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CCNP Switch Deck

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. unknown unicast flooding
134 bits - consisting of source and destination addresses and protocol information from the packet or frame
The same as a standby group in HSRP
MAC addresses are learned from the source MAC of incoming frames. If the destination address is unknown - the frame is flooded out all except the receiving port.
A packet can't be switched in hardware with the FIB and must go to the L3 engine

2. How is a WLC handoff handled when the WLCs are in different subnets?
The master router can share the VIP
12 kbps with headers and compression
224.0.0.2 (all routers)
By using an Ether-IP tunnel

3. What is layer 3 roaming?
When a client roams between Aps in different subnets
Can send and receive BDPUs
Yes
The switch checks the MAC and IP reported in the reply against trusted values. If they don't match - it is dropped and logged

4. What are LOU register pairs?
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)
Value - mask - and result (VMR) combinations
Used when ACLs specify port ranges...used by TCAM
With portfast

5. Where does VRRP send advertisements?
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Src-dst-ip
Forces the router to wait for a period of time before attempting overthrow
By using a hash of a key string

6. RSTP discarding state
Incoming frames are dropped (combination of disabled - blocking - and listening)
Lowest cumulative cost to root
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

7. What is NSF?
Configure the timer on the AVG and let it propagate
Backbonefast uses RLQ to determine if upstream switches have stable connections to root bridge
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
Low cost - high density ports - multiple scalable uplinks - vlans - traffic and protocol filtering and QoS

8. How should the switch port to which an autonomous AP be configured?
Trunk
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
A client can roam to any WLC as long as it stays in a mobility group
Cisco recommends only on the root bridge

9. What is the core block?

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10. Whan is a 10GE WAN PHY?
Connects with SONET or SDH
PAgP (Cisco proprietary) and LACP (standards-based)
Disabled - blocking - listening - learning - forwarding
Prevents the dhcp binding DB from being checked.

11. What does Loop Guard do?
L2
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
TCAM
Normal and aggressive

12. What is an ESS?
On by default
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Lowest cumulative cost to root
When the AP uplinks to an Ethernet network.

13. How many tunnels exist between the LAP and WLC?
Needs hardware upgrade over WEP - uses AES encryption
Those that connect to other switches
Bridge priority and MAC
2 - one for control messages and one for data

14. How does the VRRP master router handle the VIP?
Automatically using DTP and CDP
Only the standby monitors the hello messages from the active router
Checks the destination MAC in the header against the target MAC in the ARP reply
The master router can share the VIP

15. RSTP uses which standard?
No because they only participate if asked
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
802.1w
0-255 (lower is better)

16. What are the 2 power over ethernet methods?
During the time that the FIB entry is in CEF glean waiting for ARP entries - subsequent packet to that host are dropped to keep input queues from filling
Untrusted
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
Cisco ILP and 802.3af

17. What is portfast?
Almost eliminates listening and learning states for single hosts on an access link
Time between BDPUs sent by root bridge. Default of 2 seconds
A point to point port type but the neighboring device runs traditional 802.1D STP
Yes to both

18. How do you prevent VLAN hopping?
300 sec
Set the native VLAN of a trunk to a bogus or unused VLAN ID then prune the native VLAN off both ends of the trunk
Distribution layer
Transmits keystrokes from phone and commands from CCM

19. what I s distributed CEF (dCEF)?
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
From the DHCP snooping database or from static entries

20. Define VRRP
1- enable MST - 2-enter MST config mode - 3-assign region name and region configuration rev - 4-map vlans to an MSTI - 5-show pending changes - 6- commit by exiting
Access
16 - of which up to 8 are active. The others are in standby
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol - pretty much the same as HSRP

21. What is GLBP weight?
Using a mobility exchange message
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Promiscuous and host
By default weight is 100. Can be made dynamic per interface

22. What are the 3 unlicensed frequencies?
900 MHz - 2.4Ghz - and 5-6GHz
Tracks of BDPUs on nondesignated ports. When those BDPUs stop coming - the port is put into loop-inconsistent state and blocks
Sets the switchport mode to access - enables portfast - and turns off channel grouping for the port
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.

23. What are the two private vlan association modes?
1-LAP gets a DHCP address - 2-LAP learns IP of available WLC - 3-LAP sends a join request to WLC and receives join reply - 4-WLC sends code image - if necessary - 5-Tunnels are created
If the client maintains the same IP address as it roams between Aps. All must have same VLAN - SSID - and subnet
Promiscuous and host
Manually

24. What data does DHCP snooping track?
Completed dhcp bindings - mac addresses - IP addresses - etc.
The ASIC
CEF is distributed across multiple L3 forwarding engines - typically on Catalyst 6500 line cards each having only a subset
The port is forced to always authorize any connected client with no authentication necessary (default)

25. By default - what submode does PAgP operate in with the desirable and auto modes?
Missed beacons - dropped packets (max retry) - weak signal (data rate switches down) - an AP periodicallytries to find a stronger signal
The number of STP instances needed ot support the desired topologies and whether to map a set of VLANs to each instance
Multicasts to 224.0.0.18 (VRRP)
Silent

26. What does the rewrite engine do?
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
It updates the L2 headers with the proper src and dst MAC - L3 TTL - L3 checksum - and L2 checksum information
Should be used on access switches - can't be used on root - keeps enabled switch from becoming root by raising priority of switch and all ports - making them undesirable

27. What is the STP forward delay timer?
Admin down
Hosts associated with a secondary VLAN can communicate with ports on the primary but not with another secondary VLAN
By using an Ether-IP tunnel
The time that a port spends in both listening and learning states . Default 15 seconds

