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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the PVLAN host mode?
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
1500B

2. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
The ASIC
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

3. What happens during HSRP failover?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Untrusted
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

4. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
Yes
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
0-255

5. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

6. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Using a mobility exchange message
Because each frame is checked

7. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
19
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

8. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Using digital certificates
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

9. Where is loop guard enabled?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
134 bits
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

10. What is a PVLAN?
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan

11. unknown unicast flooding
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Lowest cumulative cost to root

12. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Globally or per-port
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

13. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Globally
Admin down
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

14. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

15. If a port is configured for errdisable auto recovery - how long does it stay down?
L2
All ports where root isn't expected
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
300 sec by default

16. What is the distribution layer best practice?
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Can hear only BDPUs

17. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Access
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

18. What contains the next-hop entries?
FIB
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
On by default
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

19. What 2 conditions does IP source guard check for?
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Access

20. CAM table entries are purged when....
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
A MAC is seen on a different port
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

21. What is the size of ISL encapsulation?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.

22. Can ARP replies be checked
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Yes
By creating a static IP binding
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

23. What is RPR?
Embeds the tag within the frame
With the skinny protocol
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

24. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Access
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Automatically using DTP and CDP

25. How are errdisable triggers tuned?
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Globally

26. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Flash override (class 4)
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
1/2 and 3/6

27. How does Root Guard work?

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28. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
63 kbps

29. What does the rewrite engine do?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP

30. What is DSCP codepoint AF21(18)?
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Immediate (class 2)
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

31. How does ILP do power discovery?
Can send and receive BDPUs
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
No

32. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Will trunk if asked
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Access or trunk

33. What is topology-basec caching?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
No

34. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
2
Dynamic arp inspection
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

35. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Can send and receive BDPUs
Connects with SONET or SDH
Either desirable or auto mode

36. What is an IBSS?
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

37. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

38. What is the GLBP AVG?
Plain text or md5
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Globally
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling

39. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
The ASIC
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port

40. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
Can send and receive BDPUs
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
By sending a gratuitous ARP

41. What cabling do GBICs use?
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
SC fiber or RJ-45
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN

42. What is best effort delivery QOS?
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible

43. What does the static keyword do when applying an arp ACL?
1500B
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
The ASIC
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

44. If you want IP source guard to detect spoofed MAC addresses - what must you do?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Turn on port security

45. How are GLBP timers used?
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.

46. How is root port decided upon?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
By creating a static IP binding

47. What does the version number indicate when looking at CEF entries?
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface

48. What is an ESS?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)

49. What is the default mode of load balancing?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
Src-dst-ip
No
802.1w

50. How does DAI work?
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
802.1w
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

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CCNP Switch Deck

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