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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What functions does a LAP perform?
The MST instance (MSTI) runs alongside the IST and represents an STP instance
VTP server for domain null with no password or secure mode
Data and voice over native vlan - no QOS but still uses 802.1p trunk
Real-time functions such as beacons and probes - encryption and interactions with the client at L2

2. How does a WLC hand off a client's association to another WLC?
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
Using a mobility exchange message
Distribution
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

3. How many designated ports are there?
An ac adaptor that plugs into a wall outlet.
It can't
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
1 per segment

4. How does an L2 switch do QOS?
No
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.
An L2 switch can only forward frames best effort unless going across a trunk
3 seconds. Holdtime =3 hellos + 1

5. If a wireless station needs to transmit and no other device is transmitting - what happens?
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Configuration and TCN
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network

6. What can cause a wireless client to switch between Aps?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Local only
Global config (vlan - vtp mode - and vtp domain) and VLAN DB mode commands. Global config is preferred because VLAN DB mode commands are legacy
Yes

7. What happens when the topology changes?

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8. What does the standby HSRP router do?
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
1-(opt) set system priority - 2-select interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-set the mode - 5-(opt) set the port priority
The configureable UDLD interval must be less than max age plus two intervals of forward delay

9. What are the RSTP port states?
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
2 seconds (def)
Discarding - learning - forwarding

10. At what layer does EAPOL run?
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.
It's a router that maintains routes (static or dynamic) - and populates the FIB
That they aren't using the same frequencies.
L2

11. What routing protocols support NSF?
On ports where you never expect to find a root bridge for a VLAN
Flash override (class 4)
BGP - EIGRP - OSPF - and IS-IS.
Reboots and searches for a new WLC

12. How should the switch port to which a LAP be configured?
Access
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires
Src-ip - dst-ip - src-dst-ip - src-mac - dst-mac - src-dst-mac - src-port - dst-port - src-dst-port
On all switches in network to enable RLQ request and reply

13. What is RTP?
Real-time Transport Protocol
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
A router keeps a routing table and an ARP table. The FIB combines them for every next-hop entry

14. Where are security and QoS ACLs stored?
1- trunking mode - 2-trunk encapsulation - 3-native VLAN - 4-allowed VLAN
TCAM
1- inferior BDPU on blocked-considered alternative - 2-inferior on root-all blocked ports considered alternate - 3-if inferior arrives on root and no blocked ports - assumes loss of connectivity to root
300 sec by default

15. What is the STP learning state?
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
The station can transmit immediately and wait for an ack

16. What must the other end be set to if PAgP desirable or LACP active mode is selected?
The priority is a 2 byte value followed by the MAC that decides which ports are actively participating in Etherchannel (lower=higher priority)
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Either desirable or auto mode
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.

17. Where should STP timers be configured and why?
Differentiated services code point
Admin down
On root - because the root bridge propagates timers with config BDPU
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions

18. What are the caveats for HSRP port tracking?
2
Those that connect to other switches
Another router must have a higher HSRP priority and have preemt set up
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10

19. What is a service set?
The master router can share the VIP
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

20. What are the 5 steps a LAP uses to establish communication with a WLC?
Because each frame is checked
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
The link status stays up - but something between them has failed or is filtering traffic

21. How many virtual MACs can GLBP have?
Flash (class 3)
Frames that barely exceed 1518B or 1622B due to headers
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Up to 4 can be used in a group. Called active virtual forwarders (AVF)

22. What happens if both 802.1D and RSTP BDPUs are received?
Edge - root - and point to point
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)
Auto mode
The port will operate under 802.1D rules. If they are received on the same port - it will run 802.1D until the migration delay expires

23. How does a DAI enabled switch gather trusted ARP info?
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries
Access or trunk
They should be an unconditional Etherchannel because the WLC can't negotiate a channel.

