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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. RSTP edge port
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

2. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
MAC of the end device

3. How often are CAM table entries aged?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
300 sec
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

4. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
Show standby
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Distribution layer
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

5. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
TCAM
Differentiated services code point

6. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Using digital certificates
Real-time Transport Protocol

7. What is the standard for WLANs?
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
802.11
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

8. What is the STP forward delay timer?
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Hashing algorithm
Option 43

9. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
As a VLAN access map
Edge - root - and point to point
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

10. How does every VRRP command begin?
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk

11. One vlan should =
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
1 IP subnet

12. Can ARP replies be checked
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Yes
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

13. What is the default VTP state?
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

14. How does HSRP port tracking work?

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15. What are the three basic types of QOS?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

16. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply

17. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
L2
It can't
802.11

18. How many links can be used in an EtherChannel?
300 sec by default
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Those that connect to other switches

19. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Yes

20. What is 802.1x auto?
Dynamic arp inspection
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
0-255
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

21. How do you configure IP source guard for hosts that don't use DHCP?
By creating a static IP binding
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Hashing algorithm

22. How are GLBP timers used?
Change in trunk encap
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies

23. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

24. What is layer 3 roaming?
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Trusted or untrusted
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

25. What is a punt adjacency?
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Globally
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
5 classes with 3 drop precedences

26. How does every GLBP command begin
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Dynamic arp inspection

27. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
0-255
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries

28. can root guard and udld be used together?
Yes
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Using digital certificates
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

29. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
L2

30. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets

31. How much overlap should WAPs have?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
Yes
10-15%

32. How are VACLs applied
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary

33. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Hashing algorithm
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

34. What does the RP do?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
On by default
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

35. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Configuration and TCN
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

36. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

37. How should backbonefast be configured?
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
2
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply

38. Which ports should you consider trusted for DAI?
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Those that connect to other switches
FE and GE
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

39. How does a LAP and a WLC authenticate between each other?
Either desirable or auto mode
Can hear only BDPUs
Using digital certificates
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit

40. If you want IP source guard to detect spoofed MAC addresses - what must you do?
Change in trunk encap
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Turn on port security
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame

41. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
They disguise the origin of an attack
To the virtual port-channel interface

42. What is a wall wart?
Silent
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Can hear only BDPUs
Hashing algorithm

43. What does the dst-mac option do when checking ARP replies
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

44. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Using a mobility exchange message

45. RSTP BPDU structure
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Globally
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs

46. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Immediate (class 2)
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Automatically using DTP and CDP

47. How is the HSRP MAC address configured?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up

48. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Flash (class 3)
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)

49. What does the reload keyword do in HSRP?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen

50. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
By sending a gratuitous ARP
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
No

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CCNP Switch Deck

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