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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is an end to end vlan?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
TCAM

2. What does port-security restrict do?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

3. What is best effort delivery QOS?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible

4. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Flash (class 3)
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
802.1w

5. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers

6. How does GLBP work?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
A single broadcast domain
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

7. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

8. What is DAI?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Access or trunk
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Dynamic arp inspection

9. What is a bridge ID made up of?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Bridge priority and MAC

10. How is an RSTP edge port configured
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
With portfast
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
No shut

11. What are the RSTP port roles?
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate

12. What is the portr ID?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Untrusted
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)

13. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in dot1p mode?
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
All ports where root isn't expected
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

14. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

15. What is the bridge priority range?
Bridge priority and MAC
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Globally

16. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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17. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
On by default
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses

18. Each switch port is a _____ ______
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Collision domain
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)

19. What's the easiest way to configure GLBP timers?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Roughly 2000
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

20. On what scope is DAI enabled?
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Embeds the tag within the frame
Per VLAN

21. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

22. What is portfast?
As a VLAN access map
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
TCAM
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

23. How doed backbonefast work?
The master router can share the VIP
By short-circuiting the max age timer
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Only for the offending VLAN on the port

24. What is a root link query (RLQ)?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
L2

25. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Variation in delay

26. What does the dst-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
FIB
63 kbps
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply

27. RSTP backup port
134 bits
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

28. What functions does a LAP perform?
Access or trunk
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

29. What is layer 2 roaming?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Admin down
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet

30. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
A MAC is seen on a different port
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits

31. How does 802.1q handle COS?
Priority (class 1)
Yes
Use the spanning-tree root macro
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

32. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
Priority (class 1)
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
The RP listens to a flow's 1st packet for the dest. The SE listens to the packet and dest and puts a shortcut in the MSL cache. Netflow switching - route once - switch many
Can send and receive BDPUs

33. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting

34. What is DSCP codepoint AF21(18)?
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Immediate (class 2)
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

35. How is the HSRP MAC address configured?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

36. How does a LAP and a WLC authenticate between each other?
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
Using digital certificates
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port

37. How do you configure LACP standby links?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
LACP port priority
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

38. What is the 80/20 rule?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

39. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
1 to 64
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
By sending a gratuitous ARP

40. In a converged fabric - which switch(es) send config BDPUs?
Root
Will trunk if asked
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Distribution layer

41. Can ARP replies be checked
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Yes
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table

42. What is the range of HSRP group numbers?
All user ports that have portfast enabled
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
0-255
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.

43. What are the three basic types of QOS?
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

44. What is the access layer best practice?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Root
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

45. How are RSTP point to point ports determined?
The RP listens to a flow's 1st packet for the dest. The SE listens to the packet and dest and puts a shortcut in the MSL cache. Netflow switching - route once - switch many
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.

46. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

47. what must be done on an SVI before it is activated?
0-255
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Globally
No shut

48. What does the ip option do when checking ARP replies

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49. How should backbonefast be configured?
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply

50. What is layer 3 roaming?
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
With the skinny protocol