28. What is a service set?
Used to switch packets that can't be forwarded normallly due to an encapsulation failure - unresolved address - unsupported protocol - etc.
2-8 FE - GE - or 10GE are bundled.
Using a single WAP to centralize access and control over a group of wireless devices.
A group of wireless devices that share a common SSID

29. What is an end to end vlan?
A VLAN that spans the entire fabric
Root
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
On (all ports channel) - auto (channels when asked) - and desirable(actively asks to form a channel)

30. What are the restrictions for bundling into an Etherchannel?
The TOS field in the header is used. 2 methods 3 bits or 6 bits
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port
Must be same type - speed - VLAN(s) - native vlan - pass the same set of vlans -duplex - and spanning tree settings
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

31. FE connectors use...
2 strand MMF with MT-RJ or SC connectors
Full duplex
Nonstop forwarding is an interactive method focusing on rebuilding the RIB after SUP switchover
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack

32. How does ISL handle COS?
L2
A key string of up to 8 characters is sent. Default is cisco.
A private VLAN can be logically associated with a special secondary vlan
The frame tag contains a 3 but portion tagged from 0 (low) to 7 (high)

33. RSTP learning state
The standby becomes active and stays active by default. Preemption can be configured
Incoming frames dropped - but MACs learned
Etherchannel ports have inconsistent config
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged

34. can root guard and udld be used together?
Yes
Both ends should be on because on modes doesn't send PAgP or LACP packets
0-65535 (def 32768) lower=better
Routers are assigned to common GLBP group. All routers can be active and can load balance

35. What are the 3 redundant supervisor modes?
Globally
1500B
RPR - RPR+ - and SSO
Root - designated - blocking - alternate - forwarding (host)

36. When are RSTP bdpus sent?
Regions and instances
Each peer sends and receives hellos. Def hello is 3 sec - def hold is 10 sec
Every hello interval regardless of whether BDPUs are received from root - allowing any switch to take an active role maintaining the topology
1-enable AAA on switch - 2-define RADIUS servers - 3-define authentication method - 4-enable 802.1x on switch - 5-conf. 802.1x ports - 6-allow hosts

37. What does the reload keyword do in HSRP?
Disabled - init - listen - speak - standby - active
Hold time is 3xhello. A skew time of 256ms-routerpriority)/256ms is added
Forces the router to wait for a period of time after the switch is reloaded before attempting to overthrow
Yes to both

38. What is BDPU Guard?
Feature Manager - after the ACL is created - the FM compiles the ACEs into the table
Within a single MST region - an IST instances runs to work out a loop free topology between links where CST meets the region boundary and all switches in the region. It runs at the boundary.
If any BDUP is received on a port - it puts the port into the errdisable state
Sends a test tone on the transmit pair. If a device is detected - CDP is used to narrow down the power class.

39. Where is UDLD enabled?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
Configure non-silent submode
Using a mobility exchange message
All fiber-optic links between switches (must be enabled on both ends)

40. At what layer does EAPOL run?
When the size of a cell is intentionally reduced
L2
They must be carried over a voice VLAN (VVID) or over a regular data VLAN (ie. The native VLAN or the PVID)
Automatically using DTP and CDP

41. What are the 4 steps in DHCP negotiation?
When a specific interface is tracked - HSRP reduces it's priority after a specified interval.
1-client sends DHCP discover as broadcast - 2-DHCP server sends DHCP offer - client sends DHCP Request - DHCP server sends DHCP ack
Source IP - dest IP - combination of source and dest IP - source and dest MAC - or TCP/UDP port numbers
Switching Database Manager - configures and prunes TCAM partitions

42. What are the VRRP group and priority numbers?
Effectively stops STP on filtered ports
Local only
Hosts within a secondary can communicate with each other and with the primary - but not with another secondary vlan
Group (0-255) - priority (1-254 254 is highest - 100 default)

43. What happens when switches receive a configuration BDPU?
Lowest cumulative cost to root
Gateway load balancing protocol - cisco proprietary
They shorten their bridge table aging times from default (300sec) to the fowarding delay (15 sec)
Distributed coordinion function - the use of timers to prevent wireless collisions

44. RSTP backup port
1 -2 -5.5 and 11 Mbps - Channels 1/6/11 - 2.4Ghz
Those that connect to other switches
The port asks the other end to trunk
Port with redundant - but less deisrable connection to a segment. Possibly root candidate

45. How do you configure a DHCP gateway?
First configure a L3 interface in same VLAN as clients - then use the ip helper-address command to ID the DHCP server
Use sh interface on the interface and look for error counts > 10
Distribution
Yes

46. RSTP root port
If three are missed in a row - the neighbor is considered down and the data for that neighbor is aged
Manually
Port with best root path cost
Route once - switch many

47. How does an LAP bind with a WLC?
Full duplex
16 - IST gets MSTI 0 - 1-15 are available for use. MSTIs are locally significant to the MST region
Trunk - dynamic auto - dynamic desireable (default)
By brining up a tunnel between them to carry 802.11 related messages and client data.

48. How does 802.1q handle COS?
The frame tag includes a 3 bit COS value from 0 (low) to 7 (high). Native vlans are untagged so no COS
CEF is distributed completely among multiple L3 forwarding engines.
Based on priority (0-255). Default is 100. Highest IP is tie breaker
Discarding - learning - forwarding

49. How does a Cisco IP phone connect upstream?
Via an 802.1Q trunk or a single VLAN access port
SC fiber or RJ-45
Switch(config-if)# vrrp xx where xx= group number
Yes

50. How do you disable DTP when you configure both ends of the ISL manually?
5 classes with 3 drop precedences
LACP port priority
Switchpotrt nonegotiate
Only a single host connects . If one BDPU is received - it is no longer an edge port