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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Trunk
Bridge priority and MAC
12 kbps with headers and compression

2. What is a baby giant frame?
They disguise the origin of an attack
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
Half-duplex
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

3. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Because each frame is checked
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance

4. How are BDPUs spread?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Bridge priority and MAC

5. What are the 5 STP port roles?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Root
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

6. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Immediate (class 2)
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)

7. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
1 IP subnet
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
802.1D
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other

8. What is an end to end vlan?
802.1w
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Edge - root - and point to point

9. How does every HSRP config command begin?
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
The ASIC

10. What are the 5 STP states?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Normal and aggressive
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

11. Where is UDLD enabled?
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
1 per segment
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

12. What does the ip option do when checking ARP replies

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13. How does adding option-82 to DHCP snooping affect things?

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14. What are the 2 UDLD modes?
L2
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Normal and aggressive

15. One vlan should =
Full duplex
1 IP subnet
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

16. What address does HSRP send hello packets to?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Trusted ports
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

17. RSTP uses which standard?
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
1 per segment
802.1w
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

18. What are the two private vlan association modes?
Promiscuous and host
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block

19. What is portfast?
Flash override (class 4)
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Half-duplex
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

20. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Hashing algorithm
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

21. What is the range of HSRP group numbers?
Because each frame is checked
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Globally or per-port
0-255

22. What is a BSS?
Yes
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Control functions
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

23. RSTP BPDU structure
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Globally
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

24. what must be done on an SVI before it is activated?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
No shut
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number

25. What are the caveats for HSRP port tracking?
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up

26. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
SC fiber or RJ-45
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy

27. What is the STP forwarding state?
Promiscuous and host
LACP port priority
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses

28. What is a drop adjacency?

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29. How does PAgP form etherchannels?
Port with best root path cost
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

30. How is root port decided upon?
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Those that connect to other switches
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

31. What's the easiest way to configure GLBP timers?
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Can hear only BDPUs
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

32. can root guard and udld be used together?
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
An AP's coverage area
Yes
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby

33. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
Yes
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

34. How are errdisable triggers tuned?
Port with best root path cost on segment
Globally
Full duplex
Collision domain

35. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

36. What is the FM?
No
Isolated and community
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

37. What is Per VLAN STP (PVST)?
No
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q

38. What is an insignificant topology change?
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
The ASIC
A host port goes up or down

39. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
No
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs

40. What is the range of PAgP channel group numbers?
TCAM
1 to 64
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
No because they only participate if asked

41. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Edge - root - and point to point
No

42. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
FIB
2
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.

43. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Will trunk if asked

44. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Yes
LACP port priority

45. What is BDPU Guard?
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

46. How does VRRP do tracking?

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47. What functions does a WLC perform?
Those that connect to other switches
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Control functions
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit

48. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Yes
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Flash (class 3)

49. What is the port number range?
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
1 per segment
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
0-255

50. What is an ESS?
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Dynamic arp inspection
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

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CCNP Switch Deck

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