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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How do you configure a DHCP gateway?
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server

2. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
Option 43
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Trunk

3. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies

4. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
0-255 (lower is better)
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry

5. What is the PVLAN host mode?
0-255
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

6. What is an indirect topology change?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

7. How does ILP do power discovery?
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Change in trunk encap
For hosts that doesn't understand routing - the DGW is configured to reply with its own mac

8. What is the 80/20 rule?
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

9. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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10. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
Silent
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Port

11. What categories can ports be in with dhcp snooping enabled?
Trusted or untrusted
2 seconds
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Roughly 50%

12. What is the STP forward delay timer?
Those that connect to other switches
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Cisco ILP and 802.3af

13. What is RPR?
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

14. What is GLBP weight?
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
An AP's coverage area
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries

15. What is a direct topology change?
Yes
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Priority (class 1)

16. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
Trusted ports
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q

17. What is the core block?

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18. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
12 kbps with headers and compression
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Immediate (class 2)
Roughly 50%

19. What is DAI?
Dynamic arp inspection
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Each frame transmits its expected duration time

20. What is dynamic desireable?
Globally
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
The port asks the other end to trunk
Distribution layer

21. How does 802.3af do power discovery?
L2
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk

22. What is the STP learning state?
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Roughly 50%
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

23. What does DTP do?
All user ports that have portfast enabled
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
Port
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches

24. What is the GLBP group and priority range
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Because each frame is checked
No
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

25. Can MSTP interoperate with 802.1q and/or PVST+?
Yes to both
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
7 switches from root bridge
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another

26. What does the static keyword do when applying an arp ACL?
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

27. What does BDPU filtering do?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

28. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

29. What does IP source guard do?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Untrusted
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

30. How is 802.1x configured for port security?
RADIUS
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Configuration and TCN
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better

31. What are the port channel load balancing methods?
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based

32. What is a VRRP group?
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
The same as a standby group in HSRP

33. How are VACLs applied
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
12 kbps with headers and compression
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

34. What is the default 802.3af power class and its use?

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35. RSTP root port
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Port with best root path cost

36. How many tunnels exist between the LAP and WLC?
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Configure non-silent submode
2 - one for control messages and one for data
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply

37. What is the default FE duplex?
Full duplex
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Priority (class 1)
Auto mode

38. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Route once - switch many
Isolated and community
SC fiber or RJ-45

39. How do you find duplex mismatches?
Distribution layer
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
All ports where root isn't expected

40. What does the standby HSRP router do?
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Manually
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

41. What is a BSS?
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

42. How do you configure IP source guard for hosts that don't use DHCP?
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
By creating a static IP binding
All user ports that have portfast enabled

43. What is the RSTP default hello interval?
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
Turn on port security
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
2 seconds

44. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
The campus network's backbone
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port

45. What does the switchport host macro do?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
LACP port priority
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets

46. What is an end to end vlan?
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
The master router can share the VIP
300 sec by default

47. What are the 5 STP states?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block

48. What does UDLD do?
Immediate (class 2)
They disguise the origin of an attack
Will trunk if asked
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

49. How should UDLD be configured?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Plain text or md5
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches

50. What is the size of ISL encapsulation?
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Can send and receive BDPUs
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
1500B

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CCNP Switch Deck

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