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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does port-security protect do?
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing

2. What is topology-basec caching?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Real-time Transport Protocol

3. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
Configure non-silent submode
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Yes
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

4. What is a community secondary VLAN?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
No shut

5. What are the steps of RSTP convergence?
Connects with SONET or SDH
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state

6. What is an SVI?
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Globally
The total delay from start to finish

7. Where is bdpu guard enabled?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
All user ports that have portfast enabled
Flash (class 3)
The campus network's backbone

8. What is dynamic auto?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Will trunk if asked
19

9. What is a wall wart?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

10. What is an autonomous mode AP?
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

11. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
Root
802.1w
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM

12. What does the switchport host macro do?
Full duplex
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Distribution layer
Distribution layer

13. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
No

14. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Show standby
No shut

15. What is the port number range?
12 kbps with headers and compression
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
0-255
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies

16. CAM table entries are purged when....
A MAC is seen on a different port
Critical...used most often for IPT
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN

17. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
Trusted or untrusted
Isolated and community
By short-circuiting the max age timer

18. How is DHCP snooping enabled (scope)?
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Globally
By sending a gratuitous ARP

19. What is the STP blocking state?
Can hear only BDPUs
Can send and receive BDPUs
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

20. If a port is configured for errdisable auto recovery - how long does it stay down?
300 sec by default
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Root

21. What does IP source guard do?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Variation in delay

22. How do you find duplex mismatches?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

23. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
Roughly 50%
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Connects with SONET or SDH

24. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses

25. What is route caching?

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26. How do you renable an err-disable port by default?
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Access or trunk
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Manually

27. How do IP phones communicate with each other?
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Full duplex
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

28. How is Root Guard used?
With portfast
Distribution
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

29. How does 802.3af do power discovery?
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
No
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

30. What are 2 ways to configure VLAN and VTP information?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Src-dst-ip
An AP's coverage area
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy

31. Where is root guard enabled?

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32. where does L2 switching occur?
Yes
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary

33. What does UDLD do?
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
A point to point port type
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

34. Where does VRRP send advertisements?
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies

35. What are dynamic VLANs based on?
MAC of the end device
Port with best root path cost
1 per segment
7 switches from root bridge

36. What is a PVLAN?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
The same as a standby group in HSRP

37. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
63 kbps
Yes
2
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

38. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
4
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Isolated and community

39. What is latency?
The total delay from start to finish
TCAM
Hashing algorithm
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

40. How does RSTP converge?
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Src-dst-ip
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary

41. What types of links can be trunked?
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Roughly 50%
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

42. What is a wireless mobility group?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Differentiated services
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned

43. How do you prevent switch spoofing?
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
The same as a standby group in HSRP
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

44. RSTP alternate port
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

45. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

46. What is a microcell?
By using a trunk link
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Flash (class 3)

47. What is a proxy arp?

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48. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling

49. What is backbonefast?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

50. What does MSTP consist of?
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Regions and instances

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CCNP Switch Deck

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