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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the RSTP default hello interval?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
2 seconds
802.1D
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

2. How are BDPUs spread?
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
L2
Real-time Transport Protocol

3. Each switch port is a _____ ______
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Collision domain
Untrusted

4. What is topology-basec caching?
Access
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding

5. Define HSRP
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Immediate (class 2)
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)

6. What is arp throttling?
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay

7. Where is root guard enabled?

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8. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Plain text or md5

9. How do you configure LACP standby links?
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
LACP port priority
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

10. What is the default 802.3af power class and its use?

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11. What are the 3 unlicensed frequencies?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Half-duplex
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz

12. By default - what submode does PAgP operate in with the desirable and auto modes?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Silent
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

13. What is a discard adjacency?
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
Turn on port security
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

14. What is BDPU Guard?
Roughly 2000
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Yes

15. How does NSF work?
Yes
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance

16. Does VTP pass private VLAN configuration?
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
No

17. RSTP uses which standard?
802.1w
LACP port priority
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

18. What is portfast?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

19. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Yes

20. What is the SDM?
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
300 sec

21. What does port-security protect do?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
300 sec by default

22. How many MST instances can be in a region?
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
Globally

23. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.

24. How is an instance defined?
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
TCAM
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

25. How does 802.1q handle COS?
Flash override (class 4)
Auto mode
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

26. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
802.11

27. What is the GLBP group and priority range
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Roughly 2000

28. How is a QoS trust bondary configured?
Globally
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies

29. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Flash (class 3)
FIB
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)

30. What is the access layer best practice?
Flash override (class 4)
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

31. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

32. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Differentiated services
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated

33. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

34. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

35. What is an indirect topology change?
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

36. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Lowest cumulative cost to root
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
5 classes with 3 drop precedences

37. WPA encryption
The total delay from start to finish
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
A MAC is seen on a different port
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption

38. What is the STP disabled state?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Admin down

39. What are spoofed addresses?
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
They disguise the origin of an attack
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information

40. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
Globally or per-port
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
2 seconds (def)

41. What data does DHCP snooping track?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP

42. RSTP forwarding state
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Frames are forwarded
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Change in trunk encap

43. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Can send and receive BDPUs
Isolated and community
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

44. What does BDPU filtering do?
Half-duplex
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Priority (class 1)
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM

45. What cabling do GBICs use?
SC fiber or RJ-45
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Bridge priority and MAC
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

46. What functions does a LAP perform?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
On by default
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive

47. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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48. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Can send and receive BDPUs
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Configuration and TCN

49. What is SSO?

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50. What is the VRRP master router?
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
Switchpotrt nonegotiate