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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Switch(config-if)# standby xx where x= group number
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table

2. What is DSCP codepoint AF21(18)?
Any ports associated with an isolated vlan can reach the primary - but not any other secondary. Hosts withn an isolated vlan can't reach each other
300 sec
Immediate (class 2)
No shut

3. the static port to vlan membership is handled in _____
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
The ASIC
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.

4. What are the steps of RSTP convergence?
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
Real-time Transport Protocol
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
2

5. How does ISL handle COS?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
Real-time Transport Protocol
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
The same as a standby group in HSRP

6. Where is the QoS trust boundary usually configured on an IP phone?
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa
All non-edge ports are discarding. After the root bridge is identified - the port with superior BDPU becomes root
All ARP packets that arrive on untrusted ports are inspected.
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state

7. What is Per VLAN STP (PVST)?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Cisco proprietary. 1 instance of STP/VLAN. Requires ISL instead of dot1q
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information

8. What does the switchport host macro do?
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
It can't

9. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
Trunk
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
0-255 (lower is better)

10. What is a topology change?
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP

11. What is the bridge priority range?
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Dynamic arp inspection
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

12. What is the STP learning state?
Only for the offending VLAN on the port
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned

13. How many users should be within a switch block?
Roughly 2000
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
No shut

14. FE connectors use...
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply
With portfast

15. What ILP mode are all ports in by default?
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
No
Auto mode

16. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
Access or trunk
Determines when the AVG will stop using the old VMAC in ARP replies
Flash override (class 4)
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

17. What is an ESS?
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Port with best root path cost on segment

18. What are the PAgP negotiation modes
1- enable qos - 2-define qos parameters to be trusted - 3-make trust conditional - 4-instruct IP phone how to extnd boundary
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
FIB
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.

19. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
If a proposal is received - the recipient isolates - all nonedge ports blocked until proposal sent causing neighbors to synch - which propagates out in waves
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
A single broadcast domain
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.

20. What are the characteristics of the distribution layer?
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
Both layer 2 switching and IVR
1 second. Backup routers can learn the interval from the master

21. where does L2 switching occur?
To a VLAN and not to a VLAN interface (SVI)
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

22. What contains the next-hop entries?
FIB
2 seconds (def)
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Trusted ports

23. What is the STP disabled state?
Show standby
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
Admin down

24. How does VRRP do tracking?

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25. What does IP source guard do?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
Weak key rotation
0-255 (lower is better)
Yes

26. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
80% of the user traffic should stay in the VLAN
1-1005 (1 and 1002-1005 are reserved)
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number

27. What is a PVLAN?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
Data and voice over native vlan no QOS and no 802.1p trunk

28. What is the STP forward delay timer?
Switch(config-if)# glbp xx where xx = group number
L2
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Trusted ports

29. What is RPR?
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM

30. How does the CEF L3 engine operate?

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31. How do you configure IP source guard for hosts that don't use DHCP?
By creating a static IP binding
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
By using a trunk link
Globally

32. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
Edge - root - and point to point
Per-port or globally for all fiber-optic ports. Can be enabled globally - but will only affect fiber ports
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Port with alternative path to root less desirable than root

33. What does the switchport host macro do?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
802.11
Every switch and router in a network must be configured with appropriate QoS features and policies

34. What is the traditional MLS view of switching?
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Route once - switch many
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance

35. What does the standby HSRP router do?
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

36. What does the version number indicate when looking at CEF entries?
Port with best root path cost
Yes
Globally or per-port
The number of times the entry has been updated since the table was generated

37. What are the 3 trunk switchport modes?
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Port with best root path cost on segment
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD

38. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
Weak key rotation
LACP port priority
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

39. Of what significance are private VLANs
Local only
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
2
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses

40. How many potential links can LACP define?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

41. What duplex setting does 802.11 use and why?
Half because transmitting and receiving stations use the same frequency
Sends special layer 2 UDLD frames and expects an echo. Both ends must be configured for UDLD
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
1 IP subnet

42. What does uplinkfast do?
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.

43. What does the SP do?
Configuration and TCN
Listens to the first packet going to router and away from the router. If it can switch in both directions - it learns a shortcut path so subsequent packets can be switched without the RP
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
1500B

44. How does HSRP plain text authentication work?
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
Each physical interface has a different IP address. All physical interfaces point to a virtual interface called the standby address or VIP
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate
The active router. All other routers are in backup state

45. What is latency?
Untrusted
The total delay from start to finish
By short-circuiting the max age timer
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches

46. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
19
Root
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

47. How can you tell if a switch block is too large?
If a unidirectional link is detected - the port continues normally - but the port is marked as undetermined and a syslog is generated
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
FIB
802.11

48. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
Those that connect to other switches
The switch adds its MAC to the option 82 field so that the DHCP reply echoes back the switch's own information
By sending a gratuitous ARP
63 kbps

49. How do you prevent VLAN hopping?
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Access
Admin down
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings

50. What is an autonomous mode AP?
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
When each AP stands alone within the larger network.
Trunk
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate