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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in dot1p mode?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Immediate (class 2)
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table

2. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Root
No
The active router. All other routers are in backup state

3. How long are TCAM masks?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
134 bits
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.

4. By default - what submode does PAgP operate in with the desirable and auto modes?
Silent
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

5. What is a cell?

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6. What is best effort delivery QOS?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Untrusted

7. What is the STP forward delay timer?
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
2

8. What is a BSS?
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

9. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in untagged mode?
RADIUS
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Because each frame is checked

10. RSTP discarding state
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Route once - switch many

11. RSTP BPDU structure
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa

12. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow

13. In a converged fabric - which switch(es) send config BDPUs?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Root
63 kbps
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

14. What is DAI?
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Dynamic arp inspection
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port

15. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

16. How do you show HSRP status
Show standby
Trusted ports
LACP port priority
Either desirable or auto mode

17. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Because each frame is checked
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
1 IP subnet

18. unknown unicast flooding
Globally
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.

19. What does the SP do?
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
4

20. What is the SDM?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
The total delay from start to finish
With portfast
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

21. What is Per VLAN STP (PVST)?
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

22. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
Dynamic arp inspection
Differentiated services code point
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Route once - switch many

23. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
The master router can share the VIP
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Globally

24. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Access or trunk
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

25. What is the default FE duplex?
Full duplex
Untrusted
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

26. RSTP alternate port
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
7 switches from root bridge
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

27. What is the size of a TCAM value?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
A point to point port type
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)

28. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
63 kbps
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset

29. What does DTP do?
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

30. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Auto mode

31. Where should you change the network diameter value?
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge

32. What is a community secondary VLAN?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

33. What is a discard adjacency?
A MAC is seen on a different port
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Using digital certificates

34. What can the Etherchannel hash use?
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Untrusted

35. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
TCAM
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Untrusted

36. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

37. What are the steps to configure MST?
By creating a static IP binding
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Automatically using DTP and CDP

38. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

39. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
Globally
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
To the virtual port-channel interface
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones

40. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Trusted or untrusted
Globally
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses

41. What 2 conditions does IP source guard check for?
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.

42. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

43. What is GLBP weight?
Globally or per-port
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

44. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Half-duplex
The campus network's backbone
No shut

45. What is backbonefast?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

46. Define GLBP
300 sec by default
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region

47. What is BDPU Guard?
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Port with best root path cost on segment
Yes to both
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

48. What is a wall wart?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

49. What is errdisable dtp-flap?
Weak key rotation
Change in trunk encap
A MAC is seen on a different port
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

50. What are spoofed addresses?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
They disguise the origin of an attack
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance

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CCNP Switch Deck

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