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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Plain text or md5
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

2. Which fiber is the receive?
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
On the left as you face the connector
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

3. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate

4. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

5. What data does DHCP snooping track?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

6. 802.11a
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Differentiated services code point
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

7. What is BDPU Guard?
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
The same as a standby group in HSRP
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Frames are forwarded

8. What is the bridge priority range?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
A single broadcast domain

9. What is the STP disabled state?
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Admin down
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

10. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

11. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
To the virtual port-channel interface
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

12. How do you configure a DHCP gateway?
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server

13. How does HSRP do MD5 authentication?
By using a hash of a key string
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
63 kbps

14. What are the steps to configure MST?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
2
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

15. unknown unicast flooding
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
802.1w
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.

16. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region

17. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

18. Define HSRP
Embeds the tag within the frame
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

19. What does the switchport host macro do?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
By using a hash of a key string
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

20. What does the version number indicate when looking at CEF entries?
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Manually
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

21. How do you show HSRP status
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Regions and instances
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Show standby

22. What does Loop Guard do?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
No
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

23. What is a vlan?
A single broadcast domain
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
FE and GE
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

24. What is 802.1x force-unauthorized?
FE and GE
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
No shut

25. How many users should be within a switch block?
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Roughly 2000
0-255
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

26. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

27. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Frames are forwarded
By using a trunk link

28. What is a topology change?
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
Per VLAN
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

29. If the WLC connects to an Etherchannel - how should the channel be configured and why?

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30. How does HSRP election work?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

31. What is a PVLAN?
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

32. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
Globally or per-port
LACP port priority
Differentiated services
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

33. RSTP learning state
Yes
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned

34. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
Trusted or untrusted
0-255
Normal and aggressive
Yes

35. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

36. How is Root Guard used?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

37. What does Root Guard do?
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Because each frame is checked
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Control functions

38. Can ARP replies be checked
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Yes
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Discarding - learning - forwarding

39. What is PVST plus (PVST+)?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

40. How does GLBP work?
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Globally
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

41. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Using digital certificates
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP

42. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region

43. How do you enable CEF?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
Real-time Transport Protocol
Change in trunk encap

44. What is a root link query (RLQ)?
Yes
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

45. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
SC fiber or RJ-45
The master router can share the VIP
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

46. What is a wireless mobility group?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
With the skinny protocol

47. What is a LACP priority?
Yes
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
On by default
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

48. What are the caveats for HSRP port tracking?
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region

49. What cabling do GBICs use?
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
802.1w
SC fiber or RJ-45

50. If you want IP source guard to detect spoofed MAC addresses - what must you do?
With portfast
Turn on port security
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Roughly 2000