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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. RSTP uses which standard?
802.1w
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10

2. What are the steps to configure a LACP port channel?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
To the virtual port-channel interface

3. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
2 - one for control messages and one for data
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information

4. 802.11g
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Show standby
Will trunk if asked

5. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

6. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
No
L2

7. How are GLBP timers used?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
The total delay from start to finish
Roughly 2000
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec

8. What is an isolated secondary VLAN?

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9. What is best effort delivery QOS?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible

10. How do you enable CEF?
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

11. How much overlap should WAPs have?
10-15%
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
The master router can share the VIP

12. can root guard and loop guard be used together
No
Full duplex
The ASIC
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB

13. What are the 5 STP states?
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
1 IP subnet
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

14. What are the 5 STP port roles?
Hashing algorithm
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
1 per segment
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

15. How is UDLD configured?
A single broadcast domain
SC fiber or RJ-45
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number

16. WPA2 encryption
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
No
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Access

17. On what scope is DAI enabled?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Per VLAN
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
They disguise the origin of an attack

18. RSTP alternate port
Yes
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

19. How are VACLs applied
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information

20. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
TCAM
LACP port priority
No
An AP's coverage area

21. How many potential links can LACP define?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

22. FE connectors use...
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors

23. What is the default VTP state?
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

24. WPA encryption
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
By using a hash of a key string
802.11

25. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
Option 43
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets

26. what must be done on an SVI before it is activated?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Plain text or md5
Priority (class 1)
No shut

27. By default - what layer do catalyst switchports operate on?
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
L2
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

28. How is root port decided upon?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

29. What are dynamic VLANs based on?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
MAC of the end device
19

30. How many MST instances can be in a region?
Frames are forwarded
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Root

31. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
With portfast
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
Priority (class 1)

32. How do you prevent switch spoofing?
Yes to both
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Distribution

33. How is a QoS trust bondary configured?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
1 to 64
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Cisco ILP and 802.3af

34. unknown unicast flooding
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
12 kbps with headers and compression
Regions and instances
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

35. How are VACLs configured?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
As a VLAN access map
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

36. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

37. What is differentiated services model QOS?
300 sec
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
With the skinny protocol
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

38. Where is root guard enabled?

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39. What is the 80/20 rule?
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Trunk
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN

40. What is the PVLAN host mode?
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

41. RSTP edge port
An AP's coverage area
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

42. what I s distributed CEF (dCEF)?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable

43. What does the rewrite engine do?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply

44. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
FIB
0-255
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

45. What is PVST plus (PVST+)?
With the skinny protocol
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies

46. How does uplinkfast handle changes in topology?
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

47. How does RSTP identify a topology change?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan

48. What is the default 10mbps Enet duplex?
On the left as you face the connector
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Plain text or md5
Half-duplex

49. What do you need to determine to use MSTP?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance

50. Each switch port is a _____ ______
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Collision domain
Roughly 2000
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

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CCNP Switch Deck

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