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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
By short-circuiting the max age timer
Trunk
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number

2. What is a root link query (RLQ)?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

3. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Those that connect to other switches
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires

4. How much BW does a PSTN connection use?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
63 kbps
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Port with best root path cost

5. static vlans offer ____ based membership
Port
Either desirable or auto mode
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

6. What is the LACP priority range?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

7. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
Critical...used most often for IPT
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
802.1D

8. What are the PAgP negotiation modes
Flash (class 3)
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)

9. What is RTP?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Real-time Transport Protocol
Access or trunk
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

10. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
0000.5e00.01xx
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

11. What is NSF?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
As a VLAN access map
Hashing algorithm
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance

12. Does VTP pass private VLAN configuration?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Bridge priority and MAC
No
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

13. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports

14. What is the GLBP AVG?
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

15. How many tunnels exist between the LAP and WLC?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
2 - one for control messages and one for data
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

16. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Flash (class 3)

17. What is a wall wart?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Change in trunk encap

18. What is the GLBP group and priority range
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Auto mode
Yes
1 IP subnet

19. What are the 6 HSRP states?
SC fiber or RJ-45
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
No because they only participate if asked
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

20. What contains the next-hop entries?
1 per segment
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
FIB
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

21. What is errdisable dtp-flap?
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Distribution layer
Change in trunk encap

22. How is root port decided upon?
With portfast
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information

23. What is UDLD normal mode?
Edge - root - and point to point
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors

24. What is DSCP codepoint AF11(10)?
Priority (class 1)
By creating a static IP binding
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa

25. How do you configure IP source guard for hosts that don't use DHCP?
By creating a static IP binding
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

26. What is the cost of a 1Gbps link?
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
4

27. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
To the virtual port-channel interface
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

28. What does port-security restrict do?
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Change in trunk encap
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)

29. What is dynamic desireable?
300 sec
The port asks the other end to trunk
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
12 kbps with headers and compression

30. What are the port channel load balancing methods?
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz

31. What is the STP forwarding state?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Turn on port security
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

32. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

33. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Configuration and TCN
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet

34. WPA2 encryption
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports

35. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
4
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

36. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Because each frame is checked
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
No because they only participate if asked
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

37. What is the default 10mbps Enet duplex?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Will trunk if asked
Half-duplex

38. Can MSTP interoperate with 802.1q and/or PVST+?
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Yes to both
To the virtual port-channel interface

39. What does port-security protect do?
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added

40. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
The RP listens to a flow's 1st packet for the dest. The SE listens to the packet and dest and puts a shortcut in the MSL cache. Netflow switching - route once - switch many
Roughly 50%
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
No because they only participate if asked

41. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
The port asks the other end to trunk
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

42. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
No
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

43. Where is bdpu guard enabled?
12 kbps with headers and compression
Globally
All user ports that have portfast enabled
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

44. What is the PVLAN promiscuous mode?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Globally

45. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
2 seconds (def)
No because they only participate if asked
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings

46. How do you show HSRP status
All user ports that have portfast enabled
Show standby
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Can send and receive BDPUs

47. WPA encryption
802.1D
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

48. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers

49. What happens when the topology changes?

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50. What is arp throttling?
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
By short-circuiting the max age timer
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling