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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
2
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information

2. what should you do if you expect a PAgP capable switch at the other end vs. a server or host?
Configure non-silent submode
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
0-255

3. How many designated ports are there?
1 per segment
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
1500B
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number

4. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Bridge priority and MAC
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
No

5. What is the default VTP state?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Per VLAN
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
As a VLAN access map

6. What is a bridge ID made up of?
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Bridge priority and MAC

7. What is a VRRP group?
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
134 bits
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
The same as a standby group in HSRP

8. Define HSRP
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

9. How do you implement MST?

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10. What is a null adjacency?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
A single broadcast domain
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
The same as a standby group in HSRP

11. How is an RSTP edge port configured
Hashing algorithm
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
With portfast

12. How do you prevent VLAN hopping?
Promiscuous and host
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

13. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
2
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
It can't
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

14. What are the 6 HSRP states?
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

15. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
Because each frame is checked
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
10-15%
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID

16. Each switch port is a _____ ______
Manually
Collision domain
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS

17. What does Root Guard do?
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

18. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

19. How is root port decided upon?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Lowest cumulative cost to root
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.

20. How does 802.3af do power discovery?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Full duplex
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

21. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors

22. How do you configure DAI for statically configured IP addresses?
1500B
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

23. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
Src-dst-ip
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
802.1D
Root - designated - alternate - and backup

24. What is an indirect topology change?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

25. What does the RP do?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

26. What is a vlan?
It can't
A single broadcast domain
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

27. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
19
Manually
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

28. How does dot1q do trunking?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Embeds the tag within the frame
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Yes to both

29. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Weak key rotation

30. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
Roughly 50%
Globally
A MAC is seen on a different port
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

31. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Can hear only BDPUs
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires

32. What is a CEF glean?

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33. What is DAI?
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Dynamic arp inspection
Priority (class 1)

34. How is Root Guard used?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Because each frame is checked
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

35. What is dynamic desireable?
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
The same as a standby group in HSRP
The port asks the other end to trunk

36. How is DHCP snooping enabled (scope)?
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
Globally
Those that connect to other switches
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

37. If the WLC connects to an Etherchannel - how should the channel be configured and why?

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38. What is an insignificant topology change?
Because each frame is checked
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
A host port goes up or down

39. What is a microcell?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
By using a hash of a key string

40. In a converged fabric - which switch(es) send config BDPUs?
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Flash override (class 4)
Root
Embeds the tag within the frame

41. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Edge - root - and point to point
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

42. 802.11g
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Turn on port security
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

43. How does 802.1q handle COS?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

44. What are the 5 STP states?
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

45. What is the PVLAN promiscuous mode?
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings

46. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
A host port goes up or down

47. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
0-255
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Using a mobility exchange message

48. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
7 switches from root bridge
A point to point port type
Connects with SONET or SDH

49. What types of ports autonegotiate?
FE and GE
12 kbps with headers and compression
Distribution
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.

50. What is BDPU Guard?
Connects with SONET or SDH
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

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CCNP Switch Deck

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