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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. can root guard and loop guard be used together
An AP's coverage area
No
Option 43
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received

2. What does the switchport host macro do?
L2
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

3. What is the VRRP skew time?
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC

4. How does ISL handle COS?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
FIB
Distribution layer
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

5. How often are BDPUs sent?
2 seconds (def)
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
No
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port

6. What is SSO?

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7. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
No
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

8. What is a wireless mobility group?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
No
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting

9. What's the easiest way to configure GLBP timers?
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

10. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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11. What is DAI?
Dynamic arp inspection
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet

12. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
1 IP subnet
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers

13. By default - what layer do catalyst switchports operate on?
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
19
L2

14. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Priority (class 1)

15. What pins does FE use?
1/2 and 3/6
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

16. Can ARP replies be checked
Regions and instances
Yes
With portfast
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

17. What functions does a LAP perform?
Using a mobility exchange message
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block

18. What does the standby HSRP router do?
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

19. What is an MST instance?
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply

20. What is the PVLAN host mode?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

21. What is the STP forward delay timer?
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
The port asks the other end to trunk
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches

22. What does the skinny protocol do?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

23. What is topology-basec caching?
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
By short-circuiting the max age timer
300 sec by default

24. RSTP discarding state
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Per VLAN
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding

25. How are VACLs configured?
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
As a VLAN access map
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

26. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
No
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Auto mode

27. How do VRRP routers handle preemption?
On by default
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Priority (class 1)
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.

28. How is Root Guard used?
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Access
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

29. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
2
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
5 classes with 3 drop precedences

30. What is a drop adjacency?

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31. What is DSCP?
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Per VLAN
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Differentiated services code point

32. What is backbonefast?
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
L2
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

33. What is the format of the VRRP virtual MAC?
0000.5e00.01xx
1500B
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

34. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Port with best root path cost
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding

35. How does dot1q do trunking?
Embeds the tag within the frame
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Half-duplex

36. On what scope is DAI enabled?
Access
Per VLAN
Configure non-silent submode
No

37. What is the standard for WLANs?
802.11
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
It can't

38. What is route caching?

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39. What is the access layer best practice?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
1/2 and 3/6

40. How far chould a VLAN extend?
Distribution layer
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
63 kbps
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

41. What is the SDM?
Change in trunk encap
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

42. What is an end to end vlan?
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Admin down
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

43. What is a bridge ID made up of?
No
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Bridge priority and MAC

44. Which fiber is the receive?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
1 IP subnet
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
On the left as you face the connector

45. What is NSF?
4
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
134 bits
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance

46. What must the other end be set to if PAgP desirable or LACP active mode is selected?
Either desirable or auto mode
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.

47. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
Option 43
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

48. What is a VRRP group?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
The same as a standby group in HSRP

49. How does ILP do power discovery?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

50. Define VRRP
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP