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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are the RSTP port states?
The campus network's backbone
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Discarding - learning - forwarding
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

2. static vlans offer ____ based membership
Configure non-silent submode
Port
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface

3. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
The master router can share the VIP
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
All ports where root isn't expected

4. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Configuration and TCN
An AP's coverage area
All user ports that have portfast enabled

5. What is the STP Max Age timer?
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
SC fiber or RJ-45
To the virtual port-channel interface
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame

6. RSTP backup port
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
That they aren't using the same frequencies.

7. Where does VRRP send advertisements?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
FIB
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting

8. What does MSTP do?
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

9. How do you enable CEF?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Distribution layer
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.

10. What format does the GLBP MAC use?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
300 sec by default
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

11. What are the 5 STP states?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
0-255
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

12. How does VRRP do tracking?

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13. can root guard and udld be used together?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Yes
Trusted or untrusted
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

14. What is portfast?
Flash override (class 4)
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Plain text or md5
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

15. What is dynamic auto?
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Will trunk if asked

16. Where should you change the network diameter value?
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Flash override (class 4)
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

17. What is a QoS trust boundary?
Port with best root path cost on segment
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

18. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
1500B
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Using a mobility exchange message

19. How can BDPU Guard be configured?
Isolated and community
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Globally or per-port
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

20. CAM table entries are purged when....
A MAC is seen on a different port
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
63 kbps
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk

21. How is 802.1x configured for port security?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
RADIUS

22. RSTP forwarding state
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Frames are forwarded
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Yes

23. When looking at the sh spanning tree output - What does P2P peer(STP) denote?
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

24. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
No
Flash (class 3)
Access or trunk
The ASIC

25. unknown unicast flooding
L2
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
1 per segment

26. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
Port
Bridge priority and MAC
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

27. What is a punt adjacency?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

28. What is the standard for WLANs?
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Local only
802.11

29. What is a bridge ID made up of?
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Admin down
Bridge priority and MAC
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches

30. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
No shut
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
802.1D

31. what I s distributed CEF (dCEF)?
The campus network's backbone
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

32. What is the FM?
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Critical...used most often for IPT
Option 43

33. One vlan should =
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
1 IP subnet
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate

34. What does the ip option do when checking ARP replies

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35. How do Cisco IP phones communicate with the CCM?
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
With the skinny protocol
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

36. FE connectors use...
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Dynamic arp inspection
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan

37. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p

38. What is latency?
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
0000.5e00.01xx
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
The total delay from start to finish

39. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Untrusted
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
By using a trunk link

40. What is backbonefast?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Normal and aggressive

41. When should CDP be enabled?
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Flash (class 3)
By using a hash of a key string
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones

42. Define HSRP
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

43. What is the range of PAgP channel group numbers?
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
1 to 64
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Manually

44. How do you implement MST?

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45. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
The same as a standby group in HSRP
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

46. How does packet forwarding work
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

47. What is dynamic desireable?
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
The port asks the other end to trunk
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
All ports where root isn't expected

48. How much overlap should WAPs have?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
10-15%
19
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches

49. How long are TCAM masks?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
134 bits
The campus network's backbone

50. What are the 2 choices for VLANs with IPT?
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Because each frame is checked
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

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CCNP Switch Deck

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