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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. When should CDP be enabled?
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

2. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
Option 43
Src-dst-ip
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

3. How are GLBP timers used?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
The port asks the other end to trunk
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

4. What is a direct topology change?
With the skinny protocol
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

5. How does backbonefast determine whether alternative paths exist?
Can send and receive BDPUs
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
The ASIC
Using a mobility exchange message

6. What is the GLBP AVG?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
Regions and instances
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches

7. What are the steps to configure a LACP port channel?
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
Yes

8. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
Isl - dot1q - negotiate (default)
Edge - root - and point to point
Root
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw

9. What is step 1 of enabling IP source guard?
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port

10. What are the 5 STP states?
One router is the active virtual gateway - has highest priority or IP in group - answers all ARP requests and gives MAC based on load balancing
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

11. How does NSF work?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Local only
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance

12. How does HSRP plain text authentication work?
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
The active router. All other routers are in backup state
No

13. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Configuration and TCN

14. EAP encryption
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

15. What is the DIFS?
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

16. FE connectors use...
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
0-255 (lower is better)
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
Lowest cumulative cost to root

17. What data does DHCP snooping track?
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
MAC of the end device
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)

18. What is the standard for WLANs?
Automatically by duplex mode in use. Full duplex are point ot point. Half duplex ports use traditional 802.1D convergence is used.
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
802.11

19. What does the src-mac option do when checking ARP replies
The port asks the other end to trunk
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

20. What are the 2 types of secondary VLAN?
0-255
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Isolated and community

21. How does HSRP gateway addressing work
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Edge - root - and point to point

22. What is differentiated services model QOS?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
Compatible with 802.11b - up to 54Mbps in 12 data rates - 3 channels - 2.4Ghz
Source IP and MAC must match those addresses learned by DHCP snooping or a static entry
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

23. How often are VRRP advertisements sent?
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
Using a mobility exchange message

24. What is layer 3 roaming?
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

25. How can BDPU Guard be configured?
Globally or per-port
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Dynamic arp inspection
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

26. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
No

27. What is RPR?
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
FIB
Root
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

28. What are the 6 HSRP states?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Priority (class 1)
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

29. How is an RSTP edge port configured
802.1w
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over VLAN0 - voice QOS is 802.1p
With portfast

30. What are spoofed addresses?
The DCF interframe space- the random backoff time before a wireless set can transmit
They disguise the origin of an attack
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.

31. How does IPT behave when the voice VLAN is in vlan-id mode?
Normal and aggressive
Collision domain
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p

32. What is a bridge ID made up of?
Full duplex
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Bridge priority and MAC
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

33. How does packet forwarding work
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Option 43
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP

34. What is dhcp snooping rate limiting?
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port
Globally
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.

35. What is dynamic auto?
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
Will trunk if asked
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
Yes to both

36. what do multilayer switches do?
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

37. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Differentiated services
Plain text or md5
Causes switch to actively determine whether alternative paths exist to root bridge in case ther eis an indirect failure

38. What is errdisable pagp-flap?
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state

39. What must you be sure of if AP cells overlap?

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40. What does MSTP consist of?
Regions and instances
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
134 bits
L2

41. What are the 3 ways GLBP load-balances?
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Embeds the tag within the frame
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
By creating a static IP binding

42. How many 802.3af power classes are there?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)

43. What does BDPU filtering do?
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks

44. How is 802.1x configured for port security?
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
No
RADIUS
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz

45. What does the epoch number indicate when looking at cef entries?
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
All ports where root isn't expected
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

46. How does L3 QOS classification happen?
By using a trunk link
Roughly 2000
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
They disguise the origin of an attack

47. How does PAgP form etherchannels?
1500B
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified
By short-circuiting the max age timer

48. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Trusted ports
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created

49. On what scope is DAI enabled?
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
A point to point port type
Per VLAN

50. What is UDLD normal mode?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Port that connects to another switch and becomes a designated port
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

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CCNP Switch Deck

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