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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a wall wart?
Manually
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

2. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers

3. What are the two private vlan association modes?
The port asks the other end to trunk
Promiscuous and host
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number

4. What is best effort delivery QOS?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Route once - switch many

5. Can ARP replies be checked
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Yes
Silent
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses

6. What is RPVST+?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
10-15%
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Use the spanning-tree root macro

7. What is UDLD aggressive mode?

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8. What types of ports autonegotiate?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Variation in delay
FE and GE
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials

9. What are the 5 STP states?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)

10. What is a microcell?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

11. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

12. What is an autonomous mode AP?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

13. What routing protocols support NSF?
Embeds the tag within the frame
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.

14. What is layer 3 roaming?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Roughly 2000
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets

15. How does RSTP identify a topology change?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
63 kbps
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

16. How does DAI work?
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.

17. What is 802.1x auto?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Roughly 2000
All user ports that have portfast enabled
Differentiated services

18. What is latency?
The total delay from start to finish
Globally or per-port
By using a trunk link
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)

19. How do you configure LACP standby links?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
LACP port priority
Automatically using DTP and CDP

20. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Flash override (class 4)
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Distribution layer
Port

21. What is a service set?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
1/2 and 3/6
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

22. What happens during HSRP failover?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

23. By default - what submode does PAgP operate in with the desirable and auto modes?
Silent
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

24. FE connectors use...
It can't
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Globally
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors

25. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
Frames are forwarded
Auto mode
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

26. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
TCAM
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

27. How is the HSRP MAC address configured?
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Regions and instances
FIB
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

28. What is the VRRP skew time?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config

29. How does VRRP do tracking?

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30. What is an ESS?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

31. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Trunk
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

32. What is PVST plus (PVST+)?
Yes to both
All ports where root isn't expected
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

33. What functions does a LAP perform?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
LACP port priority
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client

34. What types of links can be trunked?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

35. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Untrusted
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Trunk

36. What is UDLD normal mode?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state

37. What is the STP blocking state?
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
L2
Can hear only BDPUs
1 IP subnet

38. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Edge - root - and point to point
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

39. What is integrated services model QOS?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
12 kbps with headers and compression
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client

40. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

41. What is 802.1x force-unauthorized?
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations

42. What is an isolated secondary VLAN?

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43. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Embeds the tag within the frame

44. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)

45. When are RSTP bdpus sent?
Manually
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Lowest cumulative cost to root
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

46. What is the PVLAN promiscuous mode?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

47. How do you renable an err-disable port by default?
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Manually
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.

48. What is the adjacency table?
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry

49. What is dynamic auto?
0-255 (lower is better)
134 bits
Will trunk if asked
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

50. What does port-security protect do?
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
1 per segment