24. How does ISL do trunking?
By configuring every switch port to have an expected and controlled behavior
Some unused bits are used to allow a port to identify its role and state. Also the BDPUs state that they are V2 BDPUs
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
By encapsulating each frame in a header and trailer

25. Where does layer switching occur?
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Hashing algorithm
Untrusted
A host port goes up or down

26. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions
1-name the chain - 2-establish a key number - 3-create the key string - 4-apply the chain to the string
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP

27. What functions does a WLC perform?
Routers at the distribution layer become the bottlenecks or broadcast or multicast traffic slows the switches in the switch block
Will trunk if asked
Control functions
MST attributes must be manually entereed on each switch in the region. They don' t propagate like VTP.

28. What are TCAM entries composed of?
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
0-255
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
No

29. How does L3 QOS classification happen?
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Access
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Two distribution switches that aggregate one or more access switches

30. What does the dst-mac option do when checking ARP replies
Checks the source MAC in the header against the sender MAC in the ARP reply
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow

31. What are the characteristics of the access layer?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Stateful switchover - redundant sup is fully booted and init'd. Both start and run config are synched as is L2 information - and switchinterfaces.
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

32. What is a microcell?
MAC of the end device
Roughly 50%
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Aggregation - high L3 throughput - security and policy based connectivity functions through access lists and packet filters - QoS - scalable high-speed links

33. RSTP edge port
After forwarding delay - port can learn new MAC addresses
1- root bridge is elected - 2-the state of eery switch port in the STP domain must be brought from blocking state to the appropriate state
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port

34. What does the switchport host macro do?
Enables portfast - sets the port to access and disables PAgP
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

35. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
Each network device handles packets individually with no advance reservations
Packets must be sent to the L3 engine for further processing
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Because each frame is checked

36. What is portfast?
No
Flash (class 3)
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
1 per segment

37. can root guard and udld be used together?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
Will trunk if asked
Yes
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge

38. What is an isolated secondary VLAN?

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39. What does VTP do?
Manages addition - deletion and renaming VLANs across the network
Plain text or md5
The ASIC
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router

40. How often are CAM table entries aged?
Priority (class 1)
300 sec
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology

41. What criteria are used to size a switch block?
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Connects to a host on an isolated or community vlan. Communicates only with promiscuous port or ports on same community vlan
Traffic types and patterns - amount of L3 switching cap. At dist. Layer - # users at access layer - geography - size of spanning tree domains
1-(opt) configure load balancing - 2-select the interface(s) - 3-assign the protocol - 4-select the mode and submode

42. What is a VRRP group?
The same as a standby group in HSRP
Enables switches at the end of the spanning tree branches to have a functioning root port while keeping 1 or more redundant potential ports in blocking mode. When the main fails - the other comes up.
The point at which a switch decides to trust incoming Qos. Usually at boundary with ISP
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk

43. What is RPR?
Half-duplex
The port uses 802.1x exchange to move from unauthorized to authorized. Requires app on client
Route processor redundancy - redundant sup is partially booted and initialized and must reload module in the switch and init all sup functions
The number of times the CEF table has bee flushed and regenerated as a whole

44. How is an instance defined?
By name - config revision - and instance to vlan mapping table
802.11
Between interfaces that are assigned to L2 VLANs or L2 trunks
The redundant SUP is booted and sup and route engine is init'd. No L2 or L3 functions are started. Allows switchports to retain state

45. What is the STP forwarding state?
Multicast to 01-80-c2-00-00-00
Between any type of interface as long as the interface can have an L3 address assigned
Distribution layer
After another forwarding delay - the port can send and receive data frames - collect MAC addresses - and send and receove BDPUs

46. What does DTP do?
1 to 64
Automatically negotiates a common trunk mode between switches
No
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active

47. what should you do if you expect a PAgP capable switch at the other end vs. a server or host?
Configure non-silent submode
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
The port asks the other end to trunk

48. What is integrated services model QOS?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
A path is pre-arranged for priority along the complete path from source to destination using the RSVP protocol.
Bridge priority and MAC
802.1w

49. What are spoofed addresses?
FE and GE
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
They disguise the origin of an attack

50. What types of link can an etherchannel be?
Trunk
Access or trunk
Packets are discarded due to an ACL or policy action
Host Standby Router protocol. Cisco proprietary. Switch is either active - standby - or listen