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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. what if a secondary VLAN?
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

2. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Edge - root - and point to point
12 kbps with headers and compression
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

3. What is the VRRP master router?
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Configuration and TCN

4. What does Root Guard do?
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Option 43

5. How does GLBP work?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
The campus network's backbone
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

6. What is an IBSS?
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

7. How does every VRRP command begin?
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Can hear only BDPUs

8. What must the other end be set to if PAgP desirable or LACP active mode is selected?
Either desirable or auto mode
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Flash (class 3)
Manually

9. How many potential links can LACP define?
Bridge priority and MAC
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby

10. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

11. One vlan should =
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
1 IP subnet
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN

12. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
802.1w
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Because each frame is checked

13. How is the HSRP MAC address configured?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

14. Does GLBP allow preemption?
No shut
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
LACP port priority
Yes

15. How are RSTP point to point ports determined?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
L2
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.

16. What is DSCP codepoint AF41(34)?
Flash override (class 4)
Either desirable or auto mode
Auto mode
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface

17. What is the GLBP AVG?
Root
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing

18. What is SSO?

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19. How are GLBP timers used?
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
SC fiber or RJ-45
Untrusted

20. What is a PVLAN?
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

21. What are dynamic VLANs based on?
Globally or per-port
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Plain text or md5
MAC of the end device

22. What is the bridge priority range?
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
A single broadcast domain
Local only
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

23. RSTP discarding state
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Per VLAN
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)

24. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
Differentiated services
0-255 (lower is better)
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency

25. Where does layer switching occur?
Show standby
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Isolated and community
Yes

26. How does a LAP and a WLC authenticate between each other?
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Using digital certificates
Route once - switch many
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

27. How often are BDPUs sent?
2 seconds (def)
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

28. What is Per VLAN STP (PVST)?
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q

29. How does uplinkfast handle changes in topology?
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
RADIUS
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.

30. How does L3 QOS classification happen?
Globally
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better

31. When should CDP be enabled?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
Trunk

32. What is the default 10mbps Enet duplex?
Trusted or untrusted
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Half-duplex
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added

33. Where is root guard enabled?

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34. What does MSTP consist of?
Regions and instances
The ASIC
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

35. What does the SP do?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
An AP's coverage area

36. What is GLBP weight?
A MAC is seen on a different port
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
An AP's coverage area

37. What is backbonefast?
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

38. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
Isolated and community
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Each frame transmits its expected duration time

39. What is the STP learning state?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Connects with SONET or SDH
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
They disguise the origin of an attack

40. What is the range of HSRP group numbers?
7 switches from root bridge
0-255
Regions and instances
Roughly 2000

41. How are VACLs applied
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Using a mobility exchange message

42. 802.11a
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Configuration and TCN

43. What does VTP do?
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Manually
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

44. RSTP BPDU structure
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs

45. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset

46. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
Priority (class 1)
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.

47. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Either desirable or auto mode
2
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

48. What is common spanning tree (CST)?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
No
63 kbps
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based

49. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
2
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

50. When DHCP snooping is turned on - by default - it considers all ports ______
By sending a gratuitous ARP
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Untrusted