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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the two private vlan association modes?
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Promiscuous and host
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

2. What is the default MTU?
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
1500B
300 sec
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary

3. How many potential links can LACP define?
The ASIC
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal

4. Can ARP replies be checked
The campus network's backbone
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Yes
All user ports that have portfast enabled

5. What is the default FE duplex?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
1/2 and 3/6
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Full duplex

6. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
By using a trunk link

7. What is a service set?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Edge - root - and point to point

8. RSTP BPDU structure
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Admin down
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

9. What is DSCP codepoint EF(46)?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Critical...used most often for IPT

10. What is the STP listening state?
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Can send and receive BDPUs
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

11. What are the 3 redundant supervisor modes?
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
All ports where root isn't expected
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

12. What is a vlan?
134 bits
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
A single broadcast domain

13. What is the size of a TCAM value?
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Port with best root path cost
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p

14. When DHCP snooping is turned on - by default - it considers all ports ______
Admin down
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Untrusted
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz

15. What is the PVLAN host mode?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Root
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

16. 802.11g
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
The campus network's backbone
Use the spanning-tree root macro
Only for the offending VLAN on the port

17. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Because each frame is checked
No
Globally

18. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
They disguise the origin of an attack
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

19. How do you renable an err-disable port by default?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Manually
1 IP subnet

20. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
Plain text or md5
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

21. How much overlap should WAPs have?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
12 kbps with headers and compression
10-15%
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

22. What is the portr ID?
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

23. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
TCAM
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Critical...used most often for IPT
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

24. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
Configuration and TCN
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)

25. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
Per VLAN
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

26. What is a community secondary VLAN?
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
The ASIC

27. What is dynamic auto?
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Weak key rotation
Can send and receive BDPUs
Will trunk if asked

28. How should UDLD be configured?
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

29. Can two switches in the auto(PAgP) or passive (LACP) mode create a channel? Why?
No because they only participate if asked
Half-duplex
Change in trunk encap
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

30. How does ILP do power discovery?
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Regions and instances

31. What is a VRRP group?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority

32. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
Turn on port security
Yes
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

33. Which ports should you consider trusted for DAI?
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Those that connect to other switches
300 sec
A host port goes up or down

34. What is the STP learning state?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN

35. How many designated ports are there?
The campus network's backbone
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
1 per segment

36. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Because each frame is checked
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

37. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
The master router can share the VIP

38. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers

39. How is Root Guard used?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)

40. What does the RP do?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
To the virtual port-channel interface
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based

41. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Port with best root path cost
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

42. RSTP designated port
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
A MAC is seen on a different port
Port with best root path cost on segment
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

43. What is a wall wart?
To the virtual port-channel interface
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Globally

44. What is an autonomous mode AP?
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior

45. What are the steps to configure MST?
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

46. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
The ASIC
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling

47. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
Using a mobility exchange message
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB

48. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
No
Access
224.0.0.2 (all routers)

49. What is an IBSS?
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP

50. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Trusted or untrusted
12 kbps with headers and compression
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
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CCNP Switch Deck

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