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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
Differentiated services
The port asks the other end to trunk
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Untrusted

2. RSTP uses which standard?
Distribution
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
802.1w
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit

3. How do you configure LACP standby links?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
LACP port priority
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker

4. What is DSCP codepoint AF21(18)?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Immediate (class 2)
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

5. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

6. If the WLC connects to an Etherchannel - how should the channel be configured and why?

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7. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
A host port goes up or down
MAC of the end device

8. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
Roughly 50%
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

9. When DHCP snooping is turned on - by default - it considers all ports ______
Manually
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Untrusted
No

10. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
The ASIC
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Frames are forwarded

11. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

12. What is the LACP priority range?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability

13. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
Globally
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
By creating a static IP binding
134 bits

14. Where is loop guard enabled?
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

15. What is BDPU Guard?
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

16. What types of links can be trunked?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

17. How do you enable CEF?
By using a hash of a key string
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
7 switches from root bridge
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

18. How do you find duplex mismatches?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
0-255 (lower is better)
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies

19. What is a wall wart?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Port with best root path cost on segment
Variation in delay
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.

20. How does RSTP converge?
Using a mobility exchange message
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

21. RSTP designated port
Can hear only BDPUs
No because they only participate if asked
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Port with best root path cost on segment

22. What is an IST instance?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Yes

23. What does the SP do?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
By using a hash of a key string
Differentiated services

24. How is an RSTP edge port configured
With portfast
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
802.11
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

25. What is an untrusted port under dhcp snooping?
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

26. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
They disguise the origin of an attack
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries

27. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
No
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID

28. What is an IBSS?
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
1 to 64

29. What is the FM?
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
The RP listens to a flow's 1st packet for the dest. The SE listens to the packet and dest and puts a shortcut in the MSL cache. Netflow switching - route once - switch many
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
2

30. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Trusted or untrusted
Trunk
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
2 seconds (def)

31. How do Cisco IP phones communicate with the CCM?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
With the skinny protocol
7 switches from root bridge
The same as a standby group in HSRP

32. Where is root guard enabled?

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33. What is the traditional MLS view of switching?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Route once - switch many
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

34. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

35. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in dot1p mode?
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Promiscuous and host

36. What data does DHCP snooping track?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
2 - one for control messages and one for data
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

37. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Flash override (class 4)
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Distribution layer

38. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
L2
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
19
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

39. What scope is 802.1x enabled?
Globally
They disguise the origin of an attack
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

40. What is an MST instance?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

41. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
Roughly 50%
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

42. What must the other end be set to if PAgP desirable or LACP active mode is selected?
Either desirable or auto mode
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table

43. What is an end to end vlan?
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
The same as a standby group in HSRP
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

44. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
SC fiber or RJ-45
No because they only participate if asked
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

45. What is UDLD aggressive mode?

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46. What is common spanning tree (CST)?
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Flash override (class 4)
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay

47. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP

48. How are errdisable triggers tuned?
L2
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Globally
Change in trunk encap

49. What is the default FE duplex?
Full duplex
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Src-dst-ip

50. What is a service set?
Differentiated services
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

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CCNP Switch Deck

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