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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does dot1q do trunking?
0-255
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
Embeds the tag within the frame

2. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
To the virtual port-channel interface
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric

3. What is DSCP codepoint AF21(18)?
Immediate (class 2)
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame

4. For QoS - switch uplinks should always be considered as ____ _____?
Change in trunk encap
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
On the left as you face the connector
Trusted ports

5. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)

6. What is a LACP priority?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)

7. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

8. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
No
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

9. What is RPVST+?
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

10. What is the size of ISL encapsulation?
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model

11. How do VRRP routers handle preemption?
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
On by default
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
802.1D

12. What is UDLD normal mode?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
The port asks the other end to trunk

13. static vlans offer ____ based membership
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
Port

14. What are the 3 ways GLBP load-balances?
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Globally or per-port
Configure non-silent submode
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model

15. What must you be sure of if AP cells overlap?

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16. What must be in common for a BSS to form?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit

17. What is the STP hello timer?
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Hashing algorithm
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency

18. How do you renable an err-disable port by default?
Trusted ports
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Manually
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing

19. What is a null adjacency?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Trunk
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

20. What is the default network diameter?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
7 switches from root bridge

21. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
2
4
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

22. How does RSTP identify a topology change?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
No
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling

23. What is the LACP priority range?
On by default
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP

24. RSTP forwarding state
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
An AP's coverage area
Frames are forwarded

25. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
Can hear only BDPUs
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

26. What is the default VTP state?
Option 43
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Can hear only BDPUs
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

27. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Access
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

28. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
TCAM
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Roughly 50%
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)

29. What is the STP listening state?
Admin down
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Can send and receive BDPUs
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

30. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Auto mode

31. One vlan should =
1 IP subnet
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Configuration and TCN
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.

32. What is the switch block?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Show standby
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
The active router. All other routers are in backup state

33. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
Collision domain
The same as a standby group in HSRP
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.

34. What does the standby HSRP router do?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
The campus network's backbone
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Immediate (class 2)

35. What is PVST plus (PVST+)?
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

36. What is DSCP codepoint EF(46)?
2 seconds
Critical...used most often for IPT
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

37. What is an SVI?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

38. What are spoofed addresses?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
They disguise the origin of an attack
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block

39. What is the port priority range?
0-255 (lower is better)
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
No

40. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
Yes
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

41. What happens during HSRP failover?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured

42. What is RPR?
63 kbps
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
They disguise the origin of an attack
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

43. What does the minimum keyword do in HSRP?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Distribution

44. If a port is configured for errdisable auto recovery - how long does it stay down?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
300 sec by default
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption

45. What are the 2 choices for VLANs with IPT?
Roughly 50%
Auto mode
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)

46. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
As a VLAN access map
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
802.1D
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

47. How should backbonefast be configured?
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
10-15%
Port with best root path cost on segment

48. What is best effort delivery QOS?
Immediate (class 2)
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
No shut
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance

49. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
1500B
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
19

50. How does the CEF L3 engine operate?

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