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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How does HSRP do MD5 authentication?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
By using a hash of a key string
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

2. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

3. What are the three basic types of QOS?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Port

4. What is the port priority range?
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
0-255 (lower is better)
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

5. What is backbonefast?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Trunk
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

6. What is the default 10mbps Enet duplex?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Half-duplex
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each

7. What is SSO?

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8. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Trusted or untrusted

9. RSTP point to point port
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
224.0.0.2 (all routers)

10. What cabling do GBICs use?
SC fiber or RJ-45
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers

11. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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12. What is the STP Max Age timer?
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds

13. How many potential links can LACP define?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Embeds the tag within the frame
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

14. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Lowest cumulative cost to root
1 IP subnet
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

15. What are TCAM entries composed of?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Port with best root path cost on segment
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

16. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
L2
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

17. How does ISL handle COS?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)

18. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Yes
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

19. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Normal and aggressive
Src-dst-ip
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack

20. What does MSTP do?
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
300 sec

21. How do you configure DAI for statically configured IP addresses?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
The ASIC
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

22. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Regions and instances
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding

23. What is UDLD aggressive mode?

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24. What is DSCP codepoint EF(46)?
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Critical...used most often for IPT
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

25. What is the portr ID?
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
The same as a standby group in HSRP
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings

26. 802.11b
On the left as you face the connector
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover

27. What is a QoS trust boundary?
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Globally
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

28. How are BDPUs spread?
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Priority (class 1)

29. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
802.11
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
No

30. What can the Etherchannel hash use?
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones

31. Can ARP replies be checked
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Yes
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior

32. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
The ASIC
By short-circuiting the max age timer

33. Where is UDLD enabled?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Use the spanning-tree root macro
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
LACP port priority

34. How much overlap should WAPs have?
No shut
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
10-15%
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable

35. What is dynamic desireable?
The port asks the other end to trunk
No shut
LACP port priority
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption

36. What does Root Guard do?
Because each frame is checked
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

37. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Yes

38. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

39. What is the VRRP skew time?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
The master router can share the VIP
Embeds the tag within the frame

40. How do you enable CEF?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Frames are forwarded
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

41. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
Isolated and community
All ports where root isn't expected
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Globally or per-port

42. What is the range of HSRP group numbers?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
FIB
0-255
802.11

43. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
FIB
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

44. What is an end to end vlan?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

45. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Plain text or md5
No
Port with best root path cost on segment

46. What is the STP disabled state?
Roughly 50%
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Distribution layer
Admin down

47. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
The port asks the other end to trunk
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
LACP port priority

48. How is a QoS trust bondary configured?
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Per VLAN

49. What is the format of the VRRP virtual MAC?
Those that connect to other switches
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Access
0000.5e00.01xx

50. What is RPVST+?
Port
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Half-duplex
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

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CCNP Switch Deck

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