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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does RSTP converge?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
On by default

2. How does ILP do power discovery?
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Those that connect to other switches
802.11

3. What is the standard for WLANs?
The port asks the other end to trunk
Globally or per-port
Roughly 50%
802.11

4. What are the two private vlan association modes?
Promiscuous and host
0000.5e00.01xx
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information

5. What is a null adjacency?
On the left as you face the connector
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface

6. What types of ports autonegotiate?
Trusted or untrusted
By using a hash of a key string
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
FE and GE

7. What happens during HSRP failover?
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured

8. How are VACLs configured?
As a VLAN access map
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

9. What is the IEEE standard for STP?
802.1D
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
TCAM

10. What is the RSTP default hello interval?
Globally
Trusted or untrusted
2 seconds
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP

11. How does HSRP do MD5 authentication?
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
By using a hash of a key string

12. How is UDLD configured?
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
Root - designated - alternate - and backup
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports

13. How does uplinkfast handle changes in topology?
Globally
Port stays up - packets from violating MACs dropped - no logging
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

14. What is DSCP codepoint AF11(10)?
Priority (class 1)
To the virtual port-channel interface
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
0-255

15. Can MSTP interoperate with 802.1q and/or PVST+?
Yes to both
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset

16. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
LACP port priority
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
The L3 forwarding engine can't forward the packet in hardware because there is no L2 next-hop address - so the packet is sent to the L3 engine to generate the ARP response
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

17. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

18. RSTP learning state
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
802.1w

19. If the WLC connects to an Etherchannel - how should the channel be configured and why?

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20. If there are 2 ports with same root cost - how is the tie broken for designated port?
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Roughly 50%
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface

21. What is the SDM?
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Yes
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
Bridge priority and MAC

22. One vlan should =
Route once - switch many
1 IP subnet
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
With portfast

23. What is the STP learning state?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)

24. Which ports should you consider trusted for DAI?
Untrusted
Those that connect to other switches
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)

25. How far chould a VLAN extend?
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Route once - switch many
Distribution layer
2 - one for control messages and one for data

26. What are the gotchas for uplinkfast?

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27. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Only when a nonedge port transitions to forwarding
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p

28. How are GLBP timers used?
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec

29. How many potential links can LACP define?
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

30. What is the PVLAN promiscuous mode?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.

31. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
It can't
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
10-15%

32. what must be done on an SVI before it is activated?
No shut
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
A port can only forward or relay BDPUs - but can't receive them - disabled by default - enabled per-port - blocks port when superior BDPUs are received
A point to point port type

33. How doed backbonefast work?
By short-circuiting the max age timer
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
Admin down
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

34. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
2 seconds
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

35. What is NSF?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
No
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

36. RSTP forwarding state
Frames are forwarded
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
Option 43
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)

37. What are the steps of RSTP convergence?
Promiscuous and host
Notifies upstream neighbors by sending multicasts on behalf of hosts at the interval of the max update rate parameter.
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
That they aren't using the same frequencies.

38. What is GLBP weight?
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

39. How does DAI work?
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
The same as a standby group in HSRP
802.1w

40. What does the static keyword do when applying an arp ACL?
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Regions and instances
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.
Yes

41. What must be supported for port-based security to occur?
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)

42. Where does VRRP send advertisements?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
0-255 (lower is better)

43. What is an untrusted port under dhcp snooping?
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
Either desirable or auto mode
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Yes to both

44. What are 2 ways to configure VLAN and VTP information?
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Single instance of STP for all VLANs. BDPUs are sent over trunks using the native VLAN with untagged frames. Dot1q based
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy

45. WPA encryption
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
L2
Normal and aggressive
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption

46. What is route caching?

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47. FE connectors use...
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Trunk
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

48. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
As a VLAN access map
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

49. What is the LACP priority range?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Admin down
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability

50. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
Yes
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated