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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the STP disabled state?
The campus network's backbone
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Globally
Admin down

2. What is the switch block?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

3. What is integrated services model QOS?
Untrusted
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.

4. where does L2 switching occur?
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
To the virtual port-channel interface

5. Which fiber is the receive?
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
On the left as you face the connector
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

6. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
Plain text or md5
Trunk
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable

7. What is an MST instance?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Control functions
Full duplex

8. How do you prevent switch spoofing?
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior

9. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
Normal and aggressive
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

10. Of what significance are private VLANs
LACP port priority
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Local only
Trunk

11. What is the port number range?
0-255
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Show standby
L2

12. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Normal and aggressive
No because they only participate if asked
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

13. What is the range of PAgP channel group numbers?
Manually
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
1 to 64

14. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
The campus network's backbone
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

15. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
The total delay from start to finish
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00

16. What is a CEF glean?

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17. How do IP phones communicate with each other?
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

18. How do you find duplex mismatches?
SC fiber or RJ-45
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

19. What is PVST plus (PVST+)?
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
No because they only participate if asked
Trunk
Variation in delay

20. What does VTP do?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
5 classes with 3 drop precedences

21. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds

22. What is a VRRP group?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Route once - switch many

23. What is 802.1x auto?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

24. What does IP source guard do?
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable

25. What is best effort delivery QOS?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
LACP port priority
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

26. How many potential links can LACP define?
By creating a static IP binding
Flash (class 3)
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby

27. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
1/2 and 3/6
2

28. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
1/2 and 3/6
Admin down
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

29. How does UDLD work?
Bridge priority and MAC
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port

30. What is an ESS?
Per VLAN
Frames are forwarded
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

31. What are the steps to configure MST?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
With the skinny protocol
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance

32. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Turn on port security
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Promiscuous and host
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal

33. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
0-255
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
TCAM
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled

34. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Normal and aggressive
No
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

35. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Access
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)

36. What is a proxy arp?

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37. What contains the next-hop entries?
FIB
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
On the left as you face the connector
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits

38. What is RPVST+?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Globally

39. What are the 2 power over ethernet methods?
Yes to both
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Immediate (class 2)
Cisco ILP and 802.3af

40. can root guard and udld be used together?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Port with best root path cost
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Yes

41. What is the GLBP AVG?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
Plain text or md5
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology

42. Does GLBP allow preemption?
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Yes
19

43. What is backbonefast?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Trunk

44. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.

45. How many tunnels exist between the LAP and WLC?
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Control functions

46. RSTP uses which standard?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
802.1w
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
Yes to both

47. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Manually

48. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Either desirable or auto mode
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each

49. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Trunk
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

50. What is layer 2 roaming?
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology

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CCNP Switch Deck

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