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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. what do multilayer switches do?
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

2. What are the characteristics of the core layer
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
1/2 and 3/6
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config

3. How does HSRP do MD5 authentication?
Normal and aggressive
By using a hash of a key string
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits

4. How often are BDPUs sent?
2 seconds (def)
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Route once - switch many
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

5. What is integrated services model QOS?
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

6. What contains the next-hop entries?
Globally
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Frames are forwarded
FIB

7. When DHCP snooping is turned on - by default - it considers all ports ______
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Untrusted
134 bits
The master router can share the VIP

8. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
It can't
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

9. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Either desirable or auto mode

10. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Immediate (class 2)

11. What is DSCP codepoint AF11(10)?
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Priority (class 1)
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
L2

12. One vlan should =
Can send and receive BDPUs
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Automatically using DTP and CDP
1 IP subnet

13. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
On by default
63 kbps
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port

14. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID

15. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
The port asks the other end to trunk
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting

16. What is the STP forward delay timer?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

17. What is RPVST+?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Embeds the tag within the frame
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

18. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
All user ports that have portfast enabled

19. How is an instance defined?
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table

20. How are BDPUs spread?
1500B
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors

21. What does IP source guard do?
Yes
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

22. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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23. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
Untrusted
To the virtual port-channel interface
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.

24. How does uplinkfast handle changes in topology?
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
By creating a static IP binding
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

25. What are the 6 HSRP states?
As a VLAN access map
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)

26. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it

27. What does port-security protect do?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

28. What address does HSRP send hello packets to?
Change in trunk encap
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
802.11

29. How does PAgP form etherchannels?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

30. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
19
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Those that connect to other switches
Plain text or md5

31. How are errdisable triggers tuned?
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Globally
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Edge - root - and point to point

32. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
LACP port priority

33. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
Because each frame is checked

34. How is root port decided upon?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

35. What is the cost of a 100Mbps link?
1500B
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
19
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

36. RSTP alternate port
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
Port with best root path cost on segment
Can hear only BDPUs
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

37. What is a wireless mobility group?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
With portfast
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

38. WPA encryption
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Cisco ILP and 802.3af

39. Where should you change the network diameter value?
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

40. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
L2
Using digital certificates
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

41. RSTP discarding state
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

42. How much BW does a PSTN connection use?
63 kbps
802.1w
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.

43. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in dot1p mode?
L2
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Because each frame is checked
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

44. What is best effort delivery QOS?
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible
The master router can share the VIP
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

45. How is the IPT 802.1 trunk negotiated?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Automatically using DTP and CDP
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
Globally

46. What types of links can be trunked?
2 - one for control messages and one for data
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

47. What is the access layer best practice?
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Frames are forwarded
Per VLAN

48. What are the two private vlan association modes?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable
Promiscuous and host

49. static vlans offer ____ based membership
No
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Port
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

50. What is the port priority range?
Show standby
0-255 (lower is better)
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

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CCNP Switch Deck

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