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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What routing protocols support NSF?
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary

2. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Yes
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
802.1w

3. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Access
0-255

4. How do IP phones communicate with each other?
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Globally
Differentiated services
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

5. What is a punt adjacency?
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Plain text or md5
L2
They disguise the origin of an attack

6. Where is loop guard enabled?
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Those that connect to other switches
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

7. What does UDLD do?
No because they only participate if asked
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
1/2 and 3/6
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS

8. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
2 seconds
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

9. What is common spanning tree (CST)?
Frames are forwarded
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based

10. What are the PAgP negotiation modes
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Auto mode
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.

11. What 2 conditions does IP source guard check for?
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
Variation in delay
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

12. What is dynamic desireable?
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
The port asks the other end to trunk
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Frames are forwarded

13. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
Auto mode
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)

14. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
The port asks the other end to trunk
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Configure non-silent submode

15. What does port-security restrict do?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Those that connect to other switches
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets

16. What does MSTP consist of?
Regions and instances
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

17. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
1 IP subnet
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Each frame transmits its expected duration time

18. WEP encryption
Weak key rotation
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

19. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
Connects with SONET or SDH
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
FE and GE

20. What are the 3 trunk encap modes?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
134 bits
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
1 to 64

21. What is the STP blocking state?
Can hear only BDPUs
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

22. What is the default VTP state?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Isolated and community
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created

23. What is an insignificant topology change?
Trusted or untrusted
A host port goes up or down
7 switches from root bridge
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

24. What is a LACP priority?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Lowest cumulative cost to root

25. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
To the virtual port-channel interface
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block

26. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
L2
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
LACP port priority

27. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

28. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Flash (class 3)
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
12 kbps with headers and compression

29. What types of links can be trunked?
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

30. What is an isolated secondary VLAN?

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31. How does UDLD work?
Yes to both
Promiscuous and host
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets

32. What is DSCP?
Differentiated services code point
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)

33. What is jitter?
With the skinny protocol
Weak key rotation
Variation in delay
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

34. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

35. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
Distribution
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
TCAM
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

36. What is the port number range?
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Differentiated services code point
MAC of the end device
0-255

37. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Use the spanning-tree root macro
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses

38. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
2
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Bridge priority and MAC

39. Where shoul dmultilayer switches be implemented?
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
Distribution layer
Port with best root path cost on segment

40. What is a wireless mobility group?
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Src-dst-ip
FE and GE

41. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
FE and GE
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

42. What are the 2 choices for VLANs with IPT?
Distribution layer
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
0-255
As a VLAN access map

43. How are multiple VLANs mapped to multiple SSIDs?
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
By using a trunk link
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance
134 bits

44. RSTP designated port
Port with best root path cost on segment
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Promiscuous and host
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.

45. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
No shut
Untrusted
Port with best root path cost
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

46. What is a discard adjacency?
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Switches make an effort to move packets as quickly as possible

47. What contains the next-hop entries?
Yes
A single broadcast domain
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
FIB

48. What does Loop Guard do?
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
Embeds the tag within the frame
Hashing algorithm
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

49. How often are CAM table entries aged?
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
300 sec
802.1D
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

50. What is RPR?
A single broadcast domain
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Access or trunk

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CCNP Switch Deck

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