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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
Weak key rotation
4
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Using a mobility exchange message

2. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Globally
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

3. What is DSCP codepoint EF(46)?
Critical...used most often for IPT
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby

4. How can BDPU Guard be configured?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Globally or per-port
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

5. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Roughly 50%
No
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

6. How many links can be used in an EtherChannel?
Using digital certificates
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

7. How long are TCAM masks?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Using a mobility exchange message
134 bits

8. What is DAI?
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
Dynamic arp inspection
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains

9. What is BDPU Guard?
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

10. How is Root Guard used?
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)

11. What does the reload keyword do in HSRP?
Regions and instances
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption

12. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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13. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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14. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
802.1D
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

15. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Differentiated services
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

16. Where is loop guard enabled?
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

17. How does the CEF L3 engine operate?

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18. What is the GLBP group and priority range
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
0007.b4xx.xxyy where xx.xx is six 0 bits followed by a 10-bit GLBP group numberr. Yyyy is the virtual forwarder number
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.

19. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

20. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
802.1w
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay

21. What is a service set?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Configuration and TCN
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)

22. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit

23. What does the minimum keyword do in HSRP?
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Access or trunk
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow

24. RSTP learning state
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
A host port goes up or down
No
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

25. How is an RSTP edge port configured
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
With portfast
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

26. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Auto mode
Flash (class 3)
Globally

27. How often are CAM table entries aged?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Cisco ILP and 802.3af
300 sec
300 sec by default

28. What are the RSTP port roles?
63 kbps
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
Root - designated - alternate - and backup

29. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
No shut
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

30. By default - what layer do catalyst switchports operate on?
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
L2
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
2

31. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
Automatically using DTP and CDP
To the virtual port-channel interface
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

32. What is a direct topology change?
The ASIC
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Trunk

33. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Differentiated services
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state

34. How does HSRP election work?
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker

35. What is an MST instance?
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

36. How does ISL do trunking?
Distribution layer
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

37. What happens during HSRP failover?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Variation in delay
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured

38. Each switch port is a _____ ______
2 seconds (def)
Collision domain
All ports where root isn't expected
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz

39. For QoS - switch uplinks should always be considered as ____ _____?
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
No
Trusted ports

40. How many MST instances can be in a region?
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC

41. What types of ports autonegotiate?
FE and GE
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
It can't

42. What are TCAM entries composed of?
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
No
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
300 sec

43. What are spoofed addresses?
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
They disguise the origin of an attack
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)

44. How often are BDPUs sent?
MAC of the end device
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Route once - switch many
2 seconds (def)

45. How much overlap should a wireless repeater have?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Roughly 50%
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

46. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
Differentiated services
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency

47. What does the skinny protocol do?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
2

48. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Distribution
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
An AP's coverage area

49. What does uplinkfast do?
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

50. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

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CCNP Switch Deck

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