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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance

2. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Distribution
L2
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

3. What is the DIFS?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
A single broadcast domain
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

4. What types of ports autonegotiate?
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
All ports where root isn't expected
FE and GE
A point to point port type

5. How is Root Guard used?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

6. What is latency?
802.1D
The total delay from start to finish
Discarding - learning - forwarding
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

7. What are LOU register pairs?
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

8. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
Priority (class 1)
Embeds the tag within the frame
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

9. What are the 5 STP states?
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
With portfast

10. What is GLBP weight?
It can't
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
Untrusted
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

11. How do you find duplex mismatches?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN

12. What is an SVI?
SC fiber or RJ-45
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible

13. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
1 per segment

14. What does uplinkfast do?
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
All ports where root isn't expected
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

15. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
Differentiated services
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

16. What is the default network diameter?
Trusted ports
The master router can share the VIP
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
7 switches from root bridge

17. How does ISL do trunking?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

18. For QoS - switch uplinks should always be considered as ____ _____?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac
Trusted ports

19. What is jitter?
Variation in delay
2
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

20. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
A point to point port type
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
The master router can share the VIP
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

21. How does adding option-82 to DHCP snooping affect things?

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22. What contains the next-hop entries?
19
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
FIB

23. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information

24. What is NSF?
0-255
The master router can share the VIP
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover

25. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
A point to point port type
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
The master router can share the VIP

26. What is an autonomous mode AP?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
They disguise the origin of an attack
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

27. How many potential links can LACP define?
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
802.1D
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
All user ports that have portfast enabled

28. RSTP uses which standard?
802.1w
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Distribution
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group

29. What is RPR?
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers

30. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Yes

31. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Embeds the tag within the frame
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet

32. What is the default VTP state?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Globally
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up

33. what if a secondary VLAN?
802.1w
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Can hear only BDPUs
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN

34. How does 802.1q handle COS?
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies

35. What format does the GLBP MAC use?
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Access
134 bits

36. How should backbonefast be configured?
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
0-255 (lower is better)
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
12 kbps with headers and compression

37. When DHCP snooping is turned on - by default - it considers all ports ______
A MAC is seen on a different port
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Untrusted
0000.5e00.01xx

38. What does the skinny protocol do?
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Auto mode
Option 43

39. What is the STP hello timer?
802.11
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM

40. What does the rewrite engine do?
The ASIC
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

41. unknown unicast flooding
All ports where root isn't expected
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
Immediate (class 2)
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.

42. How are frames forwarded across a specific link?
Hashing algorithm
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

43. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
12 kbps with headers and compression
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)

44. What is differentiated services model QOS?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
No

45. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
L2
No because they only participate if asked
Globally
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

46. How much overlap should WAPs have?
10-15%
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary

47. How does VRRP do tracking?

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48. How far chould a VLAN extend?
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Distribution layer

49. What are the 6 HSRP states?
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior

50. What routing protocols support NSF?
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

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CCNP Switch Deck

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