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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is a root link query (RLQ)?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

2. What is topology-basec caching?
Using digital certificates
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding

3. What are the characteristics of the core layer
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS

4. What is an MST instance?
Roughly 50%
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance

5. What are 2 ways to configure VLAN and VTP information?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
0-255 (lower is better)
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy

6. What does port-security restrict do?
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance

7. What is a drop adjacency?

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8. How does HSRP plain text authentication work?
Can send and receive BDPUs
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Differentiated services code point
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.

9. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
Globally
Yes
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan

10. How is root port decided upon?
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Lowest cumulative cost to root
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)

11. What is the format of the VRRP virtual MAC?
0000.5e00.01xx
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
7 switches from root bridge
The total delay from start to finish

12. What is the size of a TCAM value?
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Dynamic arp inspection
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

13. What is the bridge priority range?
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better

14. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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15. RSTP root port
Port with best root path cost
FIB
FE and GE
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame

16. What are the 2 choices for VLANs with IPT?
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)

17. How does loop guard block ports?
No shut
Globally
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface

18. RSTP uses which standard?
802.1w
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Src-dst-ip

19. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
802.1D

20. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

21. How do you enable CEF?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Globally
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

22. What are TCAM entries composed of?
Trunk
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
On the left as you face the connector

23. Which ports should you consider trusted for DAI?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Those that connect to other switches
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses

24. How is 802.1x configured for port security?
Src-dst-ip
RADIUS
Hashing algorithm
No shut

25. How do you show HSRP status
Show standby
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Either desirable or auto mode

26. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
Per VLAN
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
The master router can share the VIP
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

27. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
They disguise the origin of an attack
Yes
Distribution layer

28. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Priority (class 1)
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created

29. What is the range of HSRP group numbers?
Collision domain
0-255
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
The total delay from start to finish

30. what should you do if you expect a PAgP capable switch at the other end vs. a server or host?
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Configure non-silent submode

31. What is the SDM?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
1500B
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

32. How is DHCP snooping enabled (scope)?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
Globally

33. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Full duplex
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Turn on port security
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains

34. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
1 per segment
Root
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Because each frame is checked

35. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Plain text or md5

36. How many links can be used in an EtherChannel?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

37. What is the default 10mbps Enet duplex?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
Half-duplex

38. What is dynamic auto?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Will trunk if asked

39. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports

40. What is the core block?

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41. How does HSRP election work?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.

42. What does the rewrite engine do?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

43. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Distribution
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
0-255

44. What do you need to determine to use MSTP?
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Priority (class 1)

45. What must you be sure of if AP cells overlap?

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46. Define HSRP
1 to 64
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
2 seconds

47. What is the cost of a 1Gbps link?
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
4
7 switches from root bridge
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings

48. How are VACLs applied
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
RADIUS
802.11
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

49. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Frames are forwarded
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing

50. 802.11g
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)

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CCNP Switch Deck

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