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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does ISL do trunking?
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
The master router can share the VIP
Immediate (class 2)
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

2. How does RSTP identify a topology change?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
The port asks the other end to trunk
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p

3. What is the default network diameter?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
7 switches from root bridge
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN

4. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
Distribution layer
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

5. How many users should be within a switch block?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Roughly 2000

6. What is backbonefast?
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client

7. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
Dynamic arp inspection
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Option 43

8. RSTP edge port
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Immediate (class 2)

9. What is the STP blocking state?
Option 43
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Can hear only BDPUs

10. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

11. What is the STP learning state?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding

12. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
SC fiber or RJ-45
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
The port asks the other end to trunk

13. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Promiscuous and host
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains

14. What does the switchport host macro do?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

15. What can the Etherchannel hash use?
Promiscuous and host
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Distribution layer

16. What are the steps to configure MST?
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Auto mode
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

17. Define GLBP
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

18. What does the RP do?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Port

19. What happens when the topology changes?

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20. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Half-duplex

21. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Access or trunk
By creating a static IP binding
Edge - root - and point to point

22. If a port is configured for errdisable auto recovery - how long does it stay down?
300 sec by default
Dynamic arp inspection
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

23. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
4
Access
L2
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

24. How does packet forwarding work
Src-dst-ip
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Control functions
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

25. How do you show HSRP status
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Show standby
The total delay from start to finish
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state

26. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Flash override (class 4)
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)

27. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
300 sec by default
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN

28. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Configuration and TCN

29. What are the three basic types of QOS?
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
0-255 (lower is better)
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model

30. RSTP forwarding state
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Frames are forwarded
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
No because they only participate if asked

31. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
Isolated and community
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
Can hear only BDPUs

32. When looking at the sh spanning tree output - What does P2P peer(STP) denote?
MAC of the end device
Bridge priority and MAC
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

33. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Yes
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Per VLAN

34. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
FE and GE
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Plain text or md5
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

35. What does UDLD do?
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

36. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
By creating a static IP binding

37. What is a service set?
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
TCAM
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

38. How does L3 QOS classification happen?
Trunk
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Differentiated services code point

39. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Isolated and community
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Yes

40. How does HSRP port tracking work?

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41. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
By creating a static IP binding
Yes
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

42. Automatically configure STP timers
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Critical...used most often for IPT
Use the spanning-tree root macro
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

43. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
Promiscuous and host
Access or trunk
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Dynamic arp inspection

44. What is the port priority range?
0-255 (lower is better)
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Yes
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

45. What is BDPU Guard?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
The same as a standby group in HSRP

46. What is the RSTP default hello interval?
2 seconds
Globally
No
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received

47. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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48. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
Dynamic arp inspection
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
Silent
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

49. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
By using a trunk link
Globally
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

50. What is a direct topology change?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Connects with SONET or SDH
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing