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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs

2. What is an IST instance?
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

3. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
1500B
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

4. What is the STP listening state?
Priority (class 1)
Can send and receive BDPUs
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

5. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

6. What is a direct topology change?
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

7. How many tunnels exist between the LAP and WLC?
1 IP subnet
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Distribution layer
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

8. unknown unicast flooding
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

9. RSTP uses which standard?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
802.1w
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

10. On what scope is DAI enabled?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Local only
Per VLAN

11. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
No

12. What is step 1 of enabling IP source guard?
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS

13. What is the default 802.3af power class and its use?

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14. What is a discard adjacency?
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Globally

15. How do you implement MST?

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16. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
Control functions
Collision domain
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Connects with SONET or SDH

17. What are the caveats for HSRP port tracking?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up

18. How does PAgP form etherchannels?
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

19. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
1 per segment
Edge - root - and point to point

20. WPA2 encryption
A point to point port type
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption

21. What is the default mode of load balancing?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Src-dst-ip
Untrusted
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

22. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
2 seconds (def)
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

23. What is the 80/20 rule?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Flash (class 3)

24. How does ISL do trunking?
802.11
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
LACP port priority
Those that connect to other switches

25. How do Cisco IP phones communicate with the CCM?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
With the skinny protocol
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

26. How can BDPU Guard be configured?
Connects with SONET or SDH
1500B
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Globally or per-port

27. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
Critical...used most often for IPT
The total delay from start to finish
Trunk
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

28. What are the 2 UDLD modes?
FIB
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Normal and aggressive
MAC of the end device

29. RSTP learning state
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
1 per segment
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet

30. What is an SVI?
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Priority (class 1)
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

31. What is a CEF glean?

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32. What does Root Guard do?
Yes
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)

33. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
2 - one for control messages and one for data
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal

34. How do you configure IP source guard for hosts that don't use DHCP?
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
By creating a static IP binding
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits

35. How does ISL handle COS?
Can send and receive BDPUs
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

36. How should backbonefast be configured?
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

37. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Route once - switch many
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling

38. What are TCAM entries composed of?
Trunk
10-15%
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations

39. What does the RP do?
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

40. How does 802.1q handle COS?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

41. can root guard and loop guard be used together
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
It can't
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
No

42. What is a null adjacency?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Either desirable or auto mode
Weak key rotation
Immediate (class 2)

43. WPA encryption
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
The total delay from start to finish

44. What are the steps to configure a PAgP port channel?
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

45. What is the STP forwarding state?
2 seconds (def)
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

46. How many MST instances can be in a region?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Those that connect to other switches
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

47. What is dynamic auto?
Will trunk if asked
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00

48. How does HSRP plain text authentication work?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.

49. What is layer 3 roaming?
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets

50. Which fiber is the receive?
On the left as you face the connector
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa