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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
The master router can share the VIP
Configure non-silent submode
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
1500B

2. What does the RP do?
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
They disguise the origin of an attack

3. What is the adjacency table?
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Port
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
As a VLAN access map

4. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Option 43

5. How does every VRRP command begin?
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Trunk

6. What is UDLD aggressive mode?

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7. How should backbonefast be configured?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Yes

8. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Regions and instances
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

9. What is the range of PAgP channel group numbers?
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
1 to 64
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received

10. What is the GLBP group and priority range
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
2
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
4

11. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Lowest cumulative cost to root

12. What is an indirect topology change?
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

13. What is layer 2 roaming?
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Per VLAN
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

14. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
SC fiber or RJ-45
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
Because each frame is checked
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

15. How does loop guard block ports?
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
SC fiber or RJ-45

16. What address does HSRP send hello packets to?
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
19
Differentiated services
224.0.0.2 (all routers)

17. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
The master router can share the VIP
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

18. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
Distribution layer
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
L2
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

19. How long are TCAM masks?
Flash override (class 4)
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
134 bits
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance

20. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
By using a trunk link
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

21. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
By creating a static IP binding
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS

22. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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23. What is best effort delivery QOS?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
All ports where root isn't expected
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa

24. What is step 1 of enabling IP source guard?
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Roughly 50%
Show standby
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

25. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Automatically using DTP and CDP

26. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
Weak key rotation
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Automatically using DTP and CDP

27. unknown unicast flooding
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.

28. How does DSCP handle IP precedence?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
By short-circuiting the max age timer

29. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Critical...used most often for IPT
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

30. What is the default network diameter?
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
7 switches from root bridge
By creating a static IP binding
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

31. How does uplinkfast handle changes in topology?
Trusted or untrusted
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

32. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Embeds the tag within the frame

33. How should UDLD be configured?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
A single broadcast domain
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches

34. What is UDLD normal mode?
The campus network's backbone
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated

35. What are the port channel load balancing methods?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Either desirable or auto mode
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)

36. What format does the GLBP MAC use?
Manually
Local only
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number

37. What is 802.1x auto?
No
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Discarding - learning - forwarding

38. How much BW does a voip connection use?
MAC of the end device
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
12 kbps with headers and compression
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby

39. What are the 2 power over ethernet methods?
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
The ASIC
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
802.1w

40. How do you enable CEF?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Distribution layer

41. RSTP edge port
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

42. How much overlap should WAPs have?
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
10-15%
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains

43. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Connects with SONET or SDH
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Globally or per-port

44. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
Flash override (class 4)
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Trunk

45. What is the core block?

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46. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Manually
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

47. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

48. What is BDPU Guard?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

49. How does ISL handle COS?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
Manually

50. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string

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CCNP Switch Deck

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