the default OSPF external route type on Cisco routers.

33. What kind of routing protocol is BGP?
BGP is a path-vector protocol
During the OSPF adjacency process - the Exchange State follows the Exstart State.
For the Broadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Dynamic - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
The default value of the MED attribute is 0.

34. You are considering the use of the weight attribute to influence route selection. Is a higher or lower weight preferred by Cisco routers?
The Database Description (DBD) packet type checks for database synchronization between routers.
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.
Cisco routers prefer a higher weight value.

35. Are BGP neighbors manually configured or automatically discovered?
BGP peers
Manually configured
Use the Router(config-if)# ip ospf cost value command to override the cost value that is calculated for a particular interface.
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36. Update
The neighbor command can be used to manually configure a neighbor in a NBMA OSPF environment. The full syntax of the command is: - Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address [priority number] [poll-interval seconds] [cost number] [database-filter all
Message used to transfer routing information between peers. Includes new routes - withdrawn routes - and path attributes.
Confederations are another method of solving the IBGP full mesh requirement. Confederations are smaller sub-autonomous systems created within the primary autonomous system to decrease the number of BGP peer connections.
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

37. Name at least two reasons why an OSPF neighbor might be stuck in the EXSTART/EXCHANGE state.
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
To qualify as a feasible successor - a next hop router must have an AD less than the FD of the current successor route. More than one feasible successor can exist.
BGP's loop prevention mechanism is an autonomous system number. When an update about a network leaves an autonomous system - that autonomous system's number is prepended to the list of autonomous systems that have handled that update. When an autonom
Hellos are sent every 60 seconds on multipoint circuits with bandwidth less than T1.

38. What technique can you use to ensure that a particular classless prefix is always advertised by a BGP-speaking router?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
Route reflectors help address the fact that BGP requires that all BGP peers in the same autonomous system form an Internal BGP (IBGP) session with all peers in the autonomous system.
The correct command is show ip bgp.
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.

39. Once adjacencies are established in the LAN and router information is being maintained - what step follows a router noticing a change and multicasting an LSU to 224.0.0.6?
Default routes from each provider - default routes plus some more specific routes - and all routes from all providers. Either use static routes - or advertise the site routes to the ISP and receive a default route from the ISP.
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
The next step in the update process features the DR acknowledging the LSU and flooding it to all OSPF speakers using multicast 224.0.0.5.

40. Which of the Cisco OSPF nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) modes of operation requires a full mesh topology?
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.
Only one instance of BGP can be run on a single router
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
The next hop router for a backup path is called the feasible successor.

41. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for all OSPF routers in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.5.
Interior Gateway Protocol(IGP)
Use the neighbor [ip address] next-hop-self command in BGP configuration mode.
Once using the command - you use the clear ip ospf process to reset the OSPF process and change the router ID.

42. What kind of routing protocol is run between Autonomous Systems?
For the nonbroadcast (NBMA) RFC-compliant mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? DR/BDR election
Packets that require acknowledgement are as follows: Update - Query - Reply
Mismatched interface MTU - Duplicate router IDs on routers - Broken unicast connectivity - Network type of point-to-point between PRI and BRI/dialer
Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP). BGP v4 is the only EGP currently in use.

43. When an EIGRP-speaking router receives Hello packets from a neighbor for the first time - How does the router respond if it has matching Hello parameters in the packet?
You use the following command to configure an area as Totally Stubby: Router(config-router)# area area-id stub no-summary
Three different administrative distance values are possible for OSPF[md]intra-area routes - inter-area routes - and external routes. By default all are set to 110.
The router responds with an update of the routing information it possesses.
BGP communicates over TCP port 179

44. Describe a transit AS.
A transit AS is an AS through which traffic to another AS travels - such as with an ISP.
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address shutdown
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
You can use the show ip ospf command to verify the router ID of an OSPF-speaking router.

45. For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation - fill in the following information: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? ________ DR/BDR election required? ________
For the Point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast Cisco mode of operation: Dynamic or manual neighbor configuration? Manual - DR/BDR election required? Not required
An OSPF stub area is an area into which External LSAs are not flooded (Type 4 and 5 LSAs are blocked.) Type 1 - 2 - and 3 LSAs are still used in a stub area.
Router# clear ip bgp ip-address in
Route tagging with communities is always done with a route map. You can specify any number of communities. Communities specified in the set keyword overwrite existing communities unless you specify the additive option.

46. You need to apply a route map to updates that are received from a BGP neighbor. What is the command you use to configure this?
Place a static route pointing to NULL0 in the IP routing table.
OSPF not enabled properly on appropriate interfaces - Layer 1 or 2 not functional - Passive interface configured - Access list(s) blocking Hello packets in multiple directions - Error in IP address or subnet mask configuration - Hello or Dead interva
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-map name in
Router(config-router)# neighbor ip-address route-reflector-client

47. What is the command syntax that you should use inside a route map to configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute to control the choice of a return path?
Origin - AS-Path - Next-Hop
IBGP is a BGP peering relationship between routers in the same autonomous system.
IP network numbers and subnet masks (prefix-list or access-list) - Route originator - Next hop - Origin code - Tag value attached to an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) route - AS-path - Community - IGP route type
You can configure manual manipulation of the AS-path attribute with the set as-path prepend command.

48. To what IP address does OSPF send packets destined for the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) in the LAN?
OSPF addresses packets to multicast address 224.0.0.6.
Lowest cost route calculated by adding the cost between the next hop router and the destination (AD) and the cost between the local router and the next hop. This sum is referred to as the FD.
[AS-number]:[low-order-16-bits]
A Priority value of 0 is configured on all routers.

49. Notification
This percentage can be changed on a per-interface basis by using the ip bandwidth-percent eigrp interface configuration command.
When a problem occurs that causes a router to end the BGP peering session - a notificationmessage is sent to the BGP neighbor and the connection is closed.
String matching ranges and wildcards - brackets '[]' can be used for ranges - and the '.' can match any single character.
The Cisco mode of Broadcast requires a full mesh topology.

50. You can reduce the flooding of LSAs in a stable network topology with what command?

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