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CCNP Switch Deck

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. What is a null adjacency?
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Used to switch packets destined for the null interface
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset

2. What does port-security restrict do?
Those that connect to other switches
Embeds the tag within the frame
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN

3. What are the steps to configuring HSRP MD5 authentication?
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

4. What is an SVI?
LWAPP (Cisco proprietary) and CAP-WAP (standards based)
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
No
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

5. What are the 3 ways GLBP load-balances?
Flash (class 3)
Half-duplex
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Round robin - weighted - or host-dependent

6. RSTP discarding state
A TCN BDPU is sent out of the switch's root port. The switch will continue sending TCN's every hello interval until ack'd by upstream neighbor. The root bridge will send a Config BDPU to all switches
A single broadcast domain
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)

7. What is the STP hello timer?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds

8. What is the core block?

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9. Can ARP replies be checked
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Yes
With portfast

10. What is the cost of a 10Gbps link?
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM
2
On the left as you face the connector
Switchpotrt nonegotiate

11. What are the two etherchannel negotiation protocols?
Yes
Change in trunk encap
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

12. RSTP edge port
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
All nondesignated ports - but ok for all ports
1500B

13. RSTP forwarding state
134 bits
Frames are forwarded
Globally
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby

14. What pins does FE use?
An AP's coverage area
MAC of the end device
1/2 and 3/6
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

15. What does MSTP do?
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Used when there are 1 or more VLANs mapped to a single STP instance
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

16. What does the switchport host macro do?
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU

17. What is a topology change?
Group (0-1023) priority (1-255 higher better def 100)
Data goes over native vlan - voice goes over specified VLAN - voice QOS is 802.1p
26-byte header - 4-byte trailer with CRC
When a port moves into forwarding or from fowarding or learning to blocking.

18. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Trunk
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan

19. What is the default network diameter?
1-65535 (def 32768) lower priority - higher probability
7 switches from root bridge
Allows devices to interoperate with PVST and CST. Can use both dot1q and ISL
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels

20. How does the standby handle ARP issues after it becomes active?
5 (0-4 with 4 being the highest)
By sending a gratuitous ARP
Interim solution - uses same hardware as WEP - but uses TKIP encryption
Bridge priority and MAC

21. Can loop guard and udld be used together?
All ports where root isn't expected
Plain text or md5
Only for trusted Cisco gear - especially phones
Yes

22. Define HSRP
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Globally
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00

23. can root guard and bdpu guard be used together?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
No
Limits the number if dhcp requests on a port

24. What does MSTP consist of?
Regions and instances
All L2 connectivity should be contained within the access layer.
Either desirable or auto mode
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

25. How does a DHCP server send WLC addresses?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Option 43
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

26. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Embeds the tag within the frame
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

27. How can you load-balance with HSRP?
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each
1/2 and 3/6
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
Switched Virtual Interface - an L3 address can be assigned to a logical interface that represents an entire VLAN - which becomes the DGW for that VLAN

28. What does IP source guard do?
Makes use of the DHCP snooping database and static ip source binding entries. If enabled - switch will test addresses
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Globally or per-port
Only on ports that have same static VLANs or trunking. It also modifies parameters of the channel if one of the ports is modified

29. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
Access or trunk
If a unidirectional link is detected - the switch doesn't try to reestablish the link. ULD msgs are sent once/sec for 8 seconds - then the port is err-disabled
The master router can share the VIP
Port stays up - but packets from violating MACs are dropped. Switch logs violating packets

30. What is a CEF glean?

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31. What is the STP disabled state?
Admin down
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Controls where candidate root bridges can be connected and found on a network
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10

32. If one end of an Etherchannel (either type) is set to on and the channel doesn't form - what should you check?

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33. When looking at the sh spanning tree output - What does P2P denote?
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.
A point to point port type
Once the CCM gives them the parameters - they use RTP

34. What are the 2 types of BDPU?
Configuration and TCN
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
An AP's coverage area
Create 2 hsrp groups - each with the active router being different switches - then have clients point to each

35. What is a drop adjacency?

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36. What are the caveats for HSRP port tracking?
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Configure and enable DHCP snooping
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link

37. How many potential links can LACP define?
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
On the left as you face the connector
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary

38. What is an MST instance?
1-lowest root bridge ID - 2-lowest root path cost - 3-lowest bridgeID - 4-lowest port ID
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance

39. What is the FM?
Discarding - learning - forwarding
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Regions and instances
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

40. What is accelerated CEF (aCEF)?
Receives the first packet of a traffic flow and routes it
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

41. What is the duration time in a wireless frame?
Each frame transmits its expected duration time
Arp for local subnet - if on different subnet - will arp for dgw
Globally
By using a trunk link

42. What method of QOS does voice traffic use most frequently?
Differentiated services
Change in trunk encap
FE - GE - and aggregated FE/GE Etherchannels
0000.0c07.acxx where xx is the group number as a 2-digit hex value

43. What is the STP forward delay timer?
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
1 per segment

44. What contains the next-hop entries?
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
FIB
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers

45. How do you configure LACP standby links?
LACP port priority
Up to 54Mbps - not cross-compatible - 12 to 23 clean channels - 5.8 Ghz
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port

46. What is a direct topology change?
One that can be detected on a switch interface (ie. Up/down)
If the switch or the powered device doesn't suport power class discovery
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
The active router. All other routers are in backup state

47. Where is UDLD enabled?
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

48. EAP encryption
Dynamic WEP keys that change periodically
Configuration and TCN
Silent
Usually QoS from VOIP but not PC dataa

49. What functions does a WLC perform?
It is enabled by default on all CEF capable switches
Globally
Control functions
With the skinny protocol

50. What is the default VTP state?
Gets assistance from other NSF-aware neighbors. NSF features need to be built into the routing protocols on router needing and providing assistance
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.

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CCNP Switch Deck

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