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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
Route once - switch many
Access
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.

2. What are the 2 power over ethernet methods?
Immediate (class 2)
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
Trusted or untrusted
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state

3. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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4. What is NSF?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
As a VLAN access map
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover

5. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
Control functions
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal

6. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
0-255
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
All ports where root isn't expected

7. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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8. What is a service set?
Because each frame is checked
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies

9. What is an MST instance?
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Distribution
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

10. What is a bridge ID made up of?
Bridge priority and MAC
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Real-time Transport Protocol
Can hear only BDPUs

11. How does UDLD work?
2
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Normal and aggressive
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

12. How should UDLD be configured?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
Option 43

13. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
SC fiber or RJ-45
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
TCAM

14. Where is UDLD enabled?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

15. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
A point to point port type

16. What does UDLD do?
Roughly 2000
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Either desirable or auto mode

17. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

18. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
By using a trunk link
Turn on port security
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Critical...used most often for IPT

19. How is the HSRP MAC address configured?
Bridge priority and MAC
Turn on port security
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Distribution layer

20. What is a wireless mobility group?
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group

21. How many MST instances can be in a region?
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Option 43

22. What is the STP forwarding state?
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

23. What pins does FE use?
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
1/2 and 3/6

24. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
1/2 and 3/6
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

25. What is a discard adjacency?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
63 kbps

26. Of what significance are private VLANs
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Local only
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port

27. Where is loop guard enabled?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Isolated and community
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

28. What is the RSTP default hello interval?
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
2 seconds
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Immediate (class 2)

29. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Flash override (class 4)
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
By sending a gratuitous ARP

30. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
The ASIC
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

31. What does the reload keyword do in HSRP?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
No

32. What are the 2 UDLD modes?
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Normal and aggressive

33. Each switch port is a _____ ______
Collision domain
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Flash (class 3)
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts

34. What is the access layer best practice?
Configuration and TCN
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

35. What is a CEF glean?

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36. What does VTP do?
A MAC is seen on a different port
Hashing algorithm
Globally
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

37. What is BDPU Guard?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

38. How does ISL do trunking?
Collision domain
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary

39. How can BDPU Guard be configured?
Globally or per-port
4
Real-time Transport Protocol
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

40. What are the characteristics of the core layer
No
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
0000.5e00.01xx
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS

41. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
Yes
Edge - root - and point to point
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.

42. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Embeds the tag within the frame
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

43. Where is bdpu guard enabled?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
All user ports that have portfast enabled
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

44. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
0-255 (lower is better)
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires

45. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Access or trunk
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port

46. What is the portr ID?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)

47. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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48. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
2
By creating a static IP binding

49. How does HSRP do MD5 authentication?
Admin down
By using a hash of a key string
Change in trunk encap
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)

50. One vlan should =
FE and GE
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
1 IP subnet
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches