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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
No
By using a hash of a key string

2. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Using a mobility exchange message

3. What is step 1 of enabling IP source guard?
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
1/2 and 3/6
LACP port priority
Trunk

4. What is a proxy arp?

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5. How does HSRP plain text authentication work?
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Can send and receive BDPUs
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

6. What is a microcell?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack

7. What types of ports autonegotiate?
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
FE and GE
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

8. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
7 switches from root bridge
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts

9. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
Either desirable or auto mode
1/2 and 3/6
2
Trusted or untrusted

10. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Edge - root - and point to point

11. What happens during HSRP failover?
A single broadcast domain
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other

12. What is a community secondary VLAN?
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
134 bits
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
0-255 (lower is better)

13. How many links can be used in an EtherChannel?
12 kbps with headers and compression
It can't
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

14. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
On by default
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)

15. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
Configuration and TCN
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
The ASIC
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

16. WPA2 encryption
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy

17. What does MSTP do?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Critical...used most often for IPT
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance

18. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
To the virtual port-channel interface
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

19. What is unique about HSRP group numbers?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Isolated and community

20. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.

21. How does RSTP converge?
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN

22. In a converged fabric - which switch(es) send config BDPUs?
No
Half-duplex
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Root

23. What is the GLBP redirect timer?
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
0-255
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

24. What is DSCP codepoint AF11(10)?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Priority (class 1)

25. What are 2 ways to configure VLAN and VTP information?
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Differentiated services code point
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

26. What can the Etherchannel hash use?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)

27. RSTP uses which standard?
Src-dst-ip
By creating a static IP binding
802.1w
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries

28. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

29. Does GLBP allow preemption?
Control functions
Yes
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

30. What is an IST instance?
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.

31. What is 802.1x force-unauthorized?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
300 sec by default
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)

32. What does the switchport host macro do?
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
0-255 (lower is better)
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption

33. What is the STP forward delay timer?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
4
Access or trunk

34. What does Root Guard do?
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network

35. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state

36. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
Differentiated services code point

37. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

38. What is RPVST+?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
134 bits
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

39. What's the easiest way to configure GLBP timers?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate

40. EAP encryption
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Variation in delay

41. What is a cell?

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42. What is 802.1x auto?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config

43. What are the steps to configure a LACP port channel?
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
0-255
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs

44. what I s distributed CEF (dCEF)?
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Critical...used most often for IPT
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

45. what do multilayer switches do?
Roughly 50%
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan

46. How is a QoS trust bondary configured?
Silent
TCAM
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies

47. What is an insignificant topology change?
Critical...used most often for IPT
A host port goes up or down
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another

48. What is the default 10mbps Enet duplex?
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Half-duplex
No
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

49. When are RSTP bdpus sent?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Trunk

50. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
As a VLAN access map
The ASIC
0-255
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.