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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac

2. What is a CEF glean?

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3. What is the default VTP state?
Yes
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

4. 802.11b
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Connects with SONET or SDH
As a VLAN access map

5. How do IP phones communicate with each other?
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Auto mode

6. What's the easiest way to configure GLBP timers?
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

7. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS

8. What are the RSTP port roles?
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
0-255
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

9. static vlans offer ____ based membership
Turn on port security
12 kbps with headers and compression
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Port

10. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
The port asks the other end to trunk
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

11. How should backbonefast be configured?
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Plain text or md5
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

12. How is Root Guard used?
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
The port asks the other end to trunk
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

13. What are the 3 redundant supervisor modes?
300 sec
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
L2

14. How do you configure IP source guard for hosts that don't use DHCP?
Change in trunk encap
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
By creating a static IP binding

15. How does every HSRP config command begin?
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
Port
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac

16. How do Cisco IP phones communicate with the CCM?
With the skinny protocol
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p

17. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Isolated and community

18. WPA encryption
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Local only
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

19. What is DSCP?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Connects with SONET or SDH
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Differentiated services code point

20. How does HSRP port tracking work?

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21. What is latency?
300 sec
Priority (class 1)
The total delay from start to finish
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.

22. What must the other end be set to if PAgP desirable or LACP active mode is selected?
Either desirable or auto mode
Route once - switch many
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Frames are forwarded

23. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Connects with SONET or SDH
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

24. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Priority (class 1)
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing

25. What is the GLBP redirect timer?
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Globally

26. How many potential links can LACP define?
Real-time Transport Protocol
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

27. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
To the virtual port-channel interface
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

28. By default - what submode does PAgP operate in with the desirable and auto modes?
Silent
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
No
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each

29. How does adding option-82 to DHCP snooping affect things?

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30. How are RSTP point to point ports determined?
Normal and aggressive
The campus network's backbone
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number

31. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
No because they only participate if asked
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

32. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
10-15%

33. How does ISL do trunking?
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
802.11
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

34. What does the version number indicate when looking at CEF entries?
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen

35. What is the distribution layer best practice?
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
The distribution layer should have only L3 links

36. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Each frame transmits its expected duration time

37. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Roughly 50%
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

38. what do multilayer switches do?
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
FIB

39. How does ISL handle COS?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Discarding - learning - forwarding
MAC of the end device

40. What is the STP disabled state?
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Admin down
224.0.0.2 (all routers)

41. where does L2 switching occur?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

42. What are the steps to configure MST?
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
The master router can share the VIP
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting

43. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
Access

44. RSTP uses which standard?
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
802.1w
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

45. What is route caching?

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46. What is the default MTU?
1500B
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Promiscuous and host

47. What is an end to end vlan?
The ASIC
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
2 seconds (def)
Will trunk if asked

48. What does the rewrite engine do?
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information

49. Define VRRP
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

50. What cabling do GBICs use?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
SC fiber or RJ-45
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

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CCNP Switch Deck

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