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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Where is UDLD enabled?
With portfast
All ports where root isn't expected
Yes
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

2. What is Per VLAN STP (PVST)?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

3. How many designated ports are there?
1 per segment
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

4. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
No
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Distribution layer

5. If the WLC connects to an Etherchannel - how should the channel be configured and why?

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6. What are the PAgP negotiation modes
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.

7. What routing protocols support NSF?
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Flash override (class 4)

8. How do you implement MST?

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9. What does MSTP do?
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
12 kbps with headers and compression

10. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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11. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Globally
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
TCAM

12. How do VRRP routers handle preemption?
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
On by default
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

13. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
1/2 and 3/6

14. Does GLBP allow preemption?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Yes
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

15. RSTP forwarding state
Frames are forwarded
With portfast
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable

16. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
10-15%
2
2 seconds
The total delay from start to finish

17. How do you renable an err-disable port by default?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
Manually
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Those that connect to other switches

18. How does ISL do trunking?
7 switches from root bridge
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
1 IP subnet

19. How are errdisable triggers tuned?
Globally
Port with best root path cost
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
FIB

20. What is an SVI?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

21. How many users should be within a switch block?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Roughly 2000
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

22. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
Variation in delay
No
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Weak key rotation

23. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
By using a trunk link
Use the spanning-tree root macro
Port with best root path cost

24. What is the cost of a 1Gbps link?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
No
4

25. How does PAgP form etherchannels?
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
Real-time Transport Protocol
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

26. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

27. Where is loop guard enabled?
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
By short-circuiting the max age timer
1500B
Variation in delay

28. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Trunk
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.

29. How do you show HSRP status
Show standby
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
No because they only participate if asked

30. What are the RSTP port states?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Discarding - learning - forwarding
As a VLAN access map
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

31. What is latency?
Flash override (class 4)
Immediate (class 2)
The total delay from start to finish
The same as a standby group in HSRP

32. What is common spanning tree (CST)?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Variation in delay

33. How does uplinkfast handle changes in topology?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

34. Define HSRP
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Trusted ports

35. How do you enable CEF?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
By sending a gratuitous ARP

36. What does the RP do?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
LACP port priority
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

37. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
An AP's coverage area

38. How does every VRRP command begin?
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Immediate (class 2)
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number

39. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.

40. Where is bdpu guard enabled?
All user ports that have portfast enabled
Using a mobility exchange message
TCAM
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker

41. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
The master router can share the VIP
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
5 classes with 3 drop precedences

42. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
Distribution
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

43. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
FIB
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Plain text or md5

44. What is the switch block?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Collision domain
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
A host port goes up or down

45. How doed backbonefast work?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
By short-circuiting the max age timer
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Port with best root path cost on segment

46. What is an ESS?
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.

47. What is an insignificant topology change?
Auto mode
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
A host port goes up or down
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame

48. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
Edge - root - and point to point
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

49. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
On the left as you face the connector
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
To the virtual port-channel interface

50. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries