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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define VRRP
It can't
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
A MAC is seen on a different port
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO

2. What is the access layer best practice?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
Yes

3. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
FE and GE
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset

4. What is NSF?
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

5. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Flash override (class 4)
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

6. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
By short-circuiting the max age timer
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

7. What is the distribution layer best practice?
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

8. What is a service set?
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
No
Port with best root path cost on segment

9. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
802.1w
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state

10. RSTP edge port
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
2 - one for control messages and one for data
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches

11. 802.11a
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network

12. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)

13. How far chould a VLAN extend?
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
FIB
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Distribution layer

14. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Per VLAN
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

15. How does ISL do trunking?
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Hashing algorithm
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

16. What is the default VTP state?
No
4
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

17. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
The ASIC

18. How does GLBP work?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

19. RSTP learning state
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
RADIUS

20. What is the LACP priority range?
Edge - root - and point to point
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

21. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Access
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
As a VLAN access map

22. What does UDLD do?
Use the spanning-tree root macro
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

23. What are TCAM entries composed of?
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)

24. How does packet forwarding work
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Using a mobility exchange message
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

25. Of what significance are private VLANs
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
Distribution layer
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Local only

26. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
Roughly 50%
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Differentiated services

27. What is dynamic desireable?
MAC of the end device
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
The port asks the other end to trunk

28. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
1500B
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
1/2 and 3/6
Access

29. How does RSTP converge?
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another
Route once - switch many
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

30. How is an instance defined?
Access
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Discarding - learning - forwarding
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table

31. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL

32. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting

33. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Regions and instances
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Access or trunk

34. What are the 5 steps to manualy configure STP?
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
Real-time Transport Protocol
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port

35. What is the acceptible range of VLANS?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
Roughly 2000

36. What are the 2 power over ethernet methods?
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
They disguise the origin of an attack
Cisco ILP and 802.3af

37. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
2
Manually
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan

38. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
No

39. If the WLC connects to an Etherchannel - how should the channel be configured and why?

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40. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
Src-dst-ip
The ASIC
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
1/2 and 3/6

41. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
No
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP

42. What is an indirect topology change?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts

43. Each switch port is a _____ ______
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)
Collision domain
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

44. What is differentiated services model QOS?
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Per VLAN
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

45. How many designated ports are there?
7 switches from root bridge
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
1 per segment

46. What does the switchport host macro do?
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

47. How do VRRP routers handle preemption?
Root
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
On by default

48. How is a QoS trust bondary configured?
Embeds the tag within the frame
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

49. What contains the next-hop entries?
A host port goes up or down
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
FIB
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

50. What is the port number range?
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
0-255
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan