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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is dynamic auto?
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Will trunk if asked

2. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
They disguise the origin of an attack
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

3. How does every HSRP config command begin?
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Globally or per-port
No because they only participate if asked

4. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
As a VLAN access map
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
FE and GE
Yes

5. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
12 kbps with headers and compression
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay
1/2 and 3/6
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

6. At what layer should the WLC be connected?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
0-255 (lower is better)
Distribution

7. What is the portr ID?
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
1 per segment

8. What is the port number range?
LACP port priority
Bridge priority and MAC
All user ports that have portfast enabled
0-255

9. What does the standby HSRP router do?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

10. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
Roughly 50%
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply

11. What pins does FE use?
No
2
Globally
1/2 and 3/6

12. Does GLBP allow preemption?
Yes
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
An AP's coverage area
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config

13. What 2 tunnelling mechanisms do the LAP and WLC use to communicate?
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
Roughly 2000

14. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each

15. What types of authentication does HSRP allow?
Plain text or md5
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client
The campus network's backbone
The same as a standby group in HSRP

16. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Dynamic arp inspection
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

17. What is the port priority range?
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
0-255 (lower is better)
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

18. How does PAgP form etherchannels?
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
300 sec by default

19. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
Immediate (class 2)
Manually
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Lowest cumulative cost to root

20. What is RPR+?

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21. What is BDPU Guard?
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
TCAM
Plain text or md5
Port is forced to never authorize any connected client

22. What does Loop Guard do?
Can hear only BDPUs
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

23. RSTP BPDU structure
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves

24. What does the static keyword do when applying an arp ACL?
Globally or per-port
Checks the sender's ip in all arp requests and checks the sender's IP against target IP in all replies
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.

25. What is the 80/20 rule?
Regions and instances
By creating a static IP binding
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN

26. How does RSTP converge?
1 to 64
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal

27. What are the RSTP port states?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports

28. How many MST instances can be in a region?
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
0-255
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region

29. What are the 6 steps to configure 802.1x for port security?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts
Embeds the tag within the frame

30. How does 802.1q handle COS?
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
The topology is pre-populated by downloading the topology DB into the FIB and dynamically updated. Called Cisco Express Forwarding
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number

31. What are the steps to configure MST?
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

32. What is differentiated services model QOS?
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

33. What happens when the topology changes?

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34. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Admin down
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing

35. WPA2 encryption
Admin down
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
SC fiber or RJ-45
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption

36. How does ILP do power discovery?
No
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
12 kbps with headers and compression

37. Does a WLC and a LAP need to be on the same subnet?
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
No
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports

38. RSTP root port
The distribution layer should have only L3 links
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Port with best root path cost
Automatically using DTP and CDP

39. RSTP uses which standard?
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
2 seconds (def)
802.1w

40. What is layer 3 roaming?
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
RADIUS

41. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
As a VLAN access map
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

42. What is 802.1x force-authorized?
Full duplex
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry

43. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Auto mode
Trusted or untrusted

44. When DHCP snooping is turned on - by default - it considers all ports ______
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Untrusted
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.

45. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing

46. What is the LACP priority range?
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

47. What are the 3 unlicensed frequencies?
No
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

48. How does every VRRP command begin?
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
Flash (class 3)
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate

49. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in untagged mode?
Protects STP when a physical malfunction only allows traffic in 1 direction - even though the link shows as up (cisco proprietary)
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
By short-circuiting the max age timer

50. What is the access layer best practice?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Trunk
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

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CCNP Switch Deck

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