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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the default MTU?
1500B
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Configure non-silent submode
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00

2. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
19
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Differentiated services code point

3. What is integrated services model QOS?
Silent
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Can hear only BDPUs

4. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
TCAM
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Frames are forwarded
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches

5. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
Bridge priority and MAC
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.

6. What is a community secondary VLAN?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

7. What is an ESS?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Dynamic arp inspection
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses

8. How doed backbonefast work?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
By short-circuiting the max age timer
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
FE and GE

9. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
2
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Priority (class 1)

10. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
No because they only participate if asked
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

11. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
802.1D
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains

12. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Untrusted

13. Which ports should you consider trusted for DAI?
Using digital certificates
Those that connect to other switches
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added

14. How does HSRP election work?
Isolated and community
Plain text or md5
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker

15. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Dynamic arp inspection
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches

16. Automatically configure STP timers
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
On the left as you face the connector
Use the spanning-tree root macro

17. How many links can be used in an EtherChannel?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
It can't

18. What contains the next-hop entries?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
FIB
Immediate (class 2)

19. How do you configure LACP standby links?
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Route once - switch many
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
LACP port priority

20. What pins does FE use?
1/2 and 3/6
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
No
Promiscuous and host

21. What does uplinkfast do?
134 bits
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Roughly 2000

22. How much BW does a PSTN connection use?
Immediate (class 2)
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
63 kbps
Globally

23. What is an IBSS?
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Can hear only BDPUs
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging

24. What is the core block?

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25. Define GLBP
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Dynamic arp inspection
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Yes

26. What does MSTP do?
All user ports that have portfast enabled
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

27. What is the STP learning state?
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Critical...used most often for IPT
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another

28. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
Flash override (class 4)
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Change in trunk encap
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

29. What is layer 3 roaming?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing

30. What is the SDM?
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

31. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
Port with best root path cost on segment
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

32. How do you enable CEF?
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
On by default
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

33. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
All ports where root isn't expected
It can't
Automatically using DTP and CDP

34. How do VRRP routers handle preemption?
On by default
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model

35. How is root port decided upon?
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Turn on port security
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Lowest cumulative cost to root

36. How does 802.3af do power discovery?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

37. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
No
Those that connect to other switches

38. What is DAI?
Dynamic arp inspection
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

39. What is the STP listening state?
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Can send and receive BDPUs
Isolated and community
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers

40. What is the STP forwarding state?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Trusted or untrusted
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

41. What is DSCP codepoint AF21(18)?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Immediate (class 2)
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy

42. What are the 3 ways GLBP load-balances?
0-255
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

43. WPA2 encryption
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up

44. What is the format of the VRRP virtual MAC?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
0000.5e00.01xx

45. What is a PVLAN?
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number

46. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
63 kbps
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

47. What is the default network diameter?
7 switches from root bridge
2 seconds
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Globally

48. What is UDLD normal mode?
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server

49. What is step 1 of enabling IP source guard?
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Differentiated services code point
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port

50. What does port-security protect do?
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance