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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
L2
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

2. What is dynamic auto?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
Will trunk if asked
On by default
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

3. What are the 3 unlicensed frequencies?
Will trunk if asked
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Auto mode

4. What is the format of the VRRP virtual MAC?
Auto mode
They disguise the origin of an attack
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
0000.5e00.01xx

5. What are 2 ways to configure VLAN and VTP information?
LACP port priority
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials

6. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Silent
Real-time Transport Protocol
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Auto mode

7. What is RPVST+?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks

8. What is the adjacency table?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
63 kbps
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry

9. What does DTP do?
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Configure non-silent submode
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
300 sec

10. What are the 3 ways GLBP load-balances?
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced

11. Each switch port is a _____ ______
Distribution
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Collision domain
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

12. What is DSCP codepoint AF31(26)?
Can send and receive BDPUs
Plain text or md5
Flash (class 3)
A single broadcast domain

13. Where does VRRP send advertisements?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Matching SSID - compatible data rate - authentication credentials
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)

14. How do you find duplex mismatches?
The wireless clients communicate directly with no other means of connectivity such as a WAP
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Local only
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

15. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings
Edge - root - and point to point

16. What are TCAM entries composed of?
As a VLAN access map
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

17. What is 802.1x auto?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Differentiated services
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Priority (class 1)

18. How is an RSTP edge port configured
By sending a gratuitous ARP
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
L2
With portfast

19. What is a PVLAN?
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
They are locally significant on an interface. HSRP1 on one VLAN is different from HSRP1 on another

20. What is the default VTP state?
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode

21. What is the switch block?
Per VLAN
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID

22. What happens when an ARP reply is received on an untrusted port?

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23. What do you need to determine to use MSTP?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

24. Where is UDLD enabled?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
No

25. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

26. How does RSTP identify a topology change?
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
5 classes with 3 drop precedences

27. How are RSTP point to point ports determined?
4
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
Dynamic arp inspection

28. What does a LAP do if it loses communication with it's WLC?
Immediate (class 2)
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Because each frame is checked

29. What does Root Guard do?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
No
Regions and instances

30. How much BW does a voip connection use?
A host port goes up or down
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
12 kbps with headers and compression
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.

31. What are the 5 STP port roles?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
1 IP subnet
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)

32. What does VTP do?
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root

33. What is jitter?
Variation in delay
Can hear only BDPUs
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Critical...used most often for IPT

34. What is layer 2 roaming?
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

35. How does RSTP converge?
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

36. if the switchport is part of an etherchannel - Where is the network assigned
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
To the virtual port-channel interface
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
The master router can share the VIP

37. How do Cisco IP phones communicate with the CCM?
With portfast
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
With the skinny protocol
Yes

38. What 2 conditions does IP source guard check for?
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Promiscuous and host

39. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
7 switches from root bridge
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Can hear only BDPUs

40. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

41. What is a direct topology change?
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
300 sec
Edge - root - and point to point

42. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response

43. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

44. If a wireless station needs to transmit and another device is transmitting - what happens?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
The station must wait until the frame in progress has completed - then wait a random amount of time before transmitting
Best effort delivery - integrated services model - and differentiated services model
10-15%

45. How does Root Guard work?

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46. When a host is connected to a switchport - why aren't frame errors propagated?
Because each frame is checked
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
2 seconds
It can't

47. What is a VRRP group?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Globally
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow

48. How does IPT behave when the voce VLAN is in the default none mode?
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk
With portfast
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
10-15%

49. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
4
Distribution
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

50. What is a CEF glean?

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CCNP Switch Deck

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