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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does the reload keyword do in HSRP?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Yes to both
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Either desirable or auto mode

2. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
A point to point port type
FE and GE
0-255
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

3. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

4. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
On the left as you face the connector
Roughly 50%
A MAC is seen on a different port
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

5. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.

6. What scope is 802.1x enabled?
Globally
802.11
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

7. What are the 5 STP states?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

8. By default - what layer do catalyst switchports operate on?
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
L2
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

9. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
Hashing algorithm
No
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

10. What are the 3 unlicensed frequencies?
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz

11. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
They disguise the origin of an attack
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00

12. How does every GLBP command begin
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added

13. What is the VRRP skew time?
Using a mobility exchange message
Frames are forwarded
By short-circuiting the max age timer
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added

14. What is topology-basec caching?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Port with best root path cost
As a VLAN access map
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

15. How does HSRP election work?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac

16. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
All ports where root isn't expected
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

17. What are the RSTP port roles?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN

18. What are TCAM entries composed of?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations

19. How should backbonefast be configured?
19
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
SC fiber or RJ-45

20. What is a baby giant frame?
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers

21. How do you implement MST?

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22. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

23. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Plain text or md5
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

24. What is layer 2 roaming?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
L2
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet

25. What is an indirect topology change?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
300 sec
0-255
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.

26. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Full duplex
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
1 per segment

27. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Edge - root - and point to point

28. What must be in common for a BSS to form?
7 switches from root bridge
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

29. What is an ESS?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
No because they only participate if asked
Discarding - learning - forwarding

30. What does Loop Guard do?
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Variation in delay
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced

31. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

32. Define VRRP
Flash override (class 4)
Bridge priority and MAC
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

33. static vlans offer ____ based membership
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Port

34. What is the bridge priority range?
Manually
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry

35. How does DAI work?
802.1w
RADIUS
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
The campus network's backbone

36. What are dynamic VLANs based on?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
802.1w
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
MAC of the end device

37. How do you prevent VLAN hopping?
0-255
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Use the spanning-tree root macro

38. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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39. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
Option 43
Weak key rotation
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency

40. What is the STP forward delay timer?
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Full duplex

41. What is a root link query (RLQ)?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned

42. What is the switch block?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary

43. What is 802.1x auto?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Roughly 2000
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

44. Where should you change the network diameter value?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding

45. 802.11b
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Because each frame is checked
Show standby
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

46. RSTP BPDU structure
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)

47. What address does HSRP send hello packets to?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Distribution layer
The distribution layer should have only L3 links

48. How does UDLD work?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
MAC of the end device
Yes
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

49. What is the STP learning state?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Show standby
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses

50. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Local only
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Because each frame is checked
Will trunk if asked