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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does ISL handle COS?
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Variation in delay
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)

2. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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3. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

4. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Yes
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

5. can root guard and loop guard be used together
Can send and receive BDPUs
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Configure non-silent submode
No

6. What are the steps to configure a LACP port channel?
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Differentiated services code point
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority

7. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Per VLAN
Flash (class 3)
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

8. What is an SVI?
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

9. What routing protocols support NSF?
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
FIB
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

10. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Yes
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

11. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Yes
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors

12. How much BW does a PSTN connection use?
To the virtual port-channel interface
63 kbps
Bridge priority and MAC
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another

13. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

14. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
802.1D
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack

15. How many potential links can LACP define?
No
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
1/2 and 3/6
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials

16. What is the STP listening state?
Can send and receive BDPUs
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Option 43
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

17. WEP encryption
Configure non-silent submode
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Weak key rotation
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

18. What is a QoS trust boundary?
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Differentiated services code point
FIB
Distribution

19. How do you configure DAI for statically configured IP addresses?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

20. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
0-255

21. What is a punt adjacency?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing

22. What is a LACP priority?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
300 sec
Can send and receive BDPUs
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

23. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
A MAC is seen on a different port
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

24. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

25. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
By using a hash of a key string
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.

26. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
A point to point port type

27. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
They disguise the origin of an attack

28. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
0-255 (lower is better)
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
On by default
Distribution

29. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Priority (class 1)
Automatically using DTP and CDP
The same as a standby group in HSRP
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created

30. What is the range of PAgP channel group numbers?
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
1 to 64
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled

31. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
L2
Globally
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)

32. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
On the left as you face the connector
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Because each frame is checked
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port

33. What is arp throttling?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack

34. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
802.1D
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

35. RSTP forwarding state
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Frames are forwarded
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding

36. What does BDPU filtering do?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Distribution
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports

37. 802.11g
10-15%
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
0-255
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz

38. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

39. What is a cell?

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40. What is an untrusted port under dhcp snooping?
Either desirable or auto mode
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group

41. What is jitter?
Variation in delay
12 kbps with headers and compression
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
0000.5e00.01xx

42. What is a VRRP group?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Edge - root - and point to point
The same as a standby group in HSRP

43. How does every HSRP config command begin?
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number

44. WPA encryption
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
They disguise the origin of an attack
No
As a VLAN access map

45. How does VRRP do tracking?

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46. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
No because they only participate if asked
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Roughly 50%

47. What is layer 2 roaming?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
0-255

48. What happens when the topology changes?

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49. What is the VRRP master router?
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
Normal and aggressive
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen

50. What is 802.1x auto?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Differentiated services code point
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.