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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
No because they only participate if asked
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

2. RSTP uses which standard?
300 sec by default
802.1w
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets

3. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
1/2 and 3/6

4. What is a vlan?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Route once - switch many
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
A single broadcast domain

5. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Collision domain
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
No

6. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

7. What does port-security restrict do?
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
FIB

8. What are 2 ways to configure VLAN and VTP information?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Trunk

9. What scope is 802.1x enabled?
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
Globally
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

10. Each switch port is a _____ ______
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Collision domain

11. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
Differentiated services
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Port with best root path cost on segment

12. What is an end to end vlan?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

13. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Normal and aggressive

14. static vlans offer ____ based membership
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Per VLAN
Port
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

15. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
As a VLAN access map
Configuration and TCN

16. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Variation in delay
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

17. What are the PAgP negotiation modes
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance

18. What is DSCP codepoint AF11(10)?
Trusted or untrusted
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Priority (class 1)

19. What is the VRRP master router?
Variation in delay
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
7 switches from root bridge

20. What is RTP?
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
Real-time Transport Protocol
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port

21. WPA2 encryption
Promiscuous and host
Weak key rotation
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption

22. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
Manually
Access

23. When looking at the sh spanning tree output - What does P2P denote?
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Change in trunk encap
A point to point port type
Collision domain

24. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
802.11
Yes
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Configuration and TCN

25. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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26. what if a secondary VLAN?
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

27. What are the 6 HSRP states?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

28. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
134 bits
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface

29. What are the port channel load balancing methods?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
On the left as you face the connector
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port

30. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Auto mode
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network

31. What routing protocols support NSF?
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
By using a hash of a key string
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

32. Define GLBP
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa

33. What is an ESS?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies

34. How does NSF work?
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.

35. Where shoul dmultilayer switches be implemented?
Distribution layer
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Port with best root path cost on segment

36. What is the adjacency table?
0-255
0-255
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

37. what I s distributed CEF (dCEF)?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Plain text or md5
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

38. What is the LACP priority range?
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
0-255
A point to point port type
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability

39. How do you configure LACP standby links?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
A single broadcast domain
LACP port priority
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

40. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
Trunk
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance

41. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

42. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
The ASIC

43. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Src-dst-ip
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Flash override (class 4)
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

44. What is NSF?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover

45. What format does the GLBP MAC use?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

46. What is a community secondary VLAN?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Connects with SONET or SDH
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

47. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
MAC of the end device
Connects with SONET or SDH

48. Does VTP pass private VLAN configuration?
No
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
1 per segment

49. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
By short-circuiting the max age timer
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
Automatically using DTP and CDP

50. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset

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CCNP Switch Deck

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