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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Configuration and TCN
Distribution layer

2. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
To the virtual port-channel interface

3. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Silent
An AP's coverage area
Trusted or untrusted
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable

4. unknown unicast flooding
Those that connect to other switches
The total delay from start to finish
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Only for the offending VLAN on the port

5. What does the switchport host macro do?
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port

6. What are the steps of RSTP convergence?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Manually
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
It can't

7. One vlan should =
1 IP subnet
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
RADIUS

8. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology

9. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
802.1D
2 seconds
Globally

10. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
1 per segment

11. What is an isolated secondary VLAN?

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12. What is the VRRP master router?
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
Variation in delay
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
On by default

13. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
1 per segment
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.

14. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Access or trunk
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port

15. What do you need to determine to use MSTP?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
1/2 and 3/6
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

16. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
They disguise the origin of an attack

17. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
10-15%
7 switches from root bridge
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

18. what do multilayer switches do?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Connects with SONET or SDH
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

19. What is the SDM?
0-255
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

20. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
0-255 (lower is better)
The master router can share the VIP
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
224.0.0.2 (all routers)

21. How do Cisco IP phones communicate with the CCM?
Flash override (class 4)
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Edge - root - and point to point
With the skinny protocol

22. Where is UDLD enabled?
0-255 (lower is better)
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority

23. What is the STP disabled state?
As a VLAN access map
Frames are forwarded
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Admin down

24. If a port is configured for errdisable auto recovery - how long does it stay down?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
300 sec by default

25. What does port-security restrict do?
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
All user ports that have portfast enabled

26. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

27. What is the adjacency table?
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Use the spanning-tree root macro
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

28. What is dynamic desireable?
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
The port asks the other end to trunk

29. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
Roughly 50%
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information

30. What does Root Guard do?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

31. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Full duplex
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
On the left as you face the connector

32. RSTP forwarding state
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Frames are forwarded
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains

33. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
Weak key rotation
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Roughly 50%
0-255

34. How does dot1q do trunking?
No because they only participate if asked
Embeds the tag within the frame
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p

35. WPA2 encryption
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Frames are forwarded
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology

36. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
Trunk
RADIUS
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz

37. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
7 switches from root bridge
Auto mode

38. What is the default MTU?
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
1500B
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

39. What is errdisable dtp-flap?
L2
Change in trunk encap
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
2

40. what should you do if you expect a PAgP capable switch at the other end vs. a server or host?
Yes
10-15%
Trunk
Configure non-silent submode

41. How does HSRP port tracking work?

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42. What does the RP do?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Root - designated - alternate - and backup

43. What is backbonefast?
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
The distribution layer should have only L3 links

44. When should CDP be enabled?
The master router can share the VIP
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones

45. What is DSCP codepoint EF(46)?
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
Critical...used most often for IPT
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance

46. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
To the virtual port-channel interface
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state

47. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
2
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

48. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
1 IP subnet

49. What is a direct topology change?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

50. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
Promiscuous and host
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Connects with SONET or SDH

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CCNP Switch Deck

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