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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is a LACP priority?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Auto mode
Either desirable or auto mode
To the virtual port-channel interface

2. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in dot1p mode?
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
The campus network's backbone

3. How many users should be within a switch block?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Roughly 2000

4. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
No
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

5. What does MSTP do?
No shut
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
It can't

6. Where should you change the network diameter value?
802.1D
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
0-255 (lower is better)
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

7. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Flash override (class 4)
Each frame transmits its expected duration time

8. What does the switchport host macro do?
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

9. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Half-duplex
Promiscuous and host

10. FE connectors use...
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

11. How does DAI work?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
On the left as you face the connector
Admin down
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.

12. How doed backbonefast work?
By short-circuiting the max age timer
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

13. What is the standard for WLANs?
4
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
802.11

14. What must you be sure of if AP cells overlap?

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15. How does RSTP converge?
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

16. 802.11b
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

17. What does the standby HSRP router do?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Weak key rotation
7 switches from root bridge

18. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
All user ports that have portfast enabled
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive

19. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
Show standby
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Local only

20. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Trusted or untrusted
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

21. How does ILP do power discovery?
No
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption

22. What does VTP do?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
0-255 (lower is better)
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

23. What is the default FE duplex?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Full duplex
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

24. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
Differentiated services
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

25. How is UDLD configured?
Differentiated services code point
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Dynamic arp inspection

26. What is an insignificant topology change?
Frames are forwarded
A host port goes up or down
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

27. What is a baby giant frame?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
0-255
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

28. What is the STP listening state?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Can send and receive BDPUs
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

29. What is the cost of a 1Gbps link?
4
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk

30. What is a direct topology change?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
No shut
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

31. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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32. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
Globally
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Plain text or md5
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.

33. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.

34. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
Configuration and TCN
Configure non-silent submode
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q

35. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
Using digital certificates
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
2
Yes to both

36. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Using a mobility exchange message

37. How much overlap should WAPs have?
10-15%
1 per segment
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)

38. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Automatically using DTP and CDP
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better

39. What is the DIFS?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Using a mobility exchange message

40. What is the GLBP group and priority range
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

41. How should UDLD be configured?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

42. What is the core block?

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43. How do you prevent VLAN hopping?
Bridge priority and MAC
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

44. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Flash (class 3)
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

45. How do you enable CEF?
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Globally
Auto mode

46. What is 802.1x auto?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Priority (class 1)
Port
Globally

47. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN

48. What is the adjacency table?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

49. How does UDLD work?
Connects with SONET or SDH
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

50. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Yes
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority

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CCNP Switch Deck

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