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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the GLBP group and priority range
1-ID link path costs - 2-ID roodt bridge - 3-select root port (1/switch) - 4-select designated port (1/segment) - 5-ID blocking port
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)

2. What is dynamic auto?
Local only
Will trunk if asked
No
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

3. How often are HSRP hellos sent?
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
L2
Distribution layer

4. What is an ESS?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q

5. What are the characteristics of the core layer
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Priority (class 1)
Very high L3 throughput - no access lists or port filtering - redundancy and resilience - advanced QoS
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

6. At what layer does EAPOL run?
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
L2

7. How do you renable an err-disable port by default?
Half-duplex
Manually
An instance of RSTP running for each VLAN on the switch. Changing from PVST to RPVST+ is disruptive
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk

8. What feedback mechanism does wireless use?
When a wireless station transmits a frame - the receiving one must send an ack
0-255 (lower is better)
By using a trunk link
By an ARP access list that defines the permitted bindings

9. What is a wall wart?
Root
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Lowest cumulative cost to root

10. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
802.1x with EAP over LAN (EAPOL)
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

11. What are the 2 choices for VLANs with IPT?
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned

12. RSTP alternate port
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root
Yes

13. What is a punt adjacency?
Priority (class 1)
A single broadcast domain
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz

14. What is layer 3 roaming?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
802.1w
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets

15. What is an IST instance?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
RADIUS
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.

16. How should the switch port to which a WLC be configured?
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
2 seconds
Trunk
Configuration and TCN

17. Which 4 things must be agreeable to trunk?
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Those that connect to other switches
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

18. What is NSF?
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

19. What is the PVLAN promiscuous mode?
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
No
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

20. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.
Bridge priority and MAC
Critical...used most often for IPT
Trunk

21. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Any dhcp reply coming from an untrusted port is discarded and the offending port is put in errdisable
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

22. What are the 3 unlicensed frequencies?
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Port
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations

23. What is the STP forwarding state?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Bridge priority and MAC

24. How is root port decided upon?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
10-15%
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay

25. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent
Bridge priority and MAC
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

26. How often are CAM table entries aged?
300 sec
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Differentiated services code point
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned

27. What does DTP do?
Reboots and searches for a new WLC
No
0-255 (lower is better)
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches

28. Where is loop guard enabled?
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
Flash (class 3)
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding

29. What are the 3 RSTP port types?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
16 bits (8b port priority - 8b port number)
Edge - root - and point to point
Priority (class 1)

30. What is UDLD normal mode?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number

31. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
1 per segment
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
All ports where root isn't expected

32. What does the rewrite engine do?
Isolated and community
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

33. What happens when the topology changes?

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34. What is DCF?
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
Connects to a router - firewall - or gateway. Can communicate with anything else connected to the primary or any secondary. Ignores pvlan config
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance

35. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Using a mobility exchange message
Per VLAN
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created

36. What are the steps to configure a PAgP port channel?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Distribution
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

37. How much overlap should WAPs have?
Local only
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
10-15%
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

38. What are the port channel load balancing methods?
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
Configure and enable DHCP snooping

39. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
No shut
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root

40. What is the cost of a 1Gbps link?
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
4
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

41. Where should you change the network diameter value?
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

42. What is an indirect topology change?
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge
On the left as you face the connector

43. What is the STP Max Age timer?
300 sec
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches
The time interval that a switch stores a DBPU before discarding it. Default 20 seconds

44. What is latency?
The total delay from start to finish
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
Sends a voltage across the receive pairs to detect a 25k ohm resistance

45. How much BW does a voip connection use?
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
Silent
12 kbps with headers and compression

46. How much BW does a PSTN connection use?
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
On the left as you face the connector
63 kbps
The port asks the other end to trunk

47. What are the 6 HSRP states?
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
An AP's coverage area
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

48. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
Option 43
Either desirable or auto mode
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies

49. How does the CEF L3 engine operate?

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50. What is the adjacency table?
Flash override (class 4)
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

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CCNP Switch Deck

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