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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. can root guard and udld be used together?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Yes
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other

2. What is jitter?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Variation in delay

3. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
Root
They disguise the origin of an attack
10-15%
Access

4. How many links can be used in an EtherChannel?
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
802.1w
By short-circuiting the max age timer
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

5. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)

6. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
300 sec by default
Auto mode
Admin down
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

7. What scope is 802.1x enabled?
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Globally
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

8. where does L2 switching occur?
Normal and aggressive
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption

9. What types of ports autonegotiate?
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
FE and GE
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.

10. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in dot1p mode?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
1 to 64
2

11. How do IP phones communicate with each other?
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
The RP listens to a flow's 1st packet for the dest. The SE listens to the packet and dest and puts a shortcut in the MSL cache. Netflow switching - route once - switch many

12. How often are BDPUs sent?
2 seconds (def)
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

13. How does RSTP converge?
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
The port asks the other end to trunk
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP

14. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
Will trunk if asked
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

15. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Trusted ports
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state

16. What is the standard for WLANs?
802.11
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically

17. What contains the next-hop entries?
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
FIB

18. When are RSTP bdpus sent?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

19. What are the steps to configure MST?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Control functions
1 per segment

20. What is arp throttling?
On by default
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets

21. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Globally or per-port
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Trunk
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned

22. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Distribution
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)

23. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
Those that connect to other switches
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
With portfast
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

24. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
To the virtual port-channel interface
Can send and receive BDPUs
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
TCAM

25. What is the STP blocking state?
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Can hear only BDPUs

26. What pins does FE use?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
1/2 and 3/6
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

27. What happens during HSRP failover?
0-255 (lower is better)
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Normal and aggressive

28. What does the minimum keyword do in HSRP?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Full duplex
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

29. What is the size of a TCAM value?
SC fiber or RJ-45
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

30. What is a null adjacency?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Frames are forwarded
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

31. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
Bridge priority and MAC
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

32. What does the dst-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

33. What does Root Guard do?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Frames are forwarded

34. What does uplinkfast do?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
Will trunk if asked
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

35. How long are TCAM masks?
Untrusted
134 bits
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance

36. What is a wireless mobility group?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Local only
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

37. Does GLBP allow preemption?
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Because each frame is checked
Yes
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state

38. What cabling do GBICs use?
Using a mobility exchange message
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
SC fiber or RJ-45
19

39. How is root port decided upon?
Full duplex
Lowest cumulative cost to root
All ports where root isn't expected
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)

40. What are the RSTP port roles?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
L2
The ASIC
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

41. What is portfast?
On the left as you face the connector
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)

42. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
0-255
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

43. What are the steps to configure a PAgP port channel?
Will trunk if asked
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge

44. What are dynamic VLANs based on?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
MAC of the end device
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

45. What is route caching?

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46. What are the 6 HSRP states?
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

47. What is a bridge ID made up of?
Bridge priority and MAC
No
By using a hash of a key string
MAC of the end device

48. In a converged fabric - which switch(es) send config BDPUs?
Root
Access
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
LACP port priority

49. What if RSTP BDPUs aren't received?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Yes
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.

50. What does MSTP consist of?
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Regions and instances
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Port with best root path cost on segment