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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is RPR+?

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2. What is dynamic auto?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Will trunk if asked
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Port

3. What is the bridge priority range?
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses

4. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
63 kbps
Root
L2

5. What is the port number range?
Per VLAN
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
0-255
Either desirable or auto mode

6. What do you need to determine to use MSTP?
They disguise the origin of an attack
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers

7. EAP encryption
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Distribution
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
Auto mode

8. What are spoofed addresses?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
They disguise the origin of an attack
2 seconds (def)
No

9. How is root port decided upon?
No
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Flash override (class 4)

10. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Because each frame is checked
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
The master router can share the VIP
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

11. How many users should be within a switch block?
Roughly 2000
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB

12. What is an IST instance?
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Either desirable or auto mode
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config

13. What does the standby HSRP router do?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Auto mode
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

14. RSTP alternate port
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
0000.5e00.01xx
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.

15. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
The master router can share the VIP
No
Promiscuous and host
12 kbps with headers and compression

16. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Use the spanning-tree root macro
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Flash (class 3)

17. What contains the next-hop entries?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
FIB

18. What is GLBP weight?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface

19. What is SSO?

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20. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Option 43
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

21. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
Distribution
Real-time Transport Protocol

22. What is a bridge ID made up of?
FE and GE
Bridge priority and MAC
Local only
Globally

23. What is the LACP priority range?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Root
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP

24. Can MSTP interoperate with 802.1q and/or PVST+?
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Yes to both
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based

25. Does VTP pass private VLAN configuration?
No
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

26. How does Root Guard work?

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27. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
No
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

28. How does 802.1q handle COS?
Promiscuous and host
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Port
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

29. What is an isolated secondary VLAN?

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30. What is the 80/20 rule?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

31. What is a QoS trust boundary?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
The RP listens to a flow's 1st packet for the dest. The SE listens to the packet and dest and puts a shortcut in the MSL cache. Netflow switching - route once - switch many
Root
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

32. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
0-255
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

33. CAM table entries are purged when....
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
A MAC is seen on a different port
0000.5e00.01xx

34. What is the STP hello timer?
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
10-15%
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

35. When looking at the sh spanning tree output - What does P2P denote?
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Globally
Roughly 2000
A point to point port type

36. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

37. How should backbonefast be configured?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Regions and instances

38. What is backbonefast?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

39. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Admin down
By sending a gratuitous ARP
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

40. What are the 5 STP states?
LACP port priority
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
1 per segment
Half-duplex

41. What cabling do GBICs use?
SC fiber or RJ-45
Can send and receive BDPUs
Will trunk if asked
With portfast

42. What is the portr ID?
Edge - root - and point to point
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches

43. What is the size of a TCAM value?
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Using a mobility exchange message
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
No

44. What are the 2 choices for VLANs with IPT?
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)

45. What is the default FE duplex?
Full duplex
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

46. Where does VRRP send advertisements?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

47. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
0000.5e00.01xx
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

48. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Dynamic arp inspection
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
10-15%

49. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
No
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

50. How do you configure LACP standby links?
A point to point port type
The ASIC
LACP port priority
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling

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CCNP Switch Deck

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