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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How many tunnels exist between the LAP and WLC?
Root
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Using a mobility exchange message
2 - one for control messages and one for data

2. What does uplinkfast do?
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

3. Define HSRP
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
1 to 64
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
0-255

4. What is step 1 of enabling IP source guard?
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Connects with SONET or SDH

5. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Distribution layer

6. How is the HSRP MAC address configured?
The port asks the other end to trunk
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

7. What do you need to determine to use MSTP?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
12 kbps with headers and compression
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

8. What is the PVLAN host mode?
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
A MAC is seen on a different port
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan

9. What is PVST plus (PVST+)?
RADIUS
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

10. What is DCF?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Root
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each

11. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
By creating a static IP binding

12. How many potential links can LACP define?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
1/2 and 3/6
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

13. What is integrated services model QOS?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

14. Of what significance are private VLANs
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Local only
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

15. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Use the spanning-tree root macro

16. RSTP alternate port
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

17. What is unique about HSRP group numbers?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Port with best root path cost

18. static vlans offer ____ based membership
Port
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

19. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa

20. Where does layer switching occur?
Hashing algorithm
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Access

21. What is a service set?
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
To the virtual port-channel interface
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

22. what must be done on an SVI before it is activated?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
No shut

23. Which ports should you consider trusted for DAI?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Those that connect to other switches
0000.5e00.01xx
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number

24. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency

25. How is DHCP snooping enabled (scope)?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Real-time Transport Protocol
Globally

26. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Roughly 50%
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.

27. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Promiscuous and host
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Plain text or md5
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

28. What are the 2 UDLD modes?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
0000.5e00.01xx
Normal and aggressive
Manually

29. WPA encryption
They disguise the origin of an attack
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Will trunk if asked
Globally

30. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group

31. What does the skinny protocol do?
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
0-255 (lower is better)
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM

32. What must be supported for port-based security to occur?
Using digital certificates
2 seconds (def)
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled

33. What is a BSS?
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
They disguise the origin of an attack
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing

34. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
Full duplex
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

35. What does UDLD do?
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
19
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

36. How does HSRP plain text authentication work?
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Automatically using DTP and CDP
RADIUS

37. RSTP backup port
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Src-dst-ip
2 seconds (def)
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

38. What is the SDM?
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

39. How should backbonefast be configured?
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

40. What is the port priority range?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
0-255 (lower is better)
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

41. What are the three basic types of QOS?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model

42. How do you configure a DHCP gateway?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Variation in delay

43. How is 802.1x configured for port security?
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
RADIUS
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)

44. By default - what submode does PAgP operate in with the desirable and auto modes?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Silent
19
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports

45. What is latency?
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Can send and receive BDPUs
The total delay from start to finish
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

46. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
Manually
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
No because they only participate if asked
Local only

47. What is a wireless mobility group?
Change in trunk encap
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Isolated and community

48. What is route caching?

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49. 802.11g
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit

50. How do you implement MST?

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CCNP Switch Deck

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