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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does the switchport host macro do?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
1 to 64
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface

2. How do you find duplex mismatches?
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Using a mobility exchange message
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10

3. How do you enable CEF?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added

4. RSTP point to point port
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
Either desirable or auto mode
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

5. How does HSRP do MD5 authentication?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
By using a hash of a key string
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better

6. How does HSRP election work?
Distribution layer
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
They disguise the origin of an attack
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

7. How does VRRP do tracking?

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8. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
63 kbps
The port asks the other end to trunk
Access or trunk
Untrusted

9. How often are BDPUs sent?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
2 seconds (def)
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network

10. What is the port number range?
0-255
An AP's coverage area
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

11. What is the size of a TCAM value?
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Admin down
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

12. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Half-duplex
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
LACP port priority

13. What is the STP learning state?
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
1 per segment

14. Where shoul dmultilayer switches be implemented?
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
Distribution layer
Local only
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

15. What is the GLBP AVG?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
2 - one for control messages and one for data
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing

16. How are BDPUs spread?
The ASIC
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
224.0.0.2 (all routers)

17. What are the steps of RSTP convergence?
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Edge - root - and point to point

18. What is the STP Max Age timer?
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
1 IP subnet
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.

19. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
802.1D
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
With the skinny protocol
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

20. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
TCAM
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

21. Where is root guard enabled?

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22. What is the RSTP default hello interval?
2 seconds
Auto mode
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

23. What is an indirect topology change?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Use the spanning-tree root macro
An AP's coverage area
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

24. How do you prevent switch spoofing?
A single broadcast domain
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Change in trunk encap
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.

25. What are the 5 STP states?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Change in trunk encap

26. static vlans offer ____ based membership
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
No
Port
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client

27. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
Bridge priority and MAC
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
On the left as you face the connector

28. What are the caveats for HSRP port tracking?
7 switches from root bridge
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
0-255

29. What is a cell?

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30. What is UDLD normal mode?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Root
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Distribution layer

31. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
12 kbps with headers and compression
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client

32. What are the 4 steps to extend QoS trust?
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Root
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

33. What is the adjacency table?
Using a mobility exchange message
134 bits
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry

34. How is a QoS trust bondary configured?
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Access or trunk
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface

35. 802.11g
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz

36. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
1 to 64

37. How does ISL handle COS?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
802.1w

38. What is the port priority range?
Critical...used most often for IPT
0-255 (lower is better)
Change in trunk encap
802.1D

39. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Auto mode
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable

40. What 2 conditions does IP source guard check for?
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
Can send and receive BDPUs
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.

41. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
A host port goes up or down
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
802.1D

42. How do VRRP routers handle preemption?
On by default
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Both layer 2 switching and IVR

43. On what scope is DAI enabled?
Per VLAN
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
2
Port

44. What types of ports autonegotiate?
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
FE and GE
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Globally

45. How is RSTP synchronization accomplished?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

46. What is best effort delivery QOS?
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
No

47. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received

48. What is a microcell?
Show standby
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)

49. What is an IBSS?
Regions and instances
134 bits
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP

50. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
Because each frame is